A' 




Glass. 
Book. 



\^ -^ V J 



HAND BOOK 



OF 



KENTUCKY. 




ISSUED BY 

1. B. NALL, Commissioner 
OF Agriculture. 



Louisville, Kr. : 
Geo. G. Fetter Printing Co. 

1902. 



F4-5I 



JAN 7 1905 
D.ofO, 



PREFACE. 



This Handbook of Kentucky is issued from the office of the Com- 
missioner of Agriculture, Labor and Statistics, Frankfort, Ky., to 
enable it to answer more fully and specifically than can be done 
in circulars or letters the many inquiries received from other 
States, and especialh' those lying to the north, northwest, and 
east of this State, as well as from foreign countries, as to the re- 
sources, climate, and general prospects for investments in the fer- 
tile lands, rich minerals, and abundant timber belts of this State. 

It will also giA'e much information to prospective manufacturers, 
and others who may wish to avail themselves of our many advan- 
tages in that line. The sketches of the various cities are necessa- 
rily brief and incomplete, but anj one wishing further information 
are respectfully referred to the Mayors, or Secretaries of the Com- 
mercial Clubs in the respective cities. 

I. B. NALL, Commissioner. 



KENTUCKY. 



INTRODUCTION.* 

Kentucky is a part of a very old laud surface. Some time dur- 
ing that period of geological history when most of the coal of the 
world was formed, a slow upward movement began in this region, 
which by the close of the coal period had brought above sea level 
all that portion of the State lying east of the Tennessee river. This 
elevation was accompanied with the development of abroad low fold 
or arch extending north and south through the present sites of Cin- 
cinnati and Lexington and often spoken of as the ''Cincinnati 
Arch." This arch was highest in that portion of the State now oc- 
cupied by the central blu«grass counties of Bourbon, Scott, Wood- 
ford, Mercer, Boyle, Garrard, Jessamine and Fayette. The upward 
movement culminated here in the development of a "dome of up- 
lift." The earth, as it were, "humped" itself in this region, and 
hence here first of all in the Ohio valley raised its back above the 
sea and invited the atmospheric agencies to their work. This is 
why they have worn so much away from this region, causing to be 
exposed upon the summit of this old earth dome the oldest surface 
rocks in the State, and indeed in the Ohio valley — the limestone 
rocks which by their disintegration have furnished the deep rich 
soil the "bluegrass," ages afterwards, discovered and claimed pre- 
eminently as its own. 

The different formation from the coal measures downward were 
worn through in succession and their margins retreated outward 
from this region as a center in ever-widening concentric bands like 
the coats of an onion as it is pared away. 

A result of this has been in some cases at least, an increase in 
surface area of older formations at the expense of the newer. The 
coal measure area of Kentucky, for instance, has been steadily 
wasting away until from once having covered all or nearly all of 
the State, it has now been reduced to 15,133 square miles and cut 
into two fields, an Eastern and a Western. 

In the long, long ages that have elapsed since Kentucky, east of 
the Tennessee river, became laud, it has shared with the land occu- 



* "Adapted by Prof, A. Miller from his Chapter on Geography of Kentucky in thf Natural 
Advanced Geography, copyrighted in 1898 by American Book Company." 



2 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bwecm of Agricultwe. 

pied by neighboring States many vicissitudes of fortune: cycles oi 
elevation and depression, increasing and diminishing the erosive 
power of the streams, have come and gone: atmospheric wasting 
has done its worst. The country has felt the influence of stronjc 
earth strains and thrusts along two of its borders and to some ex- 
tent in the interior. It has not entirely escaped the trial by fire, 
though this was never very severe, and evidence of it having been 
nearly all obliterated. Two small patches of ^^dike-rock" (rock 
formerly forced up into fissures in a melted condition) — the one in 
Elliott, the other in Crittenden count}^ — alone remain to show that 
any thing like volcanic activity was ever manifested in this region. 
Land ice, that great surface leveler, has scarcely left traces of 
occupation upon Kentucky soil. The Great Northern Ice Sheet, 
which for so long a time held the territory northward within its 
icy embrace, scarcely entered Kentucky at all. The southern lim- 
its of this continental glacier have been traced skirting the Ohio 
river on its south side from Campbell county to Trimble. States 
like Ohio and Indiana have profited agriculturally hj reason of 
this old ice invasion. Doubtless Kentucky as a whole would have 
been improved in like manner, if the ice had pushed further to the 
southeast, softening the country's rugged contours and making 
soil contributions from materials accumulated in its onward 
progress. But it might have ruined the bluegrass region. 

BOUNDARIES AND AREA. 

The present form and size of Kentucky is the result partly of 
design, partly of accident. When separated from Fincastle county, 
Va., in 1776, the limits of ''Kentucky County" were not very defi- 
nitely fixed. The eastern, or county line, extending from Cumber- 
land Gap to mouth of Big Sandy, at first somewhat vaguely de- 
fined, was established as the State line in 1799. In that year a joint 
commission convened at the forks of Sandy, and decided that start- 
ing at Cumberland Gap and following the crest of the water-shed 
between Powell's river and Poor Fork of the Cumberland and be- 
tween Pound river and Elkhorn creek, tributaries of the Big Sandy 
to Russell Fork of the latter stream it should thence proceed by 
straight line north, 45 degrees each, to the Tug Fork of Sandy, by 
thence down the middle of this stream to the forks and that of the 
combined streams to the mouth. It is said that a rain up the rivers 
the day before brought Tug Fork out with a greater flood than 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 3 

Levisa Fork, and hence the selection of the former as the main 
fork, though in reality it is the smaller stream. By this fortunate 
rain Kentucky acquired all the territory between the Tug and 
Levisa forks, in all some 2,000 square miles. 

The north and northwest boundary, from the mouth of Sandy 
to the Mississippi, follows the low water on the right bank of the 
Ohio river, because in the act by which Virginia ceded the North- 
west Territory to the general government in 1784, she still re- 
tained control of this portion of the Ohio river. 

The western boundary, that from the mouth of the Ohio to the 
Tennessee line, originally established in 1763 in accordance with a 
treaty between France, Spain and England, is the oldest boundary 
legacy Kentucky has received. It follows the middle of the river. 
Islands Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5 (Wolf Island) and 8 were by act of 1820 
given to Kentucky. 

The southern boundary, that from Cumberland Gap to the 
Mississippi river, does not follow in unbroken course the straight 
east and west line originally intended. When Walker and Hend- 
erson were appointed by North Carolina and Virginia to run the 
boundary between the two States, they were directed to follow the 
parallel of 36 degrees and 30 minutes. Owing to the wilderness 
character of the country and the impossibility of making correc- 
tion for magnetic variation in that early day, they veered to the 
northward of the true parallel and at Cumberland Gap, from which 
pent Henderson returned, they were about seven miles north of 
this line. Walker continued the survey westward from this point 
and ended at the Tennessee river, some twelve miles north of 36 
degrees and 30 minutes. This line, which after some dispute, be- 
came the boundary between Tennessee and Kentucky, is known as 
'the "Walker line." By this error of a surveyor Kentucky lost be- 
tween 2,000 and 3,000 square miles of territory. Still, though the 
jurisdiction was given to Tennessee, the land in it was made sub- 
ject to entry in the land office at Frankfort, and such entries are 
still (1899) occasionally made. 

West of the Tennessee river the southern line was not estab- 
lished until 1819, when the Indian titles to this territory were ex- 
tinguished by treaty— the Jackson-Shelby Treaty — and the part of 
Kentucky lying west of this river has ever since been known as the 
Jackson purchase. Determining the point on the Mississippi river 
where the parallel of 36 degr* f-s and 30 minutes crossed, Alex- 
ander and Munsel, the two surveyors, ran the true line eastward 
to the Tennessee river. This is known as the "Munsel Line." The 



4 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

Tennessee river forms the common boundary connecting the east 
extremity of the Munsel line and the west extremity of the Walker 
line. The islands in this course of the river, however, were given 
to the jurisdiction of Kentucky. 

There are other minor eccentricities in the boundary line of 
Kentucky the explanations of which are interesting contributions 
to local history as, for instance, the little jog in the northern line 
of Simpson county. 

As a result of all these boundary adjustments with their inci- 
dent gains and losses to the territory of Kentucky, this State has 
now its characteristic westward tapering form and an area of 
40,400 square miles, 400 of which is water. 

PHYSICAL FEATURES (SURFACE.) 

Kentucky is divided into a number of well-marked physical 
regions, the direct expi^ession of atmospheric erosion acting upon 
rock formations differing in hardness and other characters. 

The Bluegrass Region, roughly described as lying north of a 
semicircular line drawn from Vanceburg to Louisville and pass- 
ing through Junction City and containing 8,186 square miles, is the 
blue and gray limestone area,^ the soil of which has been formed 
by the decay of the underlying limestone and to some extent by 
inheritance from formations that were once above but have been 
removed by erosion. This soil is remarkably deep and rich, the 
richest being that formed from the upper part of the oldest forma- 
tion in the State and indeed in the Ohio Valley— the Trenton forma- 
tion, a highly phosphatic limestone, furnishing by decay just those 
ingredients the bluegrass needs in order to attain its greatest lux- 
uriance and perfection of growth. This typical bluegrass region 
contains aJjout 1,062 square miles and is included in tlie counties of 
Bourbon, Scott, Fraukliu, Woodford, Mercer, Boyle, Garrard, Jes- 
samine and Fayette. The surface lying between 800 and 1,000 feet 
above the sea is gently rolling. It is pitted in some places by cir- 
cular shaped depressions or sinks, and small caves, and copiously 
gushing springs are frequent. The lower part of the Trenton 
formation — the Birdseye limestone — forming picturesque cliffs 
:i long the Kentucky river from Boonesboro to Frankfort, furnishes 
undei' (ho name of "Kentucky River Marble," a good building 
stone. 

The Knobs. — Bounding on the east, south and west of the 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 5 

region just described is a strip of country diversified by conical 
shaped sandstone hills rising to a height of 1,200 to 1,300 feet 
above the seat (300 to 400 feet above the surrounding country). 
These are detached outliers of a limestone capped plateau lying 
further back. In the west the edge of this plateau presents to- 
wards the bluegrass a continuous bold front or escarpment, known 
as "Muldraugh's Hill." In the east the plateau is made somewhat 
higher by the capping of a third formation, a coarse-grained sand- 
stone, and the edge of this being deeply dissected, gives a very 
rough country indeed. The lower sandstone, called the "Waverly" 
or "Knobstone," is a part of the sub or lower carboniferous forma- 
tion, and the strip as defined by the limits of this, and that of a 
black shale immediately below it, occupies 5,609 square miles. Its 
soils are naturally thin and poor, though occasional instances of 
careful treatment, particularly at the hands of the foreign popula- 
tion (Swiss and German colonists in Lincoln, Trappist Monks in 
Nelson) show they are susceptible of great improvement. The 
fruit-growing industry thrives here. Quarries of valuable build- 
ing stone (freestone) occur in the hills. 

The Mountains. — All the State east of a line drawn from op- 
posite Portsmouth on the Ohio river to the "Wayne-Clinton county 
line on the Tennessee border is commonly called "The Mountains." 
This region is identical with the Eastern Kentucky coal field, con- 
taining 10,450 square miles. Physically it is a deeply dissected 
plateau with true mountains of elevation on its southeast border. 
The general height of this plateau, the extension of the Cumber- 
land plateau of Tennessee, slopes from 1,500 feet near the Tennes- 
see border and the Pine mountains to 1,000 feet and lower near 
the Ohio and Big Sandy rivers. The western and southeastern por- 
tions of this region are rugged in the extreme. 

All along the western border the hard outcropping "basal con- 
glomerate" of the coal measures presents precipitous escarpments 
to the westward and has been deeply trenched by westward 
flowing rivers and their tributary cross streams, so that the whole 
strip has been compared to a "Chinese Wall," tending to shut out 
eastern from central and western Kentucky. It is with difficulty 
that railroads can penetrate this region. The Pine and Cumber- 
land mountains of the southeast border form even topped ridges 
with few gaps or breaks in them. The Cumberland range presents 
its steepest slope to the eastward, the Pine mountains its steepest 
slope to the westward. The latter is a mountain range of the 
typical thrust-fault type, such as characterize this portion of the 



6 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bnreau of Agriculture. 

Appalachians. The crests, in some cases rising into peaks 3,000 
feet above the sea, are capped with the same hard conglomerate or 
coarse sandstone which forms the western rim before described. 
Cross mountain ranges of equal or greater height connect the 
Cumberland and Pine mountain ranges. The whole mountain 
region of Kentucky is ill adapted for agriculture, but possesses 
stores of undeveloped mineral wealth in the form or iron and coal, 
and its lumber resources are also yet very great. 

The Western Coal Fields. — Area, 4,683 square miles presents 
many of the same characters as the eastern, but it is not so ele- 
vated or rugged except along the border where the same hard con- 
glomerate appears. The two fields were evidently once connected, 
if not across the whole State, at least over the southern part. 

The Cavernous Limestone Area. — (8,882 square miles.) Sur- 
rounding the western coal field in a wide band and skirting the 
western margin of the eastern field in a narrower band with a 
slight interruption between the two strips, is a limestone plateau 
second only in height to the Cumberland plateau. It slopes from 
1,200 feet in the eastern to 600 feet in the western part. This up- 
land country is nearly everywhere pitted with circular depres- 
sions or "sinks," through which the surface water finds its way 
into underground passages. These passages, enlarged sometimes 
into truly spacious galleries and domes, constitute the caves that 
have rendered this region the most famous cavern region in the 
world. The surface is somewhat broken and diversified by knobs 
capped with sandstone. Famous among these is Green River 
Knob on the borders of Pulaski and Casey counties, 1,800 feet 
above the sea, the highest point between the eastern and western 
coal fields. These sandstone capi)ings are remnants of a once 
continuous sheet of sandstone, which united the bases of these 
two coal fields. The soils are generally intermediate in character 
between those of the bluegrass and those of the mountains. A 
large portion of the central and southwestern portions of this 
region was found by the early settlers to be treeless and received 
',hc name of "The Barrens." Now, however, it enjoys an excellent 
Igricultural reputation, and tracts of it support a good timber 
;jrowth. 

The Jackson Purchase. — (2,587 square miles.) This area, ac- 
quired in 1820 by purchase from the Chickasaw Indians, in- 
cludes all the State west of the Tennessee river. It constitutes 
both geologically and physically a region distinct from the rest of 
the State. The surface elevation is below 500 feet. Gravels, 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 7 

sands, clays, and loams, geologically recent and hence but slightly 
consolidated, constitute the surface formation. These were 
formed in an embayment of the Gulf of Mexico when it reached as 
far north as the mouth of the Ohio, Kentucky would have been 
a Gulf State then. The soil exhibits considerable diversity in 
richness, but the average productiveness is high. 

This region is the only one in the State surveyed according to 
the regular government township-section system. The counties 
present a regularity of form not seen elsewhere in the State. 

DRAINAGE. 

The rivers of Kentucky cut deep and in general are character- 
ized by steep rocky banks. This is particularly true where they 
emerge from the eastern mountain region, and again when they 
traverse the limestone district either of the bluegrass or of the 
region of caverns. The depth of these channels is from 300 to 400 
feet and this measurement is often given by the walls of a nearly 
vertical river cliff. A little distance back from the river the land 
again rises by a gentler slope to the general level of the surround- 
ing country. This upper shallow basin is the old bed of the river 
before it trenched its present gorge. Old river deposits (gravels, 
sands, and clay) strew this ancient flood plain. They date from a 
time when the whole country stood at a much lower level and the 
rivers emerging from the uplands (present mountain area), trav- 
ersed the old base-levelel plain in winding courses to a not very 
distant sea. Then came an elevation of the land and the streams 
sunk for themselves channels along the meandering paths previ- 
ously marked out. The rivers of Kentucky to-day, though hem- 
med in by rocky banks, still inherit this crookedness. 

The general course of Kentucky rivers is northwest into the 
Ohio. 

The two rivers that cross the Cincinnati arch, do so by making 
bends to the southward, resuming their northwest trend again be- 
fore entering the Ohio. This throws the Cumberland for the 
greater portion of its navigable course without the limits of the 
State entirely. The Kentucky, in its sharp bend to the southwest 
from Boonesboro to Camp Nelson, follows the line of a very old 
fault. Kentucky is fortunate in the number of miles of navigable 
water within and along her borders. During a good stage of 
water one might travel by steamboat from Pikeville, Poke county, 
to Burnside, Pulaski county. 



6 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bweau of Agriculture. 

The navigability of Kentucky rivers is favored by their crooked- 
ness which decreases their fall per mile. On each side of them are^ 
"big bends," five to seven miles around and only a few feet across 
the narrowest part, which are well known to river men. Most 
famous among these is the "Big Bend" on the north fork of the 
Kentucky river at Jackson, through the narrow neck of which a 
water tunnel was cut; the head of water thus obtained was used 
in running a mill. 

NATURAL CURIOSITIES. 

Mammoth Cave, with its miles of galleries, its domes, its sub- 
terranean lakes and rivers is justly famous; but there are 
hundreds of other caves in this cavernous limestone region, some 
of which rival in grandeur and beauty Mammoth Cave. The Carter 
county caves in the northeastern extension of this region are cele- 
brated. Caverns are largest and most numerous in the upper 
Green river country, because the limestone is of a great thickness 
here, 400 to 500 feet, and has been protected in large measure by a 
covering of sandstone. Through this sandstone and 250 feet into 
limestone below the Green river has trenched its course. This 
gives a range of 250 feet to downward percolating streams, and 
this is the vertical extent of the intricately connected domes and 
passage ways of the larger caverns. 

The course of the rivers where they break through the hard con- 
glomerate measures bordering the eastern coal field are usually 
marked by rapids and falls. Famous among these are ''The Nar- 
rows," on Rockcastle river and the "Devil's Jumps" and Cumber- 
land Falls on Cumberland river. Emerging from the Pine 
Mountain gorge this river has a gentle flow between wide banks 
until it strikes the conglomerate strip. Here it soon narrows up 
and plunges sixty-five feet over a sandstone escarpment and then 
for a distance of seven miles boils and cascades through a narrow 
boulder-filled gorge, which here marks the trail of the fall's re- 
treat up the river. Several natural bridges occur in this same 
conglomerate belt. Three of these are famous. One in Pulaski 
county, not far from the line of the Cincinnati Southern railroad^ 
one in Powell county, on the line of the Lexington & Eastern rail- 
road, and one in Wolfe county. 

All these bridges span divides between streams, which, cutting 
back their sources, have met in the soft shales underlying this 
sandstone. These sandstone natural bridges have not, therefore, 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 9 

been formed in the same way as the more celebrated limestone 
natural bridges. A small bridge of the latter type occurs on the 
Cumberland river near Creelsboro. 

Conspicuous elevations, commonly called 'Tilot Knobs," occur 
at frequent intervals over the State. These are isolated outliers 
of once more continuous plateaus and afford magnificent views 
over the surrounding country. Such a knob is the Montgomery 
Pilot Knob on the borders of Powell and Montgomery counties, 
and Green River Knob, before referred to. From the top of the 
latter the horizon is so extended that on a clear day the borders 
of the two coal fields, here eighty miles apart, can be seen. 

In the limestone regions both of central and southern Kentucky, 
streams often sink and disappear from view. Many of these may 
appear again as "big springs" often with volume enough to turn 
mills. 

CLIMATE. 

The climate of Kentucky is healthful and pleasant. The mean 
annual temperature is about 55 degrees Fahrenheit, and the mean 
annual rainfall 46 inches. The mean temperature increases uni- 
formly from about 50 degrees on the Cumberland range to about 
60 on the Mississippi river. The rainfall is least (38 inches) in the 
Big Sandy valley and greatest (50 inches) along the southern 
boundary. Southerly to westerly winds prevail. 

MINERAL WEALTH. 

This consists mainly of the coal and iron in the eastern and 
western coal fields. Some iron occurs without these limits, as 
the famous Oriskany and Clinton carbonate and hematite ores of 
Bath county, the first ores worked west of the Alleghany mount- 
ains; and the limonite ores of the lower Cumberland river region, 
from which the first Bessemer steel in this country was made. 
Kentucky was at one time fourth State in the Union in the pro- 
duction of iron, but the industry has languished greatly in recent 
years. Lead and zinc ores occur sparingly' in pockets and veins 
in the limestones of central and southwestern Kentucky. All at- 
tempts to work them with profit have failed. 

Fluorspar and baryta, associated in occurrence with the lead 
and zinc ores, have been exploited to some extent for commercial 
purposes. The former is used in iron fluxing and the latter in the 
making of white paint. The fluorspar veins of Crittenden and 



10 Fowrteenth Biennial Report Bweau of Agriculture. 

ueighboriug counties and the baryta veins of the bluegrass region 
seem to ofifer the most encouragement for development. Gold and 
silver, except in the most minute quantities, will not be found in 
Kentucky. This statement needs to be made positively, as a great 
deal of time and money has been wasted in the search for these 
metals in a region where all geological precedents are against 
their occurrence. Petroleum has been known to occur in the State 
since the days of the salt well boring industry. The first flowing 
oil well struck in this country was in the boring for salt on Little 
Kennick's creek, near Burksville, Cumberland county, in 1828. The 
oil spreading out over the water of the Cumberland river, and be- 
ing set on fire, furnished the strange phenomenon of a ''burning 
river," heralded far and wide in that day as one of the seven 
wonders of America. Later, some time in the "sixties," another- 
gushing oil well was struck on the banks of the Cumberland at 
the mouth of Crocus creek and the burning of the oil on the 
waters produced a conflagration that rivaled that of the Ren- 
nick's creek strike. Since the beginning of the development of 
the petroleum industry in this country, the production of oil in 
Kentucky, though at no time very large, has been reasonably con- 
stant. The southern tier of counties from Wayne to Allen have 
led in this production. A pipe line conveys the oil from the 
Wayne county field to Somerset. Developments are now going 
on there and in the eastern mountain counties. The Bath and 
Kowan county wells near the Licking river, producing a high 
grade lubricating oil, have demonstrated the existence of a new 
oil horizon for Kentucky. They obtain their supply from the 
Clinton formation, here a magnesian limestone. 

Natural gas in quantities sufficient to warrant its being piped 
to Louisville has been found in Meade county, and the product of 
the Warfield district in Martin county has recently been piped to 
Huntington, West Virginia. Salt has been obtained from brine 
springs and wells since the days of the early settlers. Famous 
places as resorts for salt making (and as resorts for wild animals) 
were Big Bone Lick in Boone county and Blue Licks on the Lick- 
ing river in Nicholas county. Big Bone Lick has been famous also 
since the days of the French traveler, Longuiel (who visited the 
locality in 1739, before the days of permanent settlement by the 
whites) for the great number of mastodon and other extinct ani- 
mal bones found entombed in the muck about these springs. 
. Phosphate of lime occurs abundantly in the limestone and soil 
of the bluegrass region, and to some extent in the strip immedi- 



Fowrteenfh Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 11 

ately bordering this. It is not unlikely that deposits of this min- 
eral will yet be found in commercial quantities in the State. Min- 
eral waters are furnished by springs and wells in all parts of the 
State, but the region in which they are especially abundant is the 
black shale outcrops immediately encircling the bluegrass area. 
Valuable beds of building stone occur in various portions of the 
State. The sandstone comes chiefl}^ from the Waverly formation 
of the knobs district. A marble-like limestone, the so-called "Ken- 
tucky River Marble," is obtained from the white limestone forma- 
tion of the Kentucky river outcropping from Boonesboro to 
Frankfort. A beautiful oolitic limestone much prized for facings 
in buildings, is obtained from the sub-carboniferous formation of 
the cavernous limestone district. It is known commonly as 
"Bowling Green Stone." A highly bituminous sandstone, called 
"Kentucky Asphalt Rock," is obtained from a belt of sandstone 
(the Kaskaskia and lower coal measure sandstones), surrounding 
in a belt about five miles wide the western coal field. Similar de- 
posits have also been found in Carter county, Kentucky, at about 
the same geological horizon, or a little higher. It has been used 
in Louisville and in several Northern cities for street paving. 

Hydraulic limestone is quarried and used in making cement at 
Louisville. ''Mexican onyx," a lime deposit from springs and 
underground streams, is reported from the cavernous limestone 
district. Polished, it furnishes a beautiful ornamental stone. 

AGRICULTURAL WEALTH. 

The soil in Kentucky is the great heritage it has received from 
the past. The qualities of this in different regions are different 
enough to stimulate the cultivation of a variety of crops and the 
development of a diversity of industries closely related to them. 

Stock raising, particularly the breeding of fast horses, is the 
distinguishing industry of the bluegrass counties. Tobacco is a 
staple product, especially in the limestone districts, and also in the 
Jackson Purchase region. Hemp is more extensively raised in the 
bluegrass counties. Fruit raising is an industry in the Ohio river 
counties south from Cincinnati to Louisville and again along the 
line of the knobs. Corn is raised everywhere. Lumbering is an 
industry carried on at the heads of the larger rivers. The logs are 
commonly "splash-dammed" out of the smaller tributary streams 
and then rafted, or floated down singly, to mills along the middle 
and lower courses of the main stream. Yellow poplar (or the tulip 
tree) is the mainstay of this industry. 



12 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

MANUFACTURING 

Is closely related to the agricultural products produced. Chew- 
ing and smoking tobacco, bagging and rope, flour and corn meal, 
and distilled liquors would rank first among the manufactured' 
products. 

Iron smelting is at present very little carried on within the- 
limits of the State. There was a time, however, when this was a 
thriving industrj^ and dismantled furnaces in the Red river and 
Slate Creek regions and along the lower course of the Cumberland, 
still remain as evidence of a glory that has departed. 

VEGETATION AND ANIMALS. 

The natural flora and fauna of Kentucky is a mingled Northern 
and Southern one. Such typical representatives of the Appalach- 
ian flora as the trailing arbutus, the laurel, the rhododendron, the 
spruce, thrive as well in the eastern mountain section of the State 
as they do in New England, In the southwestern part the south- 
ern pecan and the cypress grow\ As characteristic of Kentucky 
may be mentioned the Kentucky coffee tree and the mountain mag- 
nolia, or cucumber tree. The tulip tree, or yellow poplar, is still 
abundant in eastern sections. The walnut thrives on rich lands. 
The ash, bearing tufts of mistletoe on its branches and carpeted 
with bluegrass at its roots, is a noble tree in the north-central 
stfjcj^-i^ising counties. The oak, black-jack, and white, and post, 
is.-tlie prevalent timber in south central portions and in what was 
once called "The Barrens." 

With the exception of a few- bear and some deer in the wildest 
portion of the eastern mountains, and in the "coalings" between 
the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, in the western part, Ken- 
tucky contains no large game. Wildcats are still quite numerous 
in the more unsettled regions, and the wild turkey is occasionally 
seen. Among the smaller mammals may be enumerated the rac- 
coon, opossum, fox, skunk, muskrat, rabbit, ground hog, squirrel. 
Among birds, the pheasant, quail (bob-white), heron, crane, crow, 
singing birds, like the red-bird or "Kentucky Cardinal;" birds of 
passage like ducks and geese and finally the passenirer pigeon. 
Kentucky was once the home of this bird, now apparently extinct 



KENTUCKY. 



SKETCHES OF THE COUNTIES, 

Alphabetically Arranged. 



Adair County. 

Adair County, the first alphabetically and the forty-fourth in 
order of formation, was, in the year 1801, erected out of a part of 
Green county. 

It was named in honor of Gen. John Adair, a distinguished sol- 
dier and statesman who commanded tLe Kentucky troops at New 
Orleans and who was subsequently a senator and member of the 
House of Representatives in the United States Congress. 

The county is situated near the middle of the southern part of 
the State. The face of the country is rolling and hilly. The soil 
is fairly good, resting mainly on a slate and limestone foundation. 
The river and creek bottoms are quite productive. Its chief pro- 
ducts are corn, wheat, oats, sorghum, the various grasses, and 
tobacco; the latter, however, has not been extensively cultivated 
for a few years past. 

Considerable attention is given to hogs, horses, mules and cat- 
tle. Many parts of the county are well adapted to sheep. Lands 
suitable for this purpose can be secured at very reasonable prices. 

Green liver, wiiich runs across the northern part of the county 
from east to west, is the largest stream. Russells creek, running 
through it in the same direction, drains the central part. There 
are, in addition, Casey creek, Glen's Forks, Peltus Fork, Big creek, 
Leatherv»ood, east and west forks of Crocus, and Crocus, all of 
them considerable streams, and affording fine water power to pro- 
pel machinery. There are many smaller streams tributaries to 
these, having their fountains heads in fine springs of pure water. 
In fact, almost every farm has on it one or more good springs, 
which furnish excellent water for domestic and stock purposes. 
None of our streams are navigable to steam boats, but some could' 



14 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

be made so by locks and dams, (xreen river and Russell's creek 
are navigable for rafts and flat boats on the tides. 

Some gas and oil (petroleum) have been found in the county, 
but the development has been limited in area and not thorough. 

The county is well supplied with timber and all kinds to be 
found in this climate, except walnut, which has been exhausted. 
The best of the poplar, and much of the hickory has been cut and 
removed in recent years, yet there is a tine growth of young poplar 
and much marketable hickory remaining for future demands. The 
inroads on other kinds of timber have not been so serious. There 
are only a few timber tracts of large extent under one control, 
although nearly two-thirds of the county is covered with forests 
in smaller tracts. The county is diversified with farm lands and 
forests. The farms are largely devoted to grasses and the rais- 
ing of the crops named above. Vegetables grow in profusion and 
in great variety, but are confined largely to local markets; truck 
farming and dairying are not carried on. 

Apples, pears, plums and peaches on the high lands, grapes and 
small fruits do well with proper attention and cultivation. Most 
of the uplands are especially adapted to fruits. 

We have one line of turnpike, extending from Campbellsville, 
the nearest railroad station, to Columbia, a distance of twenty 
miles, on which tolls are collected. There are no free turnpikes 
in the county. The public roads are maintained under the gen- 
eral law, and are kept in fairly good condition, yet not as they 
should be. There are no railroads in the county. The county 
seat is about equidistant from Campbellsville and the Cumber- 
land river. 

There are several chalybeate and sulphur springs in the county, 
some of them of local resort, and there is an excellent sulphur 
well (private property) at the county seat. 

Todd's Cave, two and one-half miles from Columbia, is one of 
the natural curiosities. It has been explored for a distance of 
about one-half mile, and its winding way, its ascent under diffi- 
culties, its avenues leading in one direction to the "tan-yard," and 
in the other to the "meat-house," its lofty rooms with stalactites 
and stalagmites and other objects, the growth of ages, have for 
many years made it a resort for visiting and picnic parties. 

The average price of farm lands, improved and unimproved, is 
about $4.30 per acre, prices ranging from |1.50 to |40 per acre, 
depending upon location and improvements. Farm laborers can 
be had at from fifty to seventy-five cents per day; by the month 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 15 

with board and lodging at eiglit to nine dollars, and where the 
laborer furnishes his own board and lodging, thirteen dollars. 

There are no foreign colonies in the county and but few persons 
of foreign berth or parentage. 

, Lands could be secured in a body to establish a colony at very 
reasonable rates. 

There are no vegetable and fruit canneries and no creameries 
and cheese factories in the county. With a soil adapted to fruits 
and vegetables; with an abundant supply of pure running water, 
and with all the grasses growing luxuriantly, we see no reason 
why these interests, under prudent management, could not be 
made profitable to persons who would engage in them, and at the 
same time be of great benefit to the communities in which they 
might be established. 

Columbia is the county seat, and has a population of about 
eight hundred, mostly whites. The colored population in the main 
live outside the corporate limits. It has two public schools 
open five months in the year, and two high schools, the Columbia 
Male and Female High School and the Columbia Christian College, 
open nine months in the year, where the higher branches of edu- 
cation are taught. They have each the advantage of more than 
a quarter of a century of successful service in the cause of higher 
education, and their refining and elevating influences are seen and 
felt not only in the community in which they are located, but also 
in all of the surrounding country. There are four church organi- 
zations in the town and each one has a handsome church building. 
The town is healthy and its moral and social tone is such as is 
found in all educational and Christian centers. 

The public schools of the country are in good condition and im- 
proving yearly. There are seventy-five school districts for the 
whites and fourteen for the colored, in which schools are taught. 
The high schools in the town are well patronized by the young 
ladies and gentlemen preparing themselves for teachers, and as a 
gratifying result, the teachers' standard is being elevated from 
year to year. The public schools are maintained by the school 
fund, and, in many districts, private schools are taught after th« 
close of the public school year, and in this way excellent educa- 
tional advantages are given in many districts eight and ten 
months in the year. 

The county has no bonded indebtedness and the rate of taxation 
is fifteen cents on the hundred dollars of assessed property, and a 
poll tax of one dollar and fifty cents for county purposes. 



16 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of AfjricuUure. 

Adair county is situated in the Eleventh Congressional. Third 
Appellate, Twentv ninth Judicial, Sixteenth. Senatorial and Thirty- 
seventh Legislative districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Absher, Breeding, Cane A'allev. Casey Creek. Col- 
umbia, Craycratt, Crocus, Eunice, Fairplay, Gentry's Mill, Glen's 
Fork, Grady ville, Joppa, Keltner, Knitley, Milltown, Montpelier, 
Neatsburg, Nell, Pellyton, Purdy, Sparksville, Tarter, Vester, 
Watson. 



Allen County. 

Allen County was formed out of the southern parts of Bawen 
and Warren CDtiiiti€« in the year 1815, and extends to the bound- 
ary line between Kentucky and Tennessee. The surface is hilly, 
but the soil is productive, and in the valleys is quite fertile. The 
county is well watered. Big Barren river with its tributaries sup- 
ply it abundantly on the eastern and northern portions, while Big 
Trammel and Drake's creek supply the southern and western por- 
tions, the central part being supplied with Little Trammel, 
Puncheon Camp, Long, Walnut, Big Difficult, Little Difficult, Sul- 
phur Fork, Middle Fork, Bay's Fork, Rough and Snake creeks, 
most of which are good sized streams. The soil is principally 
adapted to corn, wheat, oats and tobacco. The forest lands are 
well timbered with as fine a variety as can be found anywhere and 
at present the timber industry is the leading one in the county, 
and while there are a number of mills operating the supply seems 
inexhaustible. Very fine qualities of building stone abounds; 
both gas and oil have been found, but neither have been developed. 
There is some evidence of coal and iron. Mineral waters abound 
all over the country. ''Forest Springs," with several different 
kinds of sulphur water, is one of the finest health resorts in the 
State iind is largely attended every year. The Chesapeake »S; 
Nashville railroad terminates at Scottsville, but the route has 
been surveyed to Glasgow, Ky., and it is only a question of time 
until the road will be extended. A small mileage of turnpike ex- 
ist, but the people are now organizing good roads societies and 
everything points to improved roads, which will add much to the 
county. 

The agricultural industry in the county is improving. Roads 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 17 

are worked by hands, "warned" out, but by use of plows, scrapers, 
etc., the work is much better done than formerly. 

Some new spoke and handle factories. 

Land sells at from |10.00 to |50.00 as to improvements, and 
|2.50 for unimproved; timber land, |2.50 to |10.00 per acre. 

Farm hands are paid 75 cents per day and board; fl.OO to |1.25 
without. 

The public school system is the same as the rest of the State. 
The school buildings on an average are very good. Scottsville is 
the county seat; it has a population of about 1,200. There are 
several small villages in the county, the most important of which 
are Holland, Petroleum, Gainesville, New Roe and Alexander. 
The county has a population of about 16,000 and is situated in the 
Third Congressional, Second Appellate, Eighth Judicial, Eleventh 
Senatorial and Twenty-second Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — Adolphus, Allen Springs, Alonzo, Amus, Cedar 
Springs, Chapelhill, Clare, Doddy, Gainesville, Godfrey, Halfway, 
Halifax, Holland, Maynord, Meador, Mount Aerial, New Roe, 
Petroleum, Pope, Redeemer, Scottsville, Settle, Trammel, Travis. 



Anderson County. 

Anderson County has had a separate existence since the year 
1827, when it was formally established by the organization of its 
courts and the installation of its officers, a portion of the counties 
of Franklin, Fayette and Mercer counties having been cut off for 
that purposes. It is now bounded by the counties of Franklin, 
Woodford, Mercer, Washington, Nelson, Spencer and Shelby and 
has an area of about 200 square miles. The population, almost 
entirely made up of the Anglo-Saxon race, is now about 13,000. 

The county occupies two high and fertile plateaus, separated 
from each other by Salt river, which flows through the central 
part of the county. The land on top of the table lands is gently 
rolling, and the slopes leading down from the uplands to the rivers 
are somewhat precipitous. The Kentucky river, which borders the 
eastern portion of the county for a distance of about twenty 
miles, is navigable throughout the year. Salt river in the central 
part of the county and Chaplin on the southern border, are not 
navigable, but all of these streams are capable of furnishing un- 



18 Fom'teenth Biermial Repwt Bureau of Agriculture. 

limited water power for all purposes. Beside these streams, the 
county is traversed in every direction by smaller ones, which af- 
ford the most ample supply of water for stock and crops under all 
circumstances. The scenery along the Kentucky river and its 
tributaries is unexcelled in its boldness and in its picturesque 
features. The Salt river bottoms are famous for their fertility. 

The soil of the county is of a limestone formation, with a clay 
subsoil, and is generally fertile and productive. It is well adapted 
to the production of corn, wheat and tobacco. Oats, potatoes, 
garden vegetables and fruits of all kinds also do well in every 
part of the county. .The tobacco grown in this county is always 
of the finest quality, and ranks among the best crops to be found 
in the Louisville and Cincinnati markets. Anderson county farm- 
ers, because of the fact that they always get the very best prices 
going for their tobacco have made this the leading crop of the 
county. The large crops of timothy and clover that may be pro- 
duced from a given quantity of ground, with the bluegrass which 
is indigenous, makes this one of the best counties in the State for 
stock farming. The number of cattle shipped from Anderson 
county to Eastern markets and to Europe, is increasing rapidly 
every year, and stock raising promises soon to become one of our 
leading industries. 

The timber is principally white oak and beech, with a fair pro- 
portion of sugar maple. The hickorj^, walnut and poplar has been 
nearly all cut off and disposed of in the markets. The timber left 
in the county is now being generally saved by the people for 
fencing and repairs to the buildings. Very good timber lands 
can be bought in the county at from $10.00 to |20.00 per acre, ac- 
cording to location and distance from the railroad. Improved 
lands range in price from $15.00 to |75.00 per acre, the location 
having much to do with the price. Owing to the present demand 
for farming lands in this county, the value has increased at least 
twenty-five per cent, within the last year. 

Numerous and what is believed to be valuable deposits of lead 
and zinc have been found in the county, within a few miles of the 
county seat, but because of a lack of capital, no great effort has 
been made to develop any of the mines. One of these mines has 
been recently lea-sed to Eastern capitalists who will proceed at 
once to work their lease to its full extent. 

There is undoubtedly natural gas in paying quantities in the 
county, and wells have been sunk in which the gas has burned 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 19 

steadily for a number of days before the pocket has been ex- 
hausted. Mineral wells and springs abound, which produce 
sulphur, iron, magnesia and salt waters in abundance. Many of 
these springs and wells would afford ideal sites for summer hotels 
and health resorts. 
V, The people of this county are almost entirely engaged in farming. 
The onlj' manufacturing enterprises in the county are the numerous 
and famous distilleries and the cooper shops connected with them. 
The McBrayer, Searcy and Ripy whiskies are known the world 
over and are justly renowned for their excellence and purity. The 
Saffell distillery which has not been in existence for so long a 
time as those named above, is rapidly acquiring a reputation 
second to none in Kentucky. The flouring mills, of which there 
are a number, are all doing a large business, both local and gen- 
eral. The Lawrenceburg Roller Mills, the Bond Mills at Mc- 
Brayer, and the Franlvlin Mills at Orr, are well and favorably 
known throughout the United States, and their brands are staple 
in all markets. 

- There is no doubt but there is a fine opening in this county for 
u number of manufactories, such as a canning factory for preserv- 
ing fruits and vegetables. Fruits can be had in abundance and 
the soil is especially adapted to the raising of such vegetables as 
are used in these establishments, and the supply, with encourage- 
ment, could be made almost unlimited. A woolen and knitting 
factory would also find here a most excellent location for that 
business. All the domestic wool needed could be obtained in this 
and adjoining counties, and the foreign product required could be 
as easily obtained here as at any other place in the country. The 
city of Lawrenceburg also needs water works, an electric plant 
and an ice factory, and the Business Men's Club stands ready to 
give substantial encouragement to persons proposing to establish 
any legitimate industry within the limits of the city. 

The shipping facilities are as good as those of any other city of 
the same size to be found in the State or in the entire South. The 
Southern Railway has its main line running entirely through the 
county from west to east, and a branch line tapping the Cincinnati 
Southern at Burgin in Mercer county. It also connects at Lex- 
ington with roads running east and north as well as south. At 
Louisville with the many lines running west, northwest and south. 
Louisville is sixty-five miles west and Lexington twenty-five miles 
east from Lawrenceburg. These lines of railroad give Lawrence- 



20 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

burg sixteen passenger trains every day, and an increase in the- 
volume of business would undoubtedly bring an increase of serv- 
ice. An electric railway to connect Lawrenceburg and Frankfort 
is projected and will in all probability be built in the near future. 
The Kentucky river is only four miles from Lawrenceburg, and is 
a valuable competitor for the railroads in the matter of freight 
rates. 

Anderson county has about 160 miles of turnpike road which 
is kept in the best of repair by the county. These roads were all 
made free some four years ago, and notwithstanding the prophec- 
ies made by pessimists at that time, they are kept in better con- 
dition for travel than under the old toll system. The county is 
doing as much or more than any other county in the State by 
way of furnishing good roads for the people, having expended 
$40,000 within the last eight years for the construction of turn- 
pikes, and yet the entire debts of the county will not exceed |10,- 
000. The few remaining dirt roads are kept in repair by the 
people of the county working under the direction of a surveyor 
appointed by the county judge. Improved methods of working 
these roads are being put into practice and within a very short 
time every road in the county will be macadamized, without the 
incurrence of any debt by the county. 

Labor, both white and colored, is plentiful and can be had at 
reasonable rates. Unskilled labor here may be hired at from 
fl.OO to |1.50 per day. Mechanics and skilled laborers receive 
from 11.75 to |2,50 per day. Farm labor may be had for about 
118.00 to 120.00 per month, without board, and at from |10.00 to 
112.00 per month, with board. 

The school facilities of the county will compare favorably with 
those of any other county of the same population and wealth to 
be found in the State. The white schools furnish employment for 
about fifty teachers, the majority of whom are women. Nearly 
all of these hold first-class certificates, and all of them are wide- 
awake and progressive both in the matter of qualification and 
methods. The schools of Lawrenceburg give employment to six 
regular teachers, and have a special teacher of drawing and also 
of physical culture. So well is the work done here that gradu- 
ates always take first rank in their classes when they enter the 
colleges of this or other States. There are no private schools in 
the county. The people are so well satisfied with the work of the 
graded schools that such institutions can obtain no footing here, 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 21 

unless it be a college in fact as well as in name. The course of 
study in these schools is as broad and the instruction is as 
thorough as can be had in many cities of much greater population 
and wealth. The local tax for school purposes is thirty cents on 
each |100 worth of property and there is no poll tax. 

Lawrenceburg, the county seat, has a population of 2,025, and i;i 
finely located on a plateau between the Kentucky and Salt rivers, 
and on the line of the Southern railway. It has five white and 
three colored churches, the white churches being the Presbyterian, 
Christian, Baptist, Methodist and Catholic. It is well supplied 
with dry-goods and grocery stores, which compete successfully 
with the larger cities both in quality and price of the goods offered 
for sale. A cooperage factory, employing some twenty-five hands 
in the busy season, is located here. A large roller mill, having a 
capacity of 300 barrels per day, has been running twenty-four 
hours per day for more than two years, and ships its product all 
over the United States. There are here three drug stores, one 
hardware store, one bakery, three livery stables, two hotels and 
several boarding houses, one meat store, one newspaper office, 
three banks (with a united capital of $195,000) and the largest in- 
surance agency in the United States. Lawrenceburg is a city of 
the fifth class, has Main street paved with vitrified brick, has 
some of the finest residences and business houses in the State, 
has a tax rate of only thirty cents on each |100, and has doubled 
its population in the last ten years. More than fifty thousand 
dollars has been expended here during the season just closed for 
the erection of dwellings and business houses, and yet there is not 
a single vacant dwelling house in the city. There, is also a large 
and commodious court house, with office accommodations for all 
the county officers. 

Tyrone, on the Keutuckj^ river, four miles from the county seat, 
is the next most important town in the county, with a population 
of about 500, and is noted for being the seat of the Ripy and 
Dowling distilleries. It has an industrious and intelligent popu- 
lation which is dependent on the distilleries for employment. 

Alton, on Crab Orchard and Louisville pike, is a pleasant vil- 
lage of about 250 population. It has no factories or other in- 
dustries aside from the stores and shops usually found in a 
village of its size. 

Camdenville, or Orr, as it is called in the post ofiice directories, 
is ten miles west of Lawrenceburg, and is a village of 150 popula- 



22 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

tion. It is located on Salt river and has a flourishing flouring 
mill and several general stores. 

Anderson county is situated in the Eighth Congressional, Third 
Appellate, Twelfth Judicial, Twentieth Senatorial and Fifty-sev- 
enth Legislative Districts. 

Its vote in the last Presidential election was as follows: Bryan, 
Dem., 1,485; McKinley, Rep., 1,148; Wooley, Pro., 10; Barker, Pop., 
10,; and scattering, 2. W. P. Marsh. 



Ballard County. 

At the sitting of the Legislature in the winter of 1841-2, the 
county of Ballard was brought into existence by a curtailment of 
both McCracken and Hickman counties. Blandville was at that 
time made the county seat. 

The soil of Ballard county is mostly of a black loam with yellow 
clay subsoil, except the valleys, which are a black sandy loam with 
generally blue clay foundation, and very productive. The miner- 
als that exist in the hills of the county are undeveloped and to 
what extent they exist is not known. The timber resources of 
the county have been greatly abused, but good timber land can be 
purchased at this time for from seven to twelve dollars per acre. 
Diversified farming is carried on to a considerable extent, but 
fruit growing, which could be made profitable, receives but little 
attention. About thirty miles of the boundary of the county is 
on the Mississippi and Ohio rivers, and this, with twenty miles on 
Mayfield creek, constitutes all the navigable waters touching the 
county. The county has no turnpike or metal roads, but has a 
good graded dirt roads, maintained by a system of taxation, as* 
there is to be found in the State. The Illinois Central and Mobile 
& Ohio are the railroads that touch Ballard county, and jointly 
contain twenty miles of road; this, in connection with the river 
frontage, renders transportation easy of access, and freights 
reasonably low. Farm land will average in price about fifteen 
dollars per acre, and good white labor can be had at eighteen 
dollars per month. There is a good opening for the establishment 
of a wagon, plow and implement factory, as well as flour mills 
and canning factory. A creamery would also do well. 

Wickliffe is now the county seat of Ballard county, and is locat- 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 23 

ed on the Mississippi river six miles below Cairo, Illinois. It 
has a chair and furniture factory, two potteries, one wagon and 
buggy factory, and a large flouring mill. Blandville Baptist Col- 
lege, located at Blandville, is the only institution of learning in 
the county, except the common schools, which are in a flourishing 
condition, the State fund being supplemented by local taxation. 
There is no bonded indebtedness of the county, and the tax rate 
for county purposes is seventeen cents on the one hundred dol- 
lars of taxable property. 

Ballard county is situated in the First Congressional, First Ap- 
pellate, First Judicial, Second Senatorial and Second Legislative 
Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs:— Bandana, Barlow City, Blandville, Gage, Hazel- 
wood, Hinkleville, Ingleside, Lovelaceville, Ogden, Oscar, Slater, 
Wickliffe. 



Barren County. 

Barren was taken from a portion of Green and Warren counties 
in 1798. It was the thirty-seventh county formed in the State. 
It is bounded on the south by Monroe and Allen, west by Allen, 
Warren and Edmonson, east by Metcalfe, and north by Hart 
counties. The county seat is Glasgow. It is a beautiful town 
laid off in a square with broad streets and a handsome new court 
house in the center of the square. It contains two very commod- 
ious and modern arranged school houses. Liberty Female Col- 
lege, and the public school building. Excellent schools are now 
being taught in both of these buildings. The county is laid off 
in school districts, and in every neighborhood fine schools are 
being taught. 

North, northeast and northwest of Glasgow the land is very 
fertile, the surface is smooth enough to admit of easy cultivation 
and rolling enough to drain well. The southern portion of the 
county is not so well favored in fertility of the soil and a smooth, 
even surface as the northern, as it is more broken or uneven. Yet 
in timber, fine running water and in oil productions it greatly 
excels the northern portion. Some of the finest oil wells in the 
State are found in this section of Barren county. Some of these 



24 Fourteenth Biemiial Report Buretai of Agriculture. 

wells have been flowing for twenty-five years and others have been 
pumped for a period equally as long, without showing any signs of 
exhaustion. Natural gas has also been found, but I do not think 
thorough development as to the abundance of its existence has 
ever been made. The natural products of Barren county may be 
summed up as follows: Natural products: Oil, gas, pure water 
and a reasonable amount of timber — consisting of oak, poplar, 
beech, hickory, gum and cherry. Agricultural products, tobacco, 
corn, wheat, oats, hay and sorghum (in commercial value these 
rank in order named.) In grasses, clover, orchard grass, timothj, 
red top and bluegrass are the chief sorts grown. In fruits, apples, 
peaches, pears, plums, cherries, grapes, strawberries and goose- 
berries, all are grown with more or less success. 

Dirt roads form the principal thoroughfares. However, there 
are two pikes (known as the upper and lower L. & N. pikes,) that 
extend through the county. One of these for its entire length 
in the county has been macadamized, and the other partially so. 
These, as well as all the dirt roads, are kept up by the county 
and all are entirely free from toll. The L. & N. railroad runs 
through the county about ten and one-half miles, the Glasgow 
branch railroad beginning at Glasgow Junction, a station on the 
L. «& N., terminating at Glasgow, a distance of ten and one-half 
miles. The Mammoth Cave railroad runs five miles in Barren 
county, making in all twenty-six miles of railroad in the county. 
There are no navigable streams in Barren county, but many of 
them will furnish an abundance of water power to propel any kind 
of machinery. There is no public effort whatever made to pre- 
serve the timber and but very little private inclination in that 
direction, nor is there any public and but very little priveate in- 
terest manifested in growing new plantations of timber. In fact, 
the timber is rapidly being cut away and in a few more years, if 
the destruction keeps on as it is now going, all the northern 
portion of the county at least will be entirely nude of even fire 
wood. Among our farmers there is a very perceptible disposition 
to improve and increase their farm products by the use of improv- 
ed seed and improved farming implements and by a better and 
more thorough system of cultivation. There is also a general incli- 
nation to improve the fertility of the soil by a rotation of crops and 
the use of fertilizers, but in many instances both of these systems 
are executed in a crude manner and not in a practical, scientific 
way that would lead to better results. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 25 

Within the last few years there has been but little immigration 
to and but little emigration from Barren county, consequently 
our population has increased slowly, only from natural causes. 

Barren county is situated in the Third Congressional, Third Ap- 
pellate, Tenth Judicial and Nineteenth Senatorial Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Austin, Bear Wallow, Beckton, Bessie, Bonayr, 
Bristletown, Bruce, Cave City, Corahill, Dryfork, Eighty Eight, 
Etoile, Finnej^ Freedom, Glasgow, Glasgow Junction, Goodnight, 
Haywood, Hiseville, Jennie, Juniata, Kino, Lucas, Mosby, Nobob, 
Ocala, Oil Cit}-, Oleoak, Pageville, Park, Petercreek, Kockyhill, 
Eoseville, Slickrock, Temple Hill, Tracy. 



Bath County. 

Bath County was organized in ISll, out of parts of Bourbon and 
Montgomery. It is situated in the northeastern part of the State. 
The county seat is Owingsville, a town of 1,500 inhabitants, forty- 
six miles east of Lexington. The northern and western portions 
of the county are undulating and belong to the famous "bluegrass 
belt." This portion of the county is devoted to raising short horn 
cattle, corn, wheat and tobacco and contains some of the finest 
farming land in the State. The southern and eastern portions ot 
the county are somewhat broken and hilly, though all the cereals 
grow well. In the extreme eastern portion of the county there is 
to be found some of the finest timber in the State, such as oak, 
poplar and walnut. The Licking river runs along the eastern and 
northern boundary of the county and would be navigable as far 
as West Liberty, in Morgan county, if locked and dammed. The 
Licking is a splendid outlet for the shipment of timber, a 
large amount of which is floated down the river to market by 
means of "rafts." Timber lands in this county, of which there is 
a great abundance, sell for from ten to thirty dollars per acre. 
One of the finest iron ore deposits in the United States is found in 
the eastern portion of the county, about five miles east of Owings- 
ville, the county seat. These mines are at present being operated 
by the Rose Run Iron Co. There are many other ore deposits in 
the county that remain undeveloped. Eight miles southeast from 
the county seat is situated the justly famous Olympian Springs^ 



26 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

These springs were, at one time, owned by the great commoner, 
Henry Clay, and it was here that the late George D. Prentice wrote 
greater part of the life of Clay, when he was a candidate for the 
presidency. 

White, black and salt sulphur, chalybeate, Epsom, alum and 
soda are the waters to be found all within a radius of one-half 
mile. These springs, for the past two years, have been frequented 
by a large number of guests. On Slate creek, a tributary of Lick- 
ing river, two miles south of Owingsville, stands the stack of the 
first iron furnace built west of the Allegheny mountains. This 
furnace was built by Jacob Myers, Christopher Greenup and others 
in the year 1790. The stack is in a fairly good state of preser- 
vation. It was at this furnace that the cannon balls were made 
that Gen. Jackson used at the battle of New Orleans. 

This county has but one railroad, the C. & O., which runs through 
the southern and eastern portions of the county. There is also 
a narrow gauge road running from Salt Lick, on the C. & O., to 
the timber and coal lands on the Upper Licking river; this is valu- 
able as a feeder to the C. & O. The hope of this county is that the 
Midland railroad will be extended in the near future from Paris, 
Ky., on to the coal fields in Morgan county. This county has 
about 15(j miles of turnpike, which is now kept up by means of 
taxation. There are no toll gates on any of the pikes. The dirt 
roads are good for the most part and, indeed, all the roads are 
gradually improving. The average price for farm labor in this 
county is from $12 to |15 per month including board. 

The school facilities in this county are good. Bath Seminary, 
situated in Owingsville, offers splendid inducements to those wish- 
ing to avail themselves of a higher education, while at Sharps- 
burg that town has a normal school that any place might be justly 
proud of. The public" schools in the county, taken as a whole, 
are as good as the best. Owingsville, the county seat, is one of 
the prettiest and most cultured and wealthy towns of its size in 
the State. It has a population of about 1,500 and is blessed with 
all modern improvements. It has two strong banks, two news- 
papers, four churches, all good buildings, electric lights, telephone 
exchange, and will soon be connected with the outside world by 
telephone. She has a citizenship equal to the very best. The 
town has long needed a flouring mill, and an industry of this 
character would doubtless bring large returns. The town is situ- 
ated on a high hill and has natural drainage and splendid water. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 27 

and is therefore one of the most delightful towns in the State 
in which to reside. 

Sharpsburg, situated in the northwestern part of the county, is 
a town of importance; it has three churches, a well equipped col- 
lege, one bank, a large flouring mill and is surrounded by some of 
the finest farming lands in the State. Bethel, five miles east of 
Sharpsburg, is an important village and is a large shipping point 
for cattle, hogs and tobacco. W^'oming, Odessa, Keynoldsville, 
Forge Hill, Olympia and Yale are all thriving villages. Salt Lick, 
on the C. & O. railroad, in the eastern portion of the county, is 
the largest shipping point in the county. More than 500 men are 
now employed in the forest south of Salt Lick, making staves and 
getting out timber for shipment east. This is a thriving town 
and a splendid point for enterprising men with capital. The 
timber lying adjacent to this place is of the best quality and the 
quantity is almost inexhaustible. 

Bath county affords manj' attractions to those seeking homes or 
for a place in which to make profitable investments. The land in 
the eastern portion of the county can be purchased from |10 to 
|20 per acre, and this land is peculiarly adapted to fruit culture, 
timothy grass and the cereals. 

Bath county is in the Ninth Congressional, Seventh Appellate, 
Twenty-first Judicial, Thirtj'-fifth Senatorial and Ninety-fourth 
Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFPiCEs: — Bethel, Craigs, Crooks, Flatcreek, Forgehill, 
Marshall, Moore's Ferry, Odessa, Olympia, Owingsville, Keynolds- 
ville, Saltlick, Sharpsburg, Sweet, Wyoming, Yale, Young. 



Bell County. 

Bell County was named in honor of Joshua F. Bell, who was a 
member of the Legislature from this district at the time of the 
organization of the county in 1867. 

It was taken from the counties of Harlan, Knox, and Whitley. 
It is bounded on the north by Knox and Clay counties, on the east 



28 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

by Leslie and Harlan counties, on the south by Tennessee and Vir- 
ginia, on the west by Knox and Whitley counties. 

It is the impression of many people living in western, central and 
northern Kentucky, and people living in other States, that when 
one enters Bell county he or she is in great danger of being killed 
by a "mountaineer," as we are termed, without any provocation 
whatever. I deem that this short sketch of Bell county would be 
incomplete if I did not try in some way to eliminate this false im- 
pression from the minds of those thus impressed. When one comes 
to Bell county they find the best people on earth, not many are 
what may be termed rich, but they are the most charitable people 
in the world. If afflictions or adverse fortunes renders one of our 
people (or any other people) a fit subject for assistance, no appeal 
is necessary other than the mere fact that they are a fit subject. 
It is fact that Bell county up to a few years ago has had a bloody 
record, but at the last term of the Bell Circuit Court, Judge Hall 
cleared tjie docket of murder cases, and to-day with as many miners 
as there are in the county, and while the character of labor all over 
the county is in the greatest turmoil, we are a peaceful people. Of 
those who think we are barbarous, uncivilized peple, we invite 
them to come to our county, and we will show them our school 
houses and churches up every creek and hollow in the county, and 
we will show theni the happy, church-going people who used to take 
a delight in shedding the blood of their fellow men, but "we have 
changed with the times." 

Cumberland river and its tributaries furnish an abundant supply 
of water for all purposes, for the entire county. Clear creek 
empties into the river near Pineville on the south side of Pine 
mountain, and Straight creek on the north side, affording mag- 
nificent water power and drainage. Yellow creek, running direct- 
ly through the city of Middlesboro, affords sufficient drainage for 
a city of 100,000 people. The mild climate, uniform temperature 
and splendid water and drainage combine to make this county an 
extraordinarily healthy one. 

Pure rhombohedral iron ore abounds in most every section of the 
county. The north side of Pine mountain shows three hundred feet 
of the best subcarboniferous limestone, while the northern side of 
same mountain is a solid mass of the finest building blue-gray sand- 
stone in the country; it is easily worked, uniform and durable. The 



Fuurteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 29 

best of domestic and coking coal in the market is mined and made 
at Pineville, Middlesboro and Chenoa. 

More than one-half million acres of the finest timber in the 
world is accessible to the people of Pineville and Middlesboro, 
through the different streams and railroads converging at these 
points; poplar, walnut, ash, walnut, oaks of all kinds, lynn, chest- 
nut and chestnut oak, the latter furnishing the finest tanbark in 
the world. " 

New coal mines are being opened up continuously. Coal lands 
are being sought after and are being bought extensively at prices 
ranging from five dollars to twenty-five dollars per acre. 

The public roads are not good in this county and are kept up by 
the road militia which would indicate that the old ''warning out 
system" is getting to be a failure. 

The Cumberland Valley branch of the Louisville & Nashville 
railroad has within this county 20.23 miles of railroad. The Cum- 
berland River & Tennessee railroad 12.50 miles. The West Vir- 
ginia, Pineville «& Tennesse has 2.25 miles. The Middlesboro Belt 
Railway Co. has 18.03 miles. The Knoxville, Cumberland Gap & 
Louisville railroad has 3.50 miles in the county. The five railroads 
furnish ample transportation for the products of the county. 

Chalybeate, sulphur, magnesia and other mineral springs of 
purest quality abound. 

The agricultural products of the county are hardly sufiflcient for 
home consumption, while vegetables and fruits of all kinds can 
be had and are produced in abundance. Grains are grown success- 
fully where interest is taken. It is said that clover and orchard 
grass give better results than others. 

No better location could be found for a furniture factory than in 
Bell county. 

Pineville, the county seat, is situated at the base of Pine Mount- 
ain, which, at this point, rises to a height of 2,200 feet above the sea 
level, and 1,500 above Cumberland valley. Here the Cumberland 
river flows through a narrow defile in the mountains, and then 
broadening out incloses the valley in which the town stands. Pine- 
ville is the central point of distribution for Southeastern Kentucky, 
and is the only water gap from Jellico to the "breaks of the Big 
Sandy." At the junction of the three principal streams of South- 
eastern Kentucky, Cumberland river. Big Clear creek and Straight 
^reek, with Harlan court house and Big Stone Gap on the east, 



30 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

and the "magic city" (Middlesboro) situated in the southern part 
of Bell county, on the south, and the beautiful city of Barbour- 
ville on the west, and the counties of Clay, Leslie and Pike, rich in 
coal, iron and timber on the north, Pineville is of necessity the 
center of the commercial and material development of the sur- 
rounding territory. Although the town has suffered much from 
the "boom" of a few years since, yet such are its surroundings that 
in time we may expect to see its people prosperous and happier. 
Pineville has a population of about 1,900. 

Middlesboro University, a branch of the Richmond (Ky.) Univer- 
sity, is located at Middlesboro, and its workings do credit and 
honor to its mother institution. Of the public schools in Bell coun- 
ty and the rapid strides they have made toward the front in the 
past two years, too much can not be said. The teachers have a 
library of two hundred and forty volumes, eighty-nine of which 
constitute the prize given by the State to the county showing the 
largest per cent, of its teachers enrolling in the State reading cir- 
cle, completing the course and receiving certificates for the year 
1895. Out of the fifty-two districts in the county, forty-five have 
globes and maps and charts, and in most all the districts the 
"backless bench" has disappeared, and desks of the very latest 
patent have taken their place. No district has supplemented the 
public money to extend the term of the school beyond the term 
of five months. 

The bonded indebtedness of Bell county is $38,000; in 1894 this 
debt was |60,000. The rate of taxation for county purposes is 
sixty cents per one hundred dollars. 

This county has a population of 15,701, census, 1900. It is situ- 
ated in the Eleventh Congressional, Seventh Senatorial, Seventh 
Appellate and Twenty-sixth Judicial Districts. 

PosTOFFicES^ — Ark, Bingham, Callaway, Chenoa, Cubage, In- 
gram, Ivy, Knuckles, Lock, Middlesboro, Pass, Pineville, Slusher, 
Town's Creek, Wasioto, Straight Creek, Walsend, Tinsley. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 31 



Boone County. 

Boone County, the thirtieth formed in the State, was organized 
in 1798, and was formed out of part of Campbell county and was 
so named in honor of Daniel Boone. It is the 'most northern 
county in the State, and is bounded on the north and west for a 
distance of forty-two miles by the Ohio river. It is bounded on 
the east by Kenton and on the south by Grant and Gallatin 
counties. The area of the county contains 152,869 acres. The 
principal water courses of the county are the Ohio river, which 
washes its northern and western border for forty-two miles, and 
Big- Bone, Mud Lick, Gunpowder, Middle, Woolper and Ashby's 
Fork creeks. These creeks supply an abundance of stock water, 
but are not available for water power or navigation. 

The soil of Boone county along the river bottoms is of almost 
inexhaustible fertility, and the hill lands are well adapted to the 
growth of all kinds of agricultural products that can be grown in 
this latitude. The crops now principally grown are corn, wheat, 
hay and tobacco. 

There is about ten per cent, of the area of this county in timber 
land, including the varieties of oak, gum, poplar, hickory, ash, 
walnut, beech, sycamore, lynu and water and hill maple. There 
are no bodies of timber land in this county for sale. Our timber 
is mostly used for home consumption and a few trees are occas- 
ionally sold to be manufactured into furniture and for veneering 
purposes. 

In the way of natural curiosities this county has her Rock 
Springs, which are located on a branch of the same name, a fork 
of Middle creek, about six miles from the county seat. Clear, cold 
and pure water gushes forth from a large bowlder-like stone in a 
cliff. Neither the rainy season nor the drouths affect this natural 
water main, which for ages has poured forth its refreshing waters 
in profusion for the surrounding community, and slacks the thirst 
of the weary traveler, as it is but a few feet from the public high- 
way. The noted Big Bone springs, situated near a hamlet of the. 
same name in the southern part of the county, was visited as early 
as 1773 by Capt. Thomas Bullitt, and the McAfee party. James 
Douglass, of this party, remained here for some time to explore 
these springs, examine and drink of their health-giving waters. 



32 Fourteenth. Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

Some of these springs are salt, some sulphur and others whose- 
waters contain chalybeate, sulphur, magnesia and other minerals^ 
possess properties of great medicinal virtues. There is a large 
hotel at the springs, and the place is now used to a considerable 
extent as a health resort, and as a pleasure and picnicking 
ground. The accommodations for the entertainment of visitors 
are inadequate, meager, not up-to-date and altogether unsatis- 
factory. The right kind of a hotel under proper management, 
would be a money-making investment, for then people far and 
near would come to visit this place of national reputation to 
drink of these healing waters. An electric railway from Coving- 
ton, a distance of twenty-two miles, to these springs has been 
projected and is now much talked of, and doubtless will be built 
at no distant date. At one of these springs salt was manu- 
factured by the early settlers and this was continued until a few 
years ago. One large spring and two acres of land is owned by 
the count3^ Anywhere here for acres around a well can be sunk 
and these same waters obtained. 

The largest bones of the mastodon ever discovered in the world,, 
of which history relates, were discovered here and are now in a 
museum, in London, England. Some idea of the immensity of size^ 
of these gigantic animals of tradition can be realized when one 
has seen a tusk over sixteen feet in length and fifteen inches in 
circumference, this being the size of one that was unearthed here 
just a few years ago. The ground for several acres around one 
of these springs is of a fullatinous formation, in places upon 
which a man can stand and shake the surface for quite a distance 
around him. Other places a stone thrown on the surface sinks 
out of sight, or a fence rail can be started down endwise and it 
will immediately and forever disappear. 

Split Rock, located on the banks of the Ohio river, three and a 
quarter miles below Petersburg, and over a quarter of a mile above 
the mouth of Woolper creek, is, in all the term implies, a natural 
curiosity. At this place the river banks are high and precipitous^ 
and on a shell-like space in a bank is an immense stone, about 150 
feet long, 50 feet wide and 50 feet high, which has in ages past, by 
some upheaval of the earth, cracked, split, and separated so that 
there is now a space varying from eighteen inches to five feet, the^ 
entire length of the stone, that a man can, with all ease, walk 
through it. There are for several hundred yards cliffs of solid 
rock, numerous places which have split and separated so that a 
horse and buggy can be driven between them. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of AgrlcuUure. 33 

Several very brilliaut sapi)hires, almost equaling the diamond 
in hardness and brilliancy, have been picked up here. Pleasure 
seekers and tourists for many miles around visit this curiosity of 
nature every summer. In the immediate vicinity of t^plit Rock and 
situated on Taylor's creek are several caves, one of which is an 
almost square room, sixteen feet each way, in which a number of 
mummified j)igmies of the human race have been found, some of 
which appear to be children but a few days old, petrified, retaining 
perfect form and features. 

In the way of industries this county has a large distillery., 
cooper shop, flouring mill, saw and planing mill, steam and water 
grist mill, numerous tobacco warehouses and canning and pre- 
serving factories that sell their products not only in this country, 
but in Europe. On account of the cheap sites, transportation 
facilities by water and rail and its close proximity to the best 
markets in the country, Cincinnati, Ohio, Covington and Newport, 
Kentucky, this county offers splendid inducements for factories- 
and manufacturing establishments of various kinds. 

The Ohio river, which runs almost two-thirds the way around 
the county, and the Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific, and 
the Louisville & Nashville railway's, which run through the east- 
ern edges of the county for a distance of 9.13 and 9.48 miles, re- 
spectively, furnish the county with ample transportation facilities. 
No other roads are projected at this time. 

The county has eighty-four and three-quarter miles macadam 
roads, maintained by the statutory charges of toll. The county 
has about 350 miles of dirt roads, which are maintained by a 
propertj' tax of ten cents on the one hundred dollars worth of tax- 
able property, and the working of these roads is supervised by 
overseers appointed by the county judges. The roads are fully 
up to the average for such roads through the State. However, 
we do not find that the management of the road system in this 
county deserves any words of praise. 

With the exception of a few negroes, the labor of this county is 
performed by native white men. The average price per month 
for farm labor with board is about twelve dollars; without boards 
about seventeen dollars per month. 

The League Institute, of Verona, and the Walton Academy, of 
Walton, are both institutions of learning that are an honor and 
credit to the county. Our common schools are managed by an 
efficient and worthy superintendent and capable teachers. 
2 



34 Fourlieiilli liieuniul litporl Buratii of Ayrimliurc. 

Burlington, tlie county seat, is situated near the center of the 
county and eight miles from the nearest railroad station, Erlanger. 
The town has about three hundred inhabitants, two general merch- 
andise stores, one drug store, a bank, a good hotel, a printing 
office, which is owned and managed by W. L. Riddell, editor of the 
Boone County Recorder, one of the best papers in the State, out- 
side the city of Louisville, also four nice church buildings, Baptist, 
Presbyterian, Methodist and Uniyersalist. The town is laid off in a 
square with a beautiful court house in the center. All the county 
officials have their offices in the court house. The streets of the 
town are wide and well shaded, making a beautiful and desirable 
place of residence. The town is connected with the outside world 
by long distance telephone. We have an omnibus line making two 
trips a day between here and Erlanger. This is a local option 
town and the law is rigidly enforced. 

Petersburg, situated on the Ohio river, ten miles northwest of 
the countj' seat, has a population of about eight hundred people. 
The town is above high water mark and has an excellent steam- 
boat lauding. It has a distillerA', with a three hundred barrel per 
day capacity, and this distiller}' feeds hundreds of cattle every 
year. The distillery also has connected with it a large cooper 
shop. The town also has a flour mill that can make one hundred 
barrels a day of the best flour the country aft'ords. There is a 
lumbei' yard and stores of ,all kinds to supply the trade of the 
surrounding country. The lown is well lighted by oil lamps. 
There is also a good town hall Avith a seating capacity of eight 
hundred. 

Bellevue, a tOAvn of about one hundred people, situated on the 
Ohio river, seven miles from Burlington, and about thirty miles 
below Cincinnati, Ohio, by water, is in a region of extremely fertile 
lands, that raise an enormous amount of corn and hogs, and on 
account of these two ]U'oducts, cheap land sites and transportation 
facilities, this would be an ideal place for a pork packing estab- 
lishment. 

Florence, six miles east of Burlington, is a nice little town of 
four hundred people. It has good hotels and is nicely located on 
the Lexington turnpike, and just two miles from a railroad station. 
The county fair grounds are situated at this place. It is a delight- 
ful place of residence for people engaged in business in Cincin- 
nati, Covington or Newport. The town has first class accommo- 
dations for the traveling public to and from railway station and 
is connected with the world by long distance telephone. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Binxcic of Agriculture. 35 

Walton is located in the southeastern part of the county on a 
crossinji of the C, X. O. & T. P. and L. .Jc N. railways. Population 
about six hundred. Industries: iSaw and planing mills, lumbei.' 
yard, tlour mill, tobacco warehouse and tAvo tomato canneries and 
preserving companies that sell their products all over the civilized 
world. 

Constance, located on the Ohio river, six miles northeast from 
the county seat and nine miles from Covington, Ky., by water, is a 
nice little village of one hundred and tifty people, with a good 
steam ferry connecting it with the Ohio side, where one can take 
an electric car and be in Cincinnati, Oliio, in thirty minutes. 

P. E. Cason. 

Hoone county is sitnat»Ml in the Sixth Congressional, Sixth Ap- 
pellate, Fifteenth -Indicial, Twenty-third Senatorial and Seventy- 
eighth Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFiGEs: — Beavorlick, Berkshire, Big Bone, Bullittsville, 
Burlington, Constance, Crescent, Florence, Grant, Gunpowder, 
Hamilton, Hathaway, Hebron, Limaburg, Petersburg, Rabbit 
Hash, Riclnvood, Fnion, Utzinger, ^'erona, Walton. 



Bourbon County. 

Formed in 1775 from Fayette county and named in honor of the 
famous Bourbon family of France. Bourbon county was one of 
the nine counties organized by the Virginia Legislature before 
Kentucky became a State. It is bounded on the north by Harri- 
son, the east by Montgomer}', the south by Fayette, and west by 
Scott, and is Avatered by Stoner, Hinkston, Houston and Boone 
creeks and the south fork of the Licking river. The county has 
a population of l(').l)7(t. Located in the heart of the bluegrass 
region, the gently undulating soil is wonderfully fertile, producing 
generous .yields of wheat, corn, barley, oats, hemp, tobacco, etc. 
The virgin half of the soil produces about 150,000 bushels of blue- 
grass seed per year, which sells at twenty-five cents per bushel 
from the stripper, and furnishes grazing for sheep, giving an annu- 
al wool clip Avortli 115,000, for valuable horse, mule and hog stock, 
and for .f:>00.(lOO worth of tine export beef cattle every year which 
grow to an average weight of 1,150 pounds. Scores of the best 
race horses the turf lias ever known were bred in Bourbon countv. 



36 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

The soil furnishes an abundance of primitive limestone, not sus- 
ceptible to polish, for building purposes. In the county are two 
undeveloped lead mines— one in Paris and the other near Millers- 
Jburg. Near North Middletown is an oil well bored during the 
civil war. Oak, ash, hickor}^, elm, sugar-tree, wild cherry, mul- 
berry and box elder constitute liberal timber resources. The wal- 
nut timber is being rapidly cut away. Though the soil is finely 
adapted for dairying, truck-farming and fruit-growing, it is not 
■extensively carried on. The fruit crop averages probably |G,000 
per year. None of the streams are navigable. 

There are two hundred and seventy-six miles of excellent turn- 
pikes and thirty-nine miles of dirt roads in the county' — every mile 
being free. The roads were acquired by the fiscal court by pur- 
chase, gift and condemnation. The aggregate cost of the pikes 
was 155,000. The pikes were freed without a lawless or violent 
act. The rate of the taxation for the purchase and maintenance 
of turnpikes is twenty-five cents on the one hundred dollars. The 
thirty-eight miles of the Louisville & Nashville railroad compris- 
ing branches in four directions — to Lexington, Covington, Win- 
chester and Maysville — and the Frankfort & Cincinnati'' (Ken- 
tucky Midland) eleven miles, going to Georgetown and Frankfort, 
afford railroad competition and give Bourbon excellent shipping 
facilities. It has been proposed to extend the Frankfort and Cin- 
cinnati road to the mountains of Eastern Kentucky. 

In Bourbon are several salt and sulphur springs, but none have 
sufiicient merit to justify being made health resorts. There are 
no water falls or rapid streams in the county, though the waters of 
Stoner and Hinkston are utilized in operating the machinery of 
several flouring mills. Bourbon has no natural curiosities save a 
few Indian mounds, and a buffalo trace on Cane Ridge, but in her 
soil reposes the remains of Edward Boone, the pioneer and Indian 
fighter and brother of Daniel Boone. Bones of mastodon have 
been found in excavations near Paris. 

The average price of farm land in Bourbon is sixty dollars per 
acre. The farm hands employed are mostly colored, the wages 
f being fifteen to eighteen dollars per month. There are no foreign 
^colonies in the county. Bourbon has no fruit or vegetable can- 
neries or cheese factory. There is an excellent opening for to- 
bacco, hemi>, broom-corn manufacturing interests and fruit-can- 
ning enterprises. The county furnishes an abundant supply 
of these products. 



Fourteenth Biemiial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 37 

The county seat of Bourbon is Paris, a beautiful and enter- 
prising city of about 7,500 inhabitants. The city is located on 
high ground, and Stoner and Houston creeks, which flow through 
the corporate limits, offer fine advantages and locations for fac- 
tories. The city is healthy and is a delightful place of residence, 
having electric lights, water works, electric fire alarm system, 
competitive telegraph and telephone communication, ice factory, 
handsome business blocks and residences, w^ell appointed stores, 
fi<ne theater and school buildings, and nine churches. The people 
are progressive, intelligent, robust and hospitable. 

The Millersburg Female College, a flourishing institution, has 
recently been improved and refurnished. The public schools are 
in admirable condition. The public fund is supplemented by local 
taxation in but three of the county districts. The county has 
no bonded debt. The rate of taxation is eighty-seven cents on 
the one hundred dollars, fifty-seven and one-half for revenue, nine 
and one-half for general purposes and twenty-five cents for turn- 
pikes. 

Bourbon county is in the Seventh Congressional, Fifth Appel- 
late, Fourteenth Judicial, Twenty-eighth Senatorial and Seventy- 
fifth Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — Austerlitz, Caneridge, Centerville, Clintonville, 
Elizabeth, Escondida, Glenkenny, Hutchison, Jacksonville, Jacks- 
town, Kiserton, Littlerock, Millersburg, North Middletown, Os- 
good, Paris, Plum, Euddels Mills, Shakespeare, Shawhan. 



Boyd County. 

Boyd county was taken from the counties of Grreenup, Carter 
and Lawrence in 1860, and was organized as a county in that year. 
It. is situated in the extreme northeastern part of the State and is 
bounded on the north by the Ohio river, on the east by the Big- 
Sandy, south by Lawrence and on the west by Carter and Greenup 
counties. 

The county is drained by the Ohio, Big and Little Sandy and 
their tributaries, which also afford an abundant water supply for 
the county. East Fork drains the more central and western por- 
tion of the county, while the Big Sandy and its tributaries drain 
the eastern portion. 



38 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bicrcau of Agriculture, 

The soil of Boyd county is particularly good along its rivers and 
creek bottoms, being for the most part a rich sandy loam, and pro- 
duces well, the principal products of the Boyd county farm being 
corn, wheat, oats, and some tobacco. The grasses usually grown 
in Kentucky grow well in this county. There is an abundant sup- 
ply of good timber yet in the county embracing all the species 
and varieties found in any of the other counties in Eastern Ken- 
tucky, and large tracts of the same can be purchased at reason- 
able prices. Diversified farming is not engaged in this county 
further than to supply domestic demands. The mineral resources 
of this county are very great, being the attractive feature for 
human effort here. The best of iron and coal are found in the 
county and the same has been largely developed and a large and 
very desirable class of population has been attracted here thereby. 
Ashland, in this county, is a thriving manufacturing city. 

Boyd county has most excellent county roads, many of them 
being good turnpikes and are free of toll, but are maintained 
and kept up by the county. All of the public roads are kept 
in good condition. The Maysville & Big Sandy railroad runs 
through the eastern part of the State, and the Elizabethtown, 
Lexington & Big Sandy roads run through the northern and west- 
ern part of the county. These roads are operated by the Chesa- 
peake & Ohio system and together with the Ohio river bordering 
on the northern portion of the county, afford ample and convenient 
transportation for the county, and also sufficient competition in 
that line. Farm labor is supplied mostly by native whites and can 
be employed at prices ranging from ten to twelve dollars per month 
and board. The educational facilities of the county are furnished 
principally by the common schools, which are well attended and 
are under good management. Ashland, a considerable manufactur- 
ing city, is the principal town in the county, and has a population 
of nearly 5,000. 

Catlettsburg is the county seat of Boyd county, and is situated 
at the junction of the Big Sandy and the Ohio rivers. It is a 
thriving town of over 2,000 population. It has good schools and 
churches and its merchants are wide awake and progressive busi- 
ness men. 

Boyd county is in the Ninth Congressional, Seventh Appellate^ 
'Twentieth Judicial, Thirty-second Senatorial and Ninety-eighth 
Legislative Districts. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Btireau of Agriculture. 39 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Alley, Arigo, Ashland, Boltsfork, Cannonsbiirg, 
Catlettsburg, Coalton, Culbertson, Durbin, Garner, Herd, Lock- 
wood, McNeal, Mavity, Mayhew, Naples, Normal, Potomac, Prin- 
cess, Rush. 



Boyle County. 

Boyle County, the ninety-fourth in order of organization, was 
formed in 1842 out of parts of Mercer, Lincoln and Casey counties. 
It is bounded on the north by Mercer county, on the east by Gar- 
rard, on the south by Casey and Lincoln counties and on the west 
by Washington and Marion counties and is near, if not the geo- 
graphical center of the State; and while it is one of the smallest 
counties in area (having only a little over a hundred thousand 
acres of land), its assessed valuation of property listed for taxable 
purposes is more than seven millions of dollars. Situated on an 
average elevation of one thousand feet above the sea level its soil 
is rich and deep and easily cultivated, adapted to wheat, corn, to- 
bacco, hemp, oats, millet, timothy, clover, orchard grass, bluegrass 
and any and all other crops and grasses usually grown on blue- 
grass soil, all of which grow to a perfection and yield unsurpassed. 

The farmers of the county use the latest and most improved im- 
plements for the successful cultivation and improvement of their 
farms, and bring to their aid all of the advantages of a liberal edu- 
cation of which the larger majority are the fortunate possessors. 

There is but little timber in the county, comparatively speaking, 
except the poplar, ash, walnut, cherry and locust, scattered 
through the woodland pastures of the farms. 

White and gray limestone furnish an abundance for building and 
road purposes. In the southern part of the county, near Junction 
City, are Linnietta Springs, a health resort, where hundreds of 
people from many other States and countries annually visit to 
drink of the many varieties of mineral waters to be had there. 

There are two lines of railroads, the Knoxville branch of the 
Louisville & Nashville running through the county from west to 
east, and the Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific from north 
to south, crossing the L, & N. R. R. at Junction City, in the south- 
-ern part of the county. 

The county owns all of her turnpikes and macadamized roads of 



40 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

about one hundred miles, and maintains them free of cost to the 
traveling public. Tbe county or dirt roads are maintained under 
the old military or warning in system, except persons as well as 
teams are paid for their labor and not compelled to work more than 
six days in any one year. The turnpikes and macadamized roads- 
are divided into sections of five miles and let out annually by con- 
tract at so much iper rod for stone and gravel and so much per 
mile for ditching and keeping in repair the bridges, culverts, etc. 
Under this system the roads are improving very fast, and in a few 
years almost every mile of road in the county will be macadamized. 

The county has a large negro population from which a large pro- 
portion of the farm laborers are obtained. The average wages 
per month with board is about fifteen dollars, and without board 
about twenty dollars. 

The educational facilities of the county are all that could be 
desired, there being more than fifty public schools, academies and 
colleges distributed all over the county. 

Danville, the county seat, is a city of about six thousand inhab- 
itants, and the center of much wealth and intelligence, being one 
of the oldest towns in the State, being laid out in 1782 b^' Walker 
J)aniel and incorporated by the Virginia legislature in 1787. Herein 
1823 the Kentucky Institution for deaf-mutes was established, the 
fourth in order of time in the United States, and at present with its 
splendid equipments educate and learn trades to nearly five hun- 
dred of these unfortunate children, both white and colored, from 
all portions of the State. Here is also located famous old Centre 
College, Caldwell Female Institute, Hogsett Military Academy, 
the City High School and many other jjublic and private institu- 
tions of learning both for white and colored. Here are to be 
found churches of all denominations, three national banks, gas and 
water works, the latter owned by the city, the Advocate Printing 
and Publishing Co., owners and publishers of the Kentucky Advo- 
cate, a triweekly paper of large circulation, a large ice factory, 
flour mills, and many other manufacturing establishments, together 
with handsome business houses and residences and a live and ener- 
getic set of merchants and business men generally. 

Unfortunately Danville has but one line of railroad at present, 
but with a fair prospect of another and competing line in the near 
future. 

Perryville, situated in the western part of the county, is a town 
of several hundred inhabitants, among them some of the most sub- 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 41 

stantial citizens of the county. One banking institution, several 
mercantile establishments, churches, flour mills, and various in- 
stitutions of learning go to make up the business little cit3\ 
In and around the town was fought the battle between the armies 
of Generals Bragg and Buell in October, 1862. 

Junction City, situated in the southern part of the county at the 
crossing of the L. & N. and C. S. railroads, is an incorporated 
town of one mile square, with a population of about one thousand, 
'five churches, several manufacturing establishments, public high 
grade school and the best transportation facilities in the county, 
together wdth wide awake intelligent business men. The town is 
fast growing into a city, and is perhaps unsurpassed as a point 
for any kind of a manufacturing establishment. 

Boyle county is situated in the Eighth Congressional, Fifth Ap- 
pellate, Thirteenth Judicial, Eighteenth Senatorial, and Sixty-fifth 
Legislative Districts. 

PosTOPFicEs: — Aliceton, Alum Springs, Atoka, Brumfield, Dan- 
ville, Faulconer, Forkland, Hedgeville, Junction City, Mitchells- 
burg, Parksville, Perryville, Shelby City. 



Bracken County. 

Bracken Countj' was formed out of parts of Campbell and Mason 
counties in 1796. It was named in honor of William Bracken, an 
early pioneer, and was the twenty-third county created in the 
State. The count}^ is bounded on the north by the Ohio river, 
east by Mason count^^, south by Harrison and Robertson and west 
by Pendleton county. The lands are mostly high and rolling and 
contain just enough limestone to make them fertile and espe- 
cially adapted to the growth of tobacco, corn, wheat, oats and hay, 
tobacco being the principal article of export. Blue grass, with 
timothy and clover, are abundant and grow to perfection. Also 
many varieties of fruits. 

Such is the character of the soil that when seemingly exhausted 
it can in a few years be reclaimed by grassing. 

The north fork of the Licking river, Big Bracken. Locust, Turtle, 
Snag, Holts and Big Kinkaid creeks are the principal streams, 
furnishing with the Ohio river, abundant water for man and 
beast. 



42 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

All timbers, especially hard woods, are found here, that grow in. 
this climate. Great improvements have been made in farming 
methods during the past ten years. The farmers are using the 
latest improved machinery and improved field and garden seeds. 

There are 175 miles of turnpike free to the traveling public. All 
roads of any importance have been macadamized. There are 
twenty-nine and three fourths miles of completed railroad in the 
county. Nineteen and three-fourths miles of the C. & O. run 
through the Ohio valley, and ten miles of road have just been com- 
pleted from Wellsburg to Brookville. It was built by the citizens 
of the county. 

None but first-class farm hands are employed, at from twelve to 
sixteen dollars per month. 

There is one vegetable and fruit cannery located at Augusta. 
There are three good banks and two live newspapers, which are 
well patronized. 

There is an excellent opening for both tobacco and shoe facto- 
ries at Augusta, a live town with an estimated population of 2,000, 
where a model school building, costing $20,000 has just been com- 
pleted, on the site of the ''Old Academy Building," one of the first 
institutions of learning erected west of the Alleghany moun- 
tains. 

This town has a medium tax rate, is healthy, and has good ship- 
ping facilities by both rail and water. There are also excellent 
openings for manufacturing enterprises at Wellsburg. This 
town is favorably situated in a large bottom along the Ohio river, 
and is the junction of the B. & W. with the C. & O. R. R. 

This county is noted for the growth of white Burley tobacco, 
especially the color, texture and fiber of the plant when cured, and 
is one of the foremost and possibly leads the counties in Northern 
Kentucky engaged in this industry. There were handled during 
the past season 3,000,000 pounds at Augusta, 1,200,000 at Johns- 
ville, 700,000 at Milford, 600,000 at Brookville, 500,000 at German- 
town, 400,000 at Chatham and 350,000 at Wellsburg. 

Brookville is the county seat and is situated near the center of 
the county. There are fifty-one brick and frame school houses, 
all in good condition. Graded schools are maintained in Augusta, 
Brookville, Johnsville and Germantown with competent and well- 
paid instructors. In some instances the public funds are supple- 
mented by local taxation. In every part of the county there are 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 43 

<:onveiiient schools, mills, churches, and almost every convenience 
or necessity of modern civilization. 

. The county has a population of over 12,396. It is situated 
in the Ninth Congressional, Sixth Appellate, Nineteenth Judicial, 
Twenty-sixth Senatorial and Eighty-fifth Legislative Districts. 

PosTOPFiCEsr^Augusta, Berlin, Bladestau, Bradford, Brook- 
ville, Chatham, Elmgrove, Foster, Germantown, Gertude, Johns- 
ville, Lenoxburg, Milford, Morris, Mount Hor, Neave, Parina, Pearl, 
Petra, Powersville, Rockspring, Santafe, Willowgrove. 



Breathitt County. 

Breathitt County- was formed in 1839 from parts of Clay, Perry 
and Estill counties. It lies on the North Fork of Kentucky river 
and is bounded on the north by Morgan and Magoffin, on the east 
by Knott, on the south by Perry, and on the west by Owsle3^ and 
Lee counties. 

The surface of the county is mountainous and hilly, but the val- 
leys are very fertile and productive. The North and Middle forks 
of the Kentucky river flow through the county, and with all their 
various tributaries, it is well watered and drained. The North 
Fork is navigable for small steam boats, as far up as Jackson, the 
county seat, during the rainy season, for about six months in the 
year. 

Breathitt is famous for its coal fields. It has inexhaustible 
fields of the finest cannel coal, the George's Branch, Wilson Wedge, 
Buckhorn and Flint Eidge. The George's Branch mines used to be 
worked and the coal taken down the Kentucky river in flat boats 
and sold at Frankfort and other points on the river above there. 
During the fifties and sixties this coal sold in market from thirty to 
fifty cents per bushel ; but when this costly mode of transportation 
came in competition with slack water and railroads it had to be 
abandoned. This is a very superior quality of gas coal, making 
13,500 cubic feet of gas per ton. This coal ranges in thickness 
from thirty-four to forty-six inches; the cannel block ranging from 
sixteen to twenty-four inches, and the rest being bituminous. This 
coal is on the North Fork, ten miles above Jackson, and can be 
brought to the railroad by water with profit. The Wilson Wedge 
has been mined and is well known in Kentuckv river markets as a 



44 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Ayriculture. 

first class cannel coal. The Bucklioiu coal field is exactly the same- 
kind of coal as the George's Branch and has been opened in several 
places and the cannel coal is from twenty to thirty-six inches thick 
with about the same amount of bituminous coal on top. This 
field has never been worked, but from the evidence obtained from 
opening in a number of places and where it is exposed in various 
localities, it is thought to be the largest cannel coal field ever dis- 
covered. The Flint Ridge contains a number of veins of different 
kinds of coal. All these veins amount to fifty-two feet in thick- 
ness, one cannel coal vein being about seven feet. The Buckhorn. 
and Flint Ridge fields are about twenty miles from Jackson, the 
nearest railroad point. The road can be extended to these points 
with comparatively small cost, the route being up the river and 
creek valleys. There is also a vein of coal eleven feet thick on 
Howard's Fork of South Quicksand creek, ten miles from Jackson. 
Five feet of this vein is very fine quality of coke and the rest is 
excellent bituminous coal. There is also an almost inexhaus- 
tible bituminous coal field within the corporate limits of Jackson^ 
now being operated by the Jackson Coal Company. The above 
are only a few of the vast coal fields in this county. 

The county is covered with the finest oak, poplar, ash, cucumber^ 
sugar tree, beech, birch and hickory timber. The poplar is being 
very rapidly worked out, but the rest of the timber is compara- 
tively untouched, and almost inexhaustible in quantity, and can 
be bought for from four to six dollar per acre. 

The river makes a bend at Jackson of seven miles, and comes 
back within sixty feet of its old bed. There is a tunnel through 
the narrow ridge dividing the river, and the long distance around 
and the short distance through the tunnel makes the finest water 
power in the country. 

The soil in Breathitt county produces fine vegetables, corn, oats, 
rye, wheat and tobacco; also the finest apples are grown here. 
Corn and oats are the principal products now raised, and are usu- 
ally sold for fifty cents per bushel. There are two mineral springs 
on Cane creek, about four miles west of Jackson, whose waters 
possess wonderful healing qualities. These springs have been dis- 
covered for many years and used by the neighbors for medicine 
purp>oses. They have not been developed as places of health re- 
sorts, but the splendid medical qualities of the water and the 
present progress of the county makes it a question of a short time 
until they will be used as places of health resorts. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 45 

The county is being dotted over with mills used for the pur- 
pose of manufacturing lumber. This business is increasing al- 
most daily. Tracts of timber land are being purchased, and by 
non-residents, and mills erected to cut the timber into lumber, 
which is hauled to the railroad and shipped to market. From the 
demand for timber it seems that good profits are being realized. 

The Lexington & Eastern Railway runs from Lexington to 
Jackson and will, in the near future, be extended to Big Stona 
Gap, a distance of about seventy-five miles. » 

There are sixty-seven public schools taught in the county. The^ 
S. P. Lee's Collegiate Institute, a branch of Central University, 
Richmond, Ky., is located at Jackson and has about two hundred 
pupils enrolled. This is a splendid educational institution and 
has a manual training, domestic science and musical department, 
and offers all the advantages to be found at any preparatory 
school in the State. 

The soil of this county is well adapted to grass, especially tim- 
othy, clover, red top, orchard and English bluegrass. With this 
quality of soil and the vast boundaries of lands unoccupied, which 
can be bought at small cost, a splendid opportunity for sheep 
culture is offered. Sheep will do well in the woods most of the 
year, and are always healthy. J. B. Marcum. 

Breathitt county is situated in the Tenth Congressional, Seventh 
Appellate, Twentj-third Judicial, Thirty-fourth Senatorial and 
Ninety-second Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — Athol, Bays, Bushbranch, Canoe, Clayhole, Cope- 
branch, Crockettsville, Elkatawa, Frozencreek, Herald, Howard's 
Creek, Jackson, Jettscreek, Lambric, Lostcreek, Ned, Noble, Oak- 
dale, Paxton, Peartree, Rousseau, Shoulderblade, Smithbranch, 
Stephenson, Taulbee, Terry, Turkey, Wharf. 



Breckenridge County. 

(Revised 1901 by Judge William Ahl.) 

Breckenridge County was formed in 1799, and lies in the north- 
western part of the State on the Ohio river. 

Water courses: Sinking creek, Hardin's creek. Clover creek, 
Tarfork creek, Calamese creek Rough creek. Bull creek and Town 



46 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

creek. None of the^e streams are navigable, (hat is for steamers. 
The water power is fine in many places. 

The soil is generally very fertile and grows magnificent crops. 
Tobacco, wheat corn and aj^ples are the principal prodncts, and 
originall}^ was very heavily timbered, and even up to this time has 
a great variety. White oak, poplar, hickory, walnut, chestnut, 
red oak, black oak, ash, beech, elm etc. The average i)rice of 
land is about six or seven dollars per acre. 

Minerals: Asphalt, limestone, sandstone, natural gas in abund 
ance in certain localities. The celebrated white sulphur and tar 
springs situated four and one-half miles south of Cloverport has 
been famous for years the world over. It is a noted health resort. 
(It is said it will be overhauled, new buildings erected and beautified 
and ]iut in splendid shape for the accouimodation of (inite a num- 
ber of boarders etc. in 15>()2.) There arc other mineral springs in 
the county, but none so famous for their medical jiroperties. 

The industrial development of the county is gradually being- 
recognized. There are mills and factories in different localities; 
at Cloverport there are three vitrified brick plants, one of them in 
operation, the L. H. & St. L. railway shops, one large fiouriug 
mill and one saw mill. Hardinsburg is the county seat, centrally 
located, lies ten miles from the Ohio river, accessible by rail and 
can be reached within one and one-luilf hour's drive over the turn- 
pike from Cloverport. It has a |40,000 court house, a |12.000 
jail (stone cells), and has several very costly private residences and 
two good hotels, two large flouring mills, one stave factory and 
there is also a large quantity of tobacco ]>urchased at this point. 
There is also located here the IJauk of llandinsburg. with capital 
stock of 125,000.- 

Hardinsburg, Cloverport, Ste]»hensport, Ii'vlugtou. AN'ebster, 
Harned, Kirk, Glendean, Rockvale, Mattingly. Vnion Star, and 
Custer are some of the important towns. 

We have about seventy miles of railroad in the county operated 
by the L. H. & St. L. Ry. Co.; it runs through some of the best 
])orti(>ns of the county and has been the means of a large improve- 
ment and development. Ten miles of macadamized road in the 
(■(Hinty leading from Hardinsburg to Cloverport, and more being 
coustructed on the public roads throughout the county. 

The educational faculties are splendid. The Breckenridge Nor- 
mal College situated at Hardinsburg is a first-class institution. 
Cloverport has another fine school and so has Glendean, There 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Burma of AgricuUwre. 47 

are good public schools taught iu every district in the couuty for 
five months in the year with competent teachers in control. 

The county is in the Fourth Congressional, Second Appellate, 
:Ninth Judical, Tenth Senatorial and Twenty-eighth Legislative 

Districts. 

The county is pracLically local option; we Iiuve three still houses. 
Two sell their products in quantities not less than one (luart and 
one sells in quantities not less than five gallons and one tavern, 
with the privilege of selling liquor by retail. 

The county has a road tax of twenty cents on the one hundred dol- 
lars worth of property subject to taxation for State and county 
purposes, and the fiscal court apply the labor clause as they 
deem necessary. For the year 1899, they required all hands subject 
to work on roads under the road law to work six days in the year; 
in 1900, four days, and in 1901, two days, and under this manage- 
ment the roads have been improved at least 100 per cent. 

The county has a population of about 21,000. 

PosTOFFicEs:— Addison, Askin, Axtel, Bewleyville, Buras, Che- 
nault, Clifton Mills, Clover-port, Constantine, Custer, Franks, Fry- 
mire, Garfield, Glendean, Hardinsburg, Harned, Holt, Hudson, 
Irvington, Kirk, Limbach, Lodiburg, McDauiels, McQuady, Mat- 
tingly, Mook, Mooleyville, Planters, Rockvale, Rosetta, Sample, 
Stephensport, Tarfork, Union Star, Vau/.ant, Webster, WestView. 



Bullitt County. 

Bullitt County, named in honor of Capt. Thomas Bullitt, who in 
company with a brave band of hardy Virginians, did considerable 
surve^dng in the vicinity of Shepherds ville and Bullitt's Lick, in 
1773, was carved out of Jefferson and Nelson counties in 1796, and 
was the twenty-second county to be formed after Kentucky became 
an organized State. 

Bullitt county is traversed from east to west by Salt river, which 
is navigable for a distance of twelve miles. Salt river has two trib- 
utaries of importance, the Rolling Fork, which flows into the river 
from the southeast and Floyd's Fork, which flows from the Bear- 
grass country on the north. Rolling Fork is navigable for a dis- 
tance of ten miles, for small boats, and the farmers along its banks 
depend upon the river to market their crops and stock. Salt river^ 



48 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

EoUiug Fork and Floyd's Fork are well stocked with fish, and Salt 
river affords fine bass fishing in April and September. Bullitt is 
bounded on the north by Jefferson, on the east by Spencer, on the 
south by Nelson and on the west by Hardin. The western part of 
the county is hilly and broken in places. Middle Bullitt is rolling 
generally, and all of it produces well when carefully cultiAated. 
The soil of Bullitt will produce any crop grown in the State, with 
the possible exception of hemp. 

Wheat, corn, oats, rye, barley, all kinds of grasses and vege- 
tables are grown in this county, especially wheat and corn. The 
Salt river valley. Cox's creek bottoms, Rolling Fork bottoms, and 
Floyd's Fork bottoms, are equal to any land in the State in the 
production of corn, and where the uplands have been taken care of 
and manured and clovered, twenty-seven bushels of wheat have 
been aA'eraged on large fields per acre. 

Timber is growing scarcer every year, owing to the continuous 
Tunning of saw mills. Good timber lands sell for fifty and seventy- 
five dollars per acre. It is usually sawed and shipped to the mar- 
ket in commercial dimensions. Hickory, ash, oak, pine, locust, 
linn, poplar, cedar, cherry and in fact all kinds of timber indigen- 
ous to Kentuck}^, grow in Bullitt. 

Bullitt county contains many mineral wells, whose waters 
abound in medicinal virtues. Chief among these is the well at 
Parocfuet Springs, famous in ante-bellum days as the foremost 
summer resort in the South. 

The town of Shepherdsville lies on the north bank of Salt river 
where the main stem of the Louisville & Nashville R. R. crosses 
that stream, and lies about eighteen miles south of Louisville. It 
is the oldest incorporated town in Kentucky, with the single excep- 
tion of Harrodsburg, and has a population of about three hundred. 
It enjoys the distinction of having the largest and best stores to be 
found in the State, outside of the large cities, and in past few 
years many handsome residences have been erected. By reason of 
it superior railroad facilities, Shepherdsville would be an excellent 
point for factories of anj^ kind, there being an abundance of water 
to run them, and building sites could be secured at low rates. 

A canning factory would certainly pay at this place. All kinds 
of fruit and vegetables are raised, and the canner could market 
his goods at a nominal cost. Foremost among the many things 
which stamp the people of Bullitt as a progressive people is the 



Fourteenth Biennial lieport Bureau of Agrienlturc. 49 

Bullitt County Fair, which is regarded as one of the best in the 
State. 

IShepherdsville has a good graded school, which is abh' conducted, 
^nd a colored school with a large attendance. 

Lebanon Junction, the railroad town of Bullitt, lies twelve 
miles south of Shepherdsville, at the junction of the main line of 
the L. & N. R. R. and the Knoxville division of the L. & N. R. R., 
and has a population of one thousand. It has a graded school, 
•employing three teachers, and has a good colored school. The 
tow'n of Mount Washington lies ten miles east of Shepherdsville, 
has prosperous churches and schools and is inhabited by a thrifty, 
peaceable people. 

Among the other towns are Belmont, Pitts Point, Brooks and 
Smithville. At Smithville is located a large flour mill, which does 
a big business, furnishing not only the farmers of the surround 
ing country with flour, etc., but shipping to Louisville and other 
points. The only other flour mill in Bullitt is at Zoneton, although 
there are a number of grist mills in the county, many of them 
being run in connection with saw mills. 

The rugged hills of Bullitt are full of ores of different kinds. In 
the day of the old stone furnace, all the furnaces in this county 
were run by ore mined near by, and that ore, said to be of a fine 
-quality, is still here in inexhaustible quantities, waiting for capital 
to take it into the markets of the world. 

Gas and oil exist in Bullitt in paying quantities but as yet but 
one attempt has been made to find it. At Pitts Point, F. M. Hardy 
dug or bored a gas well last year and found gas in goodh' quanti- 
ties, but it was drow'ned out by salt water. Too much dynamite is 
said to have caused the influx of salt water. 

Bullitt county can boast of the finest building stone to be found 
anywhere in the State. It lies at Clermont, six miles southeast 
cf Shepherdsville, on the Bardstown branch of the L. & N., in inex- 
haustible quantities, and is used exclusively by the L. & N. for 
bridges and culverts. 

There is also a fine grade of sandstone in the hills north and west 
of Shepherdsville, but owing to the difiiculty of hauling it, there 
has been no efl'ort to put it on the market. On the knobs west 
of Shepherdsville, about seven miles distant, the w^riter found a 
fine quality of gray limestone, a few years since, which would be 
Tery valuable if nearer the railroad. 

Fruit growing is the chief occupation of the people of western 



50 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

Bullitt. The knobs are covered with thrifty peach and apple 
orchards. Owing to the fact that the peach crop has been killed 
by the late frosts, for several years, the apple is coming more and 
more into favor. Ben Davis, Johnson's Fine Winter, the Greening, 
Winesaps, and a few other less popular varieties, are the kinds 
of apples grown in Bullitt. 

Bullitt has twentj^-six and one-tialf miles of completed railroad, 
belonging to the Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company, 
and if the L., H. & St. L. will complete its extension from West 
Point to Louisville, it will give about ten miles more. 

The plan adopted a few years ago of crushing stone at the ex- 
pense of the county and letting the citizens along the proposed 
pike haul the stone on the pike free of charge, has worked well, 
and Bullitt now has some nine or ten miles of pike built in this way, 

A handsome modern court house has been built by the fiscal 
court at a cost of 117,400, and is an ornament to the county and 
a source of pride to her citizens. 

There is but one college in Bullitt county and that is for colored 
citizens. It was built by Eckstein Norton, for whom it was nam- 
ed, and has a large attendance. 

Bullitt bears the reputation of being one of the most law abiding, 
counties in the State. 

The character of labor employed by our farmers and others is 
as a rule high and wages very good. 

The Bullitt County Fair has done much towards bettering stock 
Fine horses and fine cattle, hogs and sheep, can now be seen on the 
farms of all thrifty farmers. If this improvement goes on for ten 
years more old Bullitt will be a vanguard county in the production 
of fine stock. 

It is in the Fourth Congressional, Third Appellate, Tenth Judi- 
cial, Twelfth Senatorial, and Forty-first Legislative Districts. 

PosTOPFicEs: — Bardstown Junction, Barrallton, Belmont, 
Brooks, Cane Springs, Chapeze, Clermont, Crisp, Cupio, Fancy, 
Huber, Knobs, Lebanon Junction, Lutes, Mount Washington, 
Pitts Point, Salt river, Shepherdsville, Smithville, Solitude, Ting, 
Weller, Whitefield, Zoneton. 



Fourteenth Biennhil Report Bureau of Agriculture. 51 



Butler County. 

In 1810 the county of Butler was carved out of the counties of 
Logan and Ohio. Two years later Morgantown was incorporated 
and established as the county seat. The population of the county 
exceeds 15,000 people. 

The surface of Butler county is somewhat broken, hills, flats 
and valleys everywhere abounding. The soils of the uplands of 
the limestone section, which are restricted to the southeastern 
portion of the county, are very rich and productive, and are well 
adapted to all Kentuckv products, particularly to wheat and to- 
bacco; the sandstone uplands of the rest of the county are hardly 
so fertile, but are well adapted to lighter grains, fruits and melons. 
The valley lands and bottoms are as rich as any in the State, and 
their yields of corn can not be exceeded. Nearly all of these last 
named lands have been cleared and are in a state of cultivation; 
likewise a great deal of the higher lands, but of these there yet 
remain thousands of acres in timber. 

Poplar, oak, gum, ash, hickory, chestnut, beech and sycamore are 
the principal timbers of value indigenous to the soil; and these, 
though they have been cut and sold to the market for many years, 
yet abound. Annually thousands of dollars' worth of togs are run 
down the creeks to Green river, and thence to the localsaw mills 
and the Evansville market. The cross tie business and stave bus- 
iness are now consuming more timber than perhaps any other 
branch of the lumber industry. Timbered lands command good 
prices, their convenience to the water courses or the railroads 
determining the figures at which they are purchasable. The white 
oak of this, the Green river section, is claimed to be the finest in 
the world, awards to that effect having been giving in sundry 
competitive exhibits both at home and abroad. . 

Everywhere the finest sort of sandstone for building purposes 
is to be found, and the quarrying and the sale of such stone has 
come to be one of the iirincipal features of the business of the 
Aberdeen Coal & Mining Company, a concern to be mentioned 
hereafter. The clays are well adapted to brick making, and good 
fire clay is to be found in the county. 

Butler county is in the Western Kentucky coal field, and has 
some of the finest bituminous coals in the State. Its mines have 



52 Fourteenth Hicnnial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

not been developed or its coals worked to the extent that they 
should have been, principally owing to the fact that the county 
has no railroads within its borders, and is compelled to depend 
solely on transportation by water. The annual output of com- 
mercial coal is more than 30,000 tons, and finds a market in Bowl- 
ing Green, Evansville, and intermediate points along Green and 
Barren rivers. The principal mines are those located at Aber- 
deen, on Green river, and within one mile of Morgantown. The 
Aberdeen Coal & Mining Company, and the West Aberdeen Coal 
Company operate these mines. 

Aside from Green river, already mentioned, which flows through 
the county from east to west, are many minor streams which 
empty into. Green and Barren rivers. Chief among these smaller 
streams are the creeks known as Big Reedy and Little Reedy, 
Welch's Indian Camp, Big Muddy and Little Muddy, Sandy and 
Panther. Moreover, Mud river, a stream of some magnitude, 
w^ashes the southern boundary of the county for many miles, and 
finds its way to Green river at Rochester. Nearly all freights to 
and from market are shipped by river, and a fine line of steamers 
ply from Bowling Green to Evansville, affording ready and reason- 
able rates of transportation. A system of locks and dams on 
Green and Barren rivers permit navigation throughout the year, 
and the boats not only run from Bowling Green to Evansville, 
but go to points far up Green river into Edmonson county, as 
well. On the latter stream the Government is constructing a lock 
between Woodbury and Brownsville which when completed 
will permit all j^ear navigation to the latter point, and prove of 
incalculable benefit to both Butler and Edmonson counties. 

The principal towns of the county are located on the river. Chief 
among these is Morgantown, the county seat, already mentioned. 
It has a population of more than a thousand people and is most 
picturesquely situated, standing as it does on a high plateau over- 
looking the river. A fine mill, an excellent school, a flourishing 
bank, as well as many first class business concerns, contribute 
to make the town a commercial and educational center. Roches- 
ter is located on the same stream, by land sixteen miles distant 
from Morgantown and by water nearly forty miles distant. It 
draws its commercial, life from three counties which bind at its 
borders, viz., Butler, Muhlenberg and Ohio. Lock No. 4 is here 
located. It has a first-class college and a bank. It has also a 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 53 

splendid roller mill. Its timber merchants do the most exten- 
sive business of any in the county. 

Woodbury, above Morgantown six miles, at lock No. 5 and the 
confluence of Green and Barren rivers, is one of the oldest towns 
in the Green river valley, and draws its trade from one of the 
richest sections in the count}'. Huntsville, Forgyville, Berry's 
Lick, Herschel, Sunny Lane and Sugar Grove are thrifty inland 
villages in the southern section of the county, while Brooklyn, 
Gilstrap, Welch's Creek, Lee, Reedyville, are some thriving ham- 
lets in the northern section. 

Either of the three river towns, Morgantown, Woodbury or 
Rochester, furnishes excellent advantages for the manufacture of 
furniture and lumber, as well as for the conduct of other business 
enterprises. Situated as they are, in the heart of the timber and 
coal regions of Western Kentucky, with the very cheapest rates of 
transportation bj^ river to the markets, the cost of living to em- 
ployees the most reasonable, and the rate of taxation as low per- 
haps as may be found in any other section of the State, no better 
towns can be found anywhere for the launching of industries of 
the character mentioned. 

The school sj^stem of the county will average with that of any 
county in the State of like conditions. Some of the most promi- 
nent men in the State, and many who have gone into other sections 
of the nation and won place and honor, have received their early 
education and life inspirations here. 

It is a noteworthy fact that the people of Butler county have not 
waited for foreign capital to flow into their community to begin 
the work of development. They have realized their advantages 
and begun the work which shall bring their county to the forefront 
of industrial advancement. The most prosperous business con- 
cerns, the mining and chief timber industries, are owned and con- 
trolled by local capital, and business men of other sections are 
turning their attention to these home enterprises, and are seek- 
ing investment and business association with them. 

Mineral springs, chalybeate, and sulphur waters, are to be found 
in various portions of the county, and some of these have fully as 
much medicinal value as those of the more widely known and 
advertised of the State. Old Sandy Spring and Pipe Spring, both 
near Morgantown, are locally historic and of healing virtues, while 
the Copperas Springs in the southern portion of the county, are 
known far and near. Blowing Springs, situated near the Warren 



54 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Afjriculture. 

count}' line, above Sugar Grove, is a natural curiosity, and is aptly 
named. The scenery along upper Green river in Butler county 
can not be excelled by that of any other in Kentucky. Green 
river itself is the most classical stream in the State, and its hills 
and valleys abound with legends of earlier times. Indian Rock, 
a few miles below Morgantown, bears on its surface the hierogly- 
phics of the aboriginal tribes, and, to those who delight in the 
study of primitive symbols, affords themes of study. Further 
down the stream are traces of Indian, or prehistoric mounds, in 
which are to be found and read the traces of earlier people. 

Butler county is embraced in the Second Appellate Court Dis- 
trict; in the Third Congressional District; in the Seventh Sena- 
torial District; in the Eighth Judicial District; and together with 
Edmonson county constitutes a Legislative District. 

H. ^I. Thatcher. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Aberdeen, Americus, Bannock, Berry's Lick, 
Brooklyn, Davenport, Dexteryille, Dunbar, Eden, Embry, Factory. 
Gilstrap, Harreldsville, Herschel, Holston, Huutsviile, Lee, Little- 
bend, Little Muddy, Logansport, Mining City, Morgantown, 
Quality, Reedyville, Rochester, Roundhill. Sharer, South Hill, 
Sugar Grove, Sunnylane, Threlkeld, Tilford. Townsville, Welch's 
Creek, Welcome, Wood, Woodbury. 



Caldwell County. 

Caldwell County was the fifty-first organized in the State, and 
was formed in 1809 from a part of Livingston county. It is 
bounded on the north by Crittenden and Hopkins, on the east by 
Hopkins and Christian, on the south by Trigg and Lyon, and on the 
west by Lyon and Crittenden counties. 

The southern i»ortion of the county is level, the soil very fertile, 
which makes it very productive, while the northern part is hilly 
and heavily timbered with the best quality of oak, poplar, walnut 
and hickory. There is much valuable stone, which is used to ad- 
vantage in different ways, such as keeping the roads in repair, 
building purposes and in being made into lime by the two large 
lime works, which are in operation. Coal has been found in many 
localities but it is only being worked in two or three places at 
present. Spar also abounds in the county and the mine now in 



Fourteenth Biennial Beport Bureau of Agriculture. 55- 

operation will likely prove a great source of wealth to the county. 
The oil helds are abundant and a stock company organized in this 
county will begin operating wells at once. The oil is abundant 
and of good quality. 

The roads are in very good condition, and are kept so by a 
county fund raised for that purpose. It has two railroads, which 
intersect each other at the county seat, one running north and 
south and the other east and west. They are both of the Illinois 
Central system. 

Caldwell county is one of the best counties in the western por- 
tion of the State for stock raising ,and large numbers of cattle, 
sheep and hogs are shipped to market every year. Fruit grows 
wel! in all parts of the county, consisting of apples, pears, peaches, 
grapes, plums, strawberries, etc. 

The Tradewater river with its tributaries water the northern 
portion of the county, while the southern part is watered by 
springs and creeks. There are quite a number of mineral springs 
in various parts of the county, which are capable of being made 
beautiful health, and pleasure resorts. Some streams capable of 
operating machinery are found, the water of which is being utilized 
for such purposes. There are many natural curiosities in the 
county, such as caves, hills, and projecting rocks, towering far 
above us and often presenting the most beautiful scenery. There 
is in the county a Spanish fort and an Indian fortification that 
have many strange historical facts connected with them. There 
is an ice cave in which may be found ice at any time of the year. 
There are many caves, some of which have been explored for sev- 
eral hundred .yards. 

In the northern portion of the county are some of the most 
beautiful scenes in the way of natural curiosities, consisting of 
high towering rocks and pinnacles. They are very beautiful in 
spring and summer and are visited by thousands of people. On 
top of these is the Indian fortifications. 

The agricultural products of the county are corn, wheat, oats, 
rye, tobacco, fruits and vegetables. The grasses are clover, tim- 
othy, orchard grass and bluegrass. The farmers use the best im- 
proved machinery. 

Princeton, the county seat, a city of about .S,.500 inhabitants, is 
located near the center of the county, and is the center of a rich 
agricultural region. It has many factories, foundries and mills. 
It has two of the largest tobacco factories in the world, one of 
which is claimed to be the largest. 



56 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

The coimty lias sjjlendid educational advantages. The public 
schools of the county are in thiivinj; condition, while the city of 
Princeton can boast of one of the best colleges in AVestern Ken- 
tucky. Princeton Collegiate Institute enjoys a large and increas- 
ing patronage from a number of the surrounding States. The 
city schools of this city are also in good condition and enjoy a 
good representation outside the city. 

Other growing towns in the county are Fredonia, Kelsey, Crider 
and Cobb. The county has a population of about 14,500. It is 
situated in the First Congressional, First Appellate, Fourth Ju- 
dicial, Fourth Senatorial and Ninth Legislative Districts. 

T. W. Vinson. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Claxton, Cobb, Creswell, Crider, Curry, Dulaney, 
Enon, Farmersville, Fredonia, Friendship, Hopson, Kelsey, 'Mc- 
Oowan, Otter Pond, Princeton, Quinn, Rufus, Tluth, Scottsburg. 



Calloway County. 

Calloway County is situated in the southwestern portion of the 
State, and lies along the Tennessee State line. It is bounded on 
the north by the county of Marshall, on the east by Trigg county 
and the Tennessee river, in fact, the Tennessee river forms the 
whole eastern boundary; on the south as stated, by State of Ten- 
nessee, and on the west by the county of Graves. This county is 
abundantly watered and well drained by the Tennessee and Blood 
rivers, and the east and w^est forks of Clark's river, and their 
several tributaries, the Tennessee and Blood rivers draining the 
eastern section of the county and the east and west forks of 
Clark's river draining the more central and western portions of 
the county. In the western portion of this county the land is 
level, while in the eastern section it is broken and hilly. It is a 
fact, nevertheless, that all the land of the county, as a general 
thing, is fertile and productive. It is especially fine along the 
river and creek bottoms, where most magnificent farms are 
located. The labor on the farms is performed by native white 
and colored hands, whose services can be procured for from ten 
to fifteen dollars per month and board. The staple products of the 
Calloway county farms are corn, wheat, oats, hay and tobacco. 

There is yet considerable timber remaining in the county, though 
no effort has been made to prevent the wanton destruction of our 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 57 

raluable forests. Much good timber, of oak, walnut, poplar, 
beech and ash can be fouud in the county at reasonable prices per 
acje. There are no turnpikes in the county, the public roads be- 
ing the ordinary county or dirt roads, and are under the supervis- 
ion of road overseers appointed by the county court, and are kept 
in fair condition. 

The Paducah, Tennessee & Alabama railroad runs through the 
central part of the county from north to south. 

School facilities are furnished by the common school system of 
the State, and in most of the districts are good and comfortable 
school houses; the schools are well attended and are in a flourish- 
ing condition. 

The population of the county in 1900, according to the twelfth 
census, was 17,()33. 

Murray, the county seat of Calloway county, is situated near the 
center of the county on the Paducah, Tennessee & Alabama rail- 
road; is a nice little town, with a population, according to the last 
United States census, of 1,822. It has churches and schools. 

Calloway county is situated in the First Congressional, First 
Appellate, Third Judicial, Third Senatorial and Fifth Legislative 
Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — Almo, Backusburg, Blood, Branden, Browns- 
grove, Cherry, Coldwater, Crossland, Daisy, Dexter, Edgehill, 
Faxon, Flint, Hamlin, Harrisgrove, Hazel, Hico, Kirksey, Knight, 
Lynngrove, Murray, New Concord, New Providence, Pottertown, 
Rhea, Shiloh, Stella, Vancleave, Wetzel. 



Campbell County. 

Campbell County was organized in 1798 and was the nineteenth 
county formed in the State; when formed, it included Kenton 
county, and is bounded on the north and east by the Ohio river, on 
the west by Licking river, and on the south by Pendleton county. 
It has two railroads running through it, the C. »& O. R. R. and L. 
& N. R. R., together, about thirty miles. Fort Thomas in located 
in the north end, about three miles south of Newport, with an 
electric car line from Fountain Square in Cincinnati, to Fort 
Thomas, and a second line running to Evergreen Cemetery, a dis- 
tance of three miles, with a fair prospect of being built to Alex- 



.58 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

andria, the county seat. It also has located in tlie county the 
Government rifle range on the bank of Licking river, where every 
regiment in the United States army comes to practice target 
shooting. The county is about twenty-live miles from north to 
south and about seven miles Avide from east to west,, and because 
of its being located between the Ohio and Licking rivers, it is said 
to be the best fruit county in the State, equal to the famous 
fruit belt of Michigan; all kinds of fruit that are suited to this 
climate are raised in this country to perfection and in abundance, 
some farmers having fifty to one hundred acres in small fruit. It 
was conceded at the Ohio State Horticultural Society that the 
apples and peaches that came from Campbell county had the finest 
flavor and the highest and brightest color of any that were on ex- 
hibition. The reason given for these qualities is that no differ- 
ence what course the wind blew, it came over one of these rivers 
that brought with it a mist or fog that induced this color or 
flavor, and as it is so close to Cincinnati, the market is as good as 
any in the county, and for that reason the county is so largelj' en- 
gaged in fruit growing. 

There are several fine mineral springs in the county that have 
been analyzed by Prof. Decory of Cincinnati, and he says they are 
of the finest of waters, equal to any in the State. 

We have two county seats, Newport and Alexandria, have sixty 
miles of turnpike and four hundred and forty miles county roads, 
but have a good system of road bridge work in the county. 

The common schools are as good as any place in the Union. 
As a rule all of the people take a great interest in the schools and 
school buildings, and fully 90 per cent, of the children at school 
age can read and write. 

The original timber was hardwood, such as ash, oak, hickory 
walnut, beech, maple, sugar tree, poplar and buckeye, but 95 per 
cent, is cleared. We have a stock law in this county, and have no 
use for fences, only for each man to fence for his own stock, and it 
Is as satisfactory as could be. 

There is some immigration to this county, mostly Germans, and 
as a rule, they are good law-abiding people and good agricultur- 
ists and horticulturists. Our farmers vie with each other in hav- 
ing the best of farm implements and seeds. All kinds of grasses 
grow here; the Kentucky bluegrass is indigenous to this county. 
In the southern part of the county there is regular farming and 
«tock raising, horses, cattle, sheep and hogs, and all kinds of grain 



Fou't'teenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 59 

and tobacco, but in the northern part it is all tilled as a garden 
and fruit farm. 

Campbell count}^ is the third in the State in point of 
wealth and population. Newport has several iron plants, one 
large rolling mill and bolt works, one shoe factory, one pipe fac- 
tory, one watch-case factory, and has a poj)ulatiou of about 40,000; 
has two iron bridges spanning the Ohio river and two iron bridges 
spanning the Licking river and two suburban towns of about 
7,000 each, and the county is as healthy as any place in the land. 
The face of the county is undulating, so no stagnant water is left. 
The Ohio river is navigable the year round. Licking is navigable 
as far as Falmouth about six months of the year. 

Our present congressman had an appropriation made for the 
improvement of Licking river, and the Government engineers are 
at work, making a survey with the view of having slack water 
navigation the year round. Geologists say the glacier flow reaches 
the upper end of Campbell county and runs through into Kenton 
and Boone counties, and across the Ohio river into Indiana, and is 
the furthest south there is any marks of it. There is unmistakable 
evidence of it in Campbell county. 

Campbell county is situated in the Sixth Congressional, Sixth 
Appellate, Seventh Judicial, Twenty-fifth Senatorial, and Eighty- 
third Legislative Districts. 

PosTOPPicEs: — Alexandria, Brayville, Brent, California, Camp 
Springs, Carthage, Claryville, Coldspring, Dayton, Flaggspring, 
Fort Thomas, Grant's Lick, Gubser, Hawthorne, John's Hill, 
Kane, Melbourne, Mentor, Newport, A. (Dayton), No. 1, (Fort 
Thomas), Oneonta, Pool's Creek, Ross, House, Tenmile, Trace. 



Carlisle County. 

(Revised 1901 by John W. Ray.) 
Carlisle County was formed May 4, 1886, from the south half of 
Ballard county, and is bounded by Ballard county on the north, 
Graves county on the east, Hickman county on the south, and by 
the Mississippi on the west. The surface is slightly rolling and 
the soil very productive. Mayfield creek, along the northern 
boundary, is the largest stream in the State called "creek." It 
affords an abundant supply of water that could be utilized for 



60 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

power. In fact it now runs a seventy-five barrel flouriug mil!, 
and has been used in years gone by at other places for the same 
purpose. Bordering along the south line is Obion creek, almost as 
large as Mayfield creek; has been used for power. 

Besides these streams, there is Wilson's creek, west fork of 
Mayfield, Herrington, Lick, and Truman, all tributaries of May- 
field. Then Skaggs, fork of Obion, and Cane, tributary to Obion, 
then the chain of lakes, so called, along the western part of the 
county, some two miles from the river, that are emptied into the 
river by Town creek. With these streams always flowing, there 
is always plenty of water even in the dryest years. W^ater can be 
easily found at from twenty to sixty feet under ground and is 
splendid for family use. 

The soil is a clay loam; no rock, except in a few places there is 
drifted gravel of the Paducah variety. Bordering the river the 
usual rich sandy bottoms skirt the whole western line. 

In what is termed bottoms is the better land, if it were tiled; 
some have been. This land does not overflow so as to drown out 
the crop, but after rains, it does not dry out and is termed cold, 
but in reasonable years produces excellent wheat, corn and the 
grasses. 

There is no minerals of any kind known to exist in this county, 
but there are clays. In this county enough clay can be had to make 
a million ton of ware, and the quality is of a good (not the best) 
kind. It will make any ware except the pure white. Fortunately 
the clay is close to where the tile is needed and in the near future 
the tile will be demanded and the tile works will be a necessity 
and the clay is there. Fine art tiling articles have been made out 
of our clays. Again, the clays are within 100 feet of the Mobile 
& Ohio railroad. 

There are still some very fine bodies of oak timber that can be 
had, but railroad timbers are supplied from the county in large 
quantities. Cottonw^ood can be had in almost unlimited quanti- 
ties. With our water and wood paper could be made very cheaply. 
The great draw^back heretofore of the county has been its roads, 
but now that is overcome. By a system of taxation of twenty- 
five cents on the one hundred dollars the roads of the county are 
worked and are in splendid condition. No tolls, no toll-gate 
raiders. 

The Illinois Central railroad and Mobile & Ohio railroad both 
cross the countv, having a mileage of about ten miles each, and to- 



" Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Ayriculture. 61 

getlier furuish all the outlet for our products in any direction, 
fcsix hours to St. Louis thirteen hours to Chicago or Cincinnati, ten 
hours to Louisville or Memphis, eighteen hours to New Orleans, 
Mobile or Detroit. With these facilities and the market at our 
door, the farmers have taken advantage. The berry crop of 11)01 
exceeded |50,000, and the beans, spinach, melons, cantaloupes, 
and such garden products are almost equal to the berry. A year 
ago about 1,500 acres of spinach alone were sown. If you are a 
truck farmer, come to Carlisle. 

While this count}' is healthful we have mineral springs. McGee 
Springs, in the northern part, four miles from Bardwell, has been 
visited by health seekers, with beneficial results. Chalybeate 
water is found in Bardwell in wells. 

Farm lands in the county are worth from |8 to $40 per acre, 
wide range, the difference being largely on account of the proxim- 
ity to market, the higher priced being for fruits and vegetable 
lands near railroad stations, and the low priced for out-of-the-way, 
unimproved lands. If you want land, we can suit you in price. 
The farm labor is native white, and they are paid about |15 per 
month and board. 

There is at Arlington a vegetable cannery, whose annual out- 
put is worth on an average of |15,000, tomatoes mostly canned. 
There are seven merchants flouring mills in the county, with the 
capacity of TOO barrels daily. 

There are two box factories, making boxes and crates for the 
berries and vegetables shipped. Several saw mills and two 
planing mills. The towns of the county are all connected by 
telephone, which also connects with adjoining counties and Cairo, 
111. 

The county seat is Bardwell, an enterprising town of 1,600; has 
three white and two colored churches, public graded school build- 
ing, costing |7,000, and where five teachers are employed ten 
months in the year, maintained by taxation at fifty cents per one 
hundred dollars, ad valorem, and |1.50 poll; average attendance, 
325; non-sectarian strictly, been in operation eight years. The 
curriculum embraces higher mathematics, Latin, philosophy, etc., 
and tuition free to all free school pupils. There are also two banks, 
capital stock, .f.36.000, deposits, .fllO.OOO. Hotel, costing |6.000, 
opera house, two flouring mills, saw and planing mills, box factory, 
electric lights, steam laundry; in fact a first-class, enterprising 



62 Fourleenth Biennial Report Bureau of Ayrieulture. 

town. Bardwell in on the Illinois Central- railroad. They are 
putting in a system of water works. 

Besides Bardwell there is Arlington, just six miles south on the 
same line of railroad, that is scarcely second — strong rivals. 
Arlington has the cauner}', is the center of the berry trade, 
lias three churches, a bank, and as line school and mills as Bard- 
well, and is made up of wide awake business men. Milburn, the 
old church town, is in the eastern part of the county, and is sur- 
rounded by a staid, old religious people. These people near Mil- 
burn all live at home and have homes to live in, land well improved 
and divided into small tracts. It also has a splendid school. 

Generally, education is decidedly a fad with our people, and we 
are willing and do pay local taxes to keep up the public fund. 
We have no county bonded debt; everything on a cash basis. Taxa- 
tion for county purposes twenty cents and twenty-five for 
roads; a total of forty-five cents, and poll of |1.50. This pays it 
alll and leaves a surplus generalh'. There never was sale of 
land for taxes in this county. 

Of all these we are proud, but we most delight to tell the out- 
side world that we are prohibition, practical prohibition. There 
has not been a saloon in tfie county since 1884, and more than that 
whisky is not sold in the drug stores, nor by tigers. No, not sold at 
all, and we don't want it. 

Carlisle county is in the First Congressional, First Appellate, 
First Judicial, Second Senatorial, and Second Legislative Districts. 

PoSTOPPiCEs:— Arlington, Bardwell. Burkley, Cunningham,, 
Kirbyton, Laketon, Milburn, Rudd. 



Carroll County. 

Carroll .County is located on the extreme northern border of 
the State, midway between Louisville and Cincinnati. It was 
organized in 1838 and was formed out of portions of Gallatin and 
Trimble counties, and named in honor of Charles Carroll, of Car- 
roflton, Maryland. 

The Ohio river extends along its entire northern boundary, 
while upon the east it is bounded by the county of Gallatin, on 
the south by the counties of Owen and Henry, and on the west by 
the county of Trimble. 



Fourteenth Biennial Beport Bureau of Agriculture. 63 

The principal streams which drain the county are the Kentucky 
river, the Little Kentucky river, White's run, Eagle creek and 
Locust. The Kentucky river flows through the center of the 
county in a northwesterly direction and empties into the Ohio 
river at Carrollton. The Little Kentucky river flows through the 
county in a northerly direction, draining the western portion of 
the county and empties into the Ohio river about one-half mile 
below the mouth of the Kentucky river. The bottom land of the 
Ohio river is very wide and remarkabh- fertile. . The same is true 
of the broad valley of the Kentucky river and the bottom lands of 
the various streams traversing the county. Corn and tobacco, 
especially, are well adapted to these low lands and are grown in 
great abundance. The uplands which is excellent limestone land, 
produces all the cereals, also hay and tobacco, and affords fine 
pasturage as well. The specialty of the county is Burley tobacco, 
which is produced in immense quantities and of the finest quality. 
After tobacco comes wheat, corn and hay, which are produced in 
abundance without the aid of commercial fertilizers. 

Facilities for travel and transportation by land are furnished 
by the Louisville & Kashville railroad, which runs through the en- 
tire length of the southeastern part of the county, and the Ohio 
and Kentucky rivers furnish abundant, cheap and convenient 
transportation by water. 

The county has one farmers' clul). the Carroll County Agri- 
cultural and Improvement Bociety, which is doing much toward 
the promotion of agriculture. 

Farm labor is supplied by both white and black, who are em- 
ployed at prices ranging from |12.00 to |15.00 per month and 
board, or from .^16.00 to .f20.00 per month without board. 

The prices of laud range from $10.00 to $40.00 per acre for hill 
land and from |40 to $100 per acre for bottom land. The county 
has excellent roads, of which about one hundred and twenty-five 
miles are macadam and are free from toll. The free turnpike sys- 
tem so far has given satisfaction. 

The county has no road commissioner: each magistrate in the 
county has the general supervision of the roads in his district, 
and under him road overseers. The roads are worked by taxation 
and the old system of warning out hands combined. The question 
of road improvement is being much agitated in the county. 

The educational facilities of the county are furnished principally 



64 Foitriiviith Bknnial Report Bureau of AgriciiJfiire. 

hy the graded and common schools, which are well attended audi 
are under good management. 

Carrollton is the county seat and is situated at the junction of 
the Ohio and Kentucky rivers, and is a growing business town of 
about 2,800 population. The principal industries are the Barker 
Tobacco Company', which handles from three to five million pounds- 
of tobacco annually; the Carrollton Furniture Company, the Car- 
rollton Pressed Brick Company, the Old Darling Distillery Com- 
pany, the Jett Bros. Distilling Company, the Cameron Flouring 
Mill Company, the Adkinson Bros. Saw and Planing Mill Company, 
Hill's Tobacco Factory. 

The town has water works, electric lights and telephone ex- 
change, customhouse, opera house, a fine iron bridge across the 
Kentucky river, and an electric road arranged for to connect the 
town with the L. & N. railroad at Worthville. 

The next town in size and importance is Ghent. It is situated 
m the eastern portion of Carroll county and stands on a beautiful 
plain above high w^ater mark. The town is exceedingly w^ell built 
and well laid out. There are a number of beautiful homes and hand- 
some business houses. The Masonic Temple and public school 
Duiidmgs are not equaled in an}^ tow^n in the state approximating 
Its inhabitants. It has five churches, a bank, a roller flour mill, 
saw mill, three large tobacco rehandling houses operated respect- 
ively by F. & S. Stucy, Scott Bros., and J. E. McDonald & Son, 
and re-drying some millions of pounds per annum. A free rural 
mail delivery is being arranged for with the distributing office at 
Ghent. 

H. M. Froman. 

Carroll county is in the Sixth Congressional, Fifth Appellate, 
Fifteenth Judicial, Twenty-first Senatorial, and Fifty-third Legis- 
lative Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — Adcock, Carrollton, Carson, Eagle Station^ 
Easterday, English, Ghent, Locust, Prestonville, Sanders, Tandy, 
Worthville. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 65 



Carter County. 

Carter County was formed iu the year 1888, from parts of 
Greenup and Lawrence couuties, and was named for Col. Wm. G. 
Carter. Jt was the eighty-third county formed in the State. It 
is located in the extreme northeastern part of the State, having 
only one county, that of Greenup, between it and the northern 
boundary, and only one, that of Boyd, between it and the eastern 
boundary. 

The surface of the county is divided into hills and valleys, but 
there are no mountains nor any near its borders. A good many 
acres of fertile table lands are found within its boundary. The 
principal water courses are the Little Sandy River and Tygart's 
creek, and they and their tributaries constitute the water courses 
of the county. The waters of these two streams are used for 
the operation of a number of water mills and steam mills and for 
floating timber to market and to the mills along their banks. 
No steamboat navigates them. The soil in the eastern portion is 
largely alluA'ial, a light sandy loam that produces well and washes 
very little. The western portion has a limestone foundation, and 
the soil is very fertile. 

The county is well watered and drouths are almost unknown. 
The soil is adapted to the growth of corn, oats, wheat, rye, barley, 
millet, sugar cane, tobacco, and all kinds of vegetables usually 
grown in the temperate zone. 

The timber consists of poplar, oak and pine, but a great portion 
has heretofore been severed from the ground and marketed. It 
is now sent to market in the form of lumber, saw logs, cross-ties, 
square timber, hoop poles and hoops. 

Beneath the soil is found in many localities iron ore, limestone, 
fire clay, cannel coal and bituminous coal. No iron ore is now 
being taken out, but a number of excellent fire clay mines are in 
operation and are being worked profitably, and with every pros- 
pect of more extensive and profitable development. 

There are several large coal mines in operation, and the Ken- 
tucky Cannel Coal Company, whose mines are located on Stinson 
creek, are mining a very superior grade of coal, all of which is 
exported, Spain being the principal customer. Our greatest 
natural curiosity is the Carter caves in the west end of the county, 
which are grand structures and have been explored for a distance 

3 



66 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

of ten miles, or more, and abound with grand scenery, and are 
visited every summer by a large number of tourists. There are 
caves also at Oligononk, several miles north of the great caves. 
We have sulphur wells that have medicinal properties which are 
being used by a limited number of people for their medical 
properties. They are situated near Willard, and at Aden Springs. 
So far, no mills of large capacity have been erected, but several of 
small capacity for grinding wheat are in operation. The farming 
lands are being more extensively developed, better care is being 
taken of them and the grade of stock is being improved. To- 
bacco is the staple crop. At Olive Hill an extensive fire brick 
plant is in operation, and a stone crushing plant, employing a large 
quantity of limestone daily, which is used for various purposes. 
Capital could be profitably employed in the country in flour mills, 
furniture factories, fire brick works, wagon works, or tobacco 
rehandling houses, with almost certain success. The Chesapeake 
& Ohio Railway passes through the county from east to west, 
and the Eastern Kentucky from north to south. Transportation 
facilities are amply sufficient for all the demands of the people. 
The public roads are not macadamized, but are kept in fair condi- 
tion and are easily traveled except in prolonged seasons of rain in 
winter. They are maintained under the provisions of the general 
law, the county being divided into two road districts, and the roads 
being worked by persons in the various districts, under a super- 
visor appointed by the fiscal court. The principal labor is farm 
work, and average wages for that class of work about fifteen 
dollars per month and board, and a little more, of course, when 
the party boards himself. The skilled labor about the mines, and 
manufacturing plants is much higher. The common school sys- 
tem is flourishing and improving all the time as to methods and 
teachers. There are excellent graded free schools at Denton, 
Grayson, Olive Hill, and Willard in a most satisfactory condition. 
The sentiment among the people is for better educational facili- 
ties. Timber lands sell for about five dollars per acre. Timothy, 
clover, bluegrass and orchard grass flourish. Grayson is the 
county seat; contains about eight hundred inhabitants, four 
churches. Christian, Presbyterian, Methodist, and colored Method- 
ist. Has a fine graded school, employing three teachers, and is 
in session nine months in the year. Good public buildings, a 
number of dry goods stores, two groceries, two drug stores, two 
millinery stores, two hardware stores, two blacksmith shops, two 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bweau of Agriculture. 67 

undertaking establishments, and one steam mill. Local option is 
in force in the county and has been for years, consequently there 
are no saloons in the county. Other important towns are Denton, 
Willard, Olive Hill, Carter City and Enterprise. At the first two, 
or near them, extensive coal mines are in operation. Carter City 
and Enterprise are timber centers, and near the latter large de- 
posits of asphaltum. The population of the county is now over 
20,000. The climate is very healthy, and the people hospitable 
and industrious. Thos. D. Theobold. 

Carter county is in the Ninth Congressional, Sixth Appellate, 
Twelfth Judicial, Thirty-fifth Senatorial and One Hundredth Leg- 
islative Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — Auglin, Boghead, Brinegar, Carter Caves, Char- 
lotte Furnace, Count's Crossroads, Cox, Denton, Enterprise, 
Everman, Fireclay, Fontana, Gartrell, Grayson, Jacobs, Kilgore, 
Lawton, Lego, Leon, Limestone, McGlone, Mt. Savage, Music, 
Olive Hill, Pactolus, Prater, Kesort, Riggs, Rooney, Rosedale, 
Saulsberry, Seney, Smith's Creek, Smokey Valley, Stinson, Upper 
Tygart, Warren, Wesley ville, Whitt, Willard. 



Casey County. 

Casey County was organized in 1806 out of a part of Lincoln 
county, and has 414 square miles of territory. It is bounded on 
the north by Boyle county, and on the east by Lincoln, on the 
south by Pulaski and Russell, and on the west by Adair and Tay- 
lor. The surface of the county is hilly. The soil is thin and 
broken, except portions of the bottom lands, which is very pro- 
ductive. This is especially true of the valley of the Rolling Fork 
of Salt River, that portion within the borders of Casey county 
containing as fine lands as there is in the State. Corn, wheat 
and potatoes are the chief agricultural products, of which a sur- 
plus is raised. The county is well supplied with turnpikes, kept 
in excellent condition and on all of which toll is collected. The 
dirt roads are good and are kept in repair by the general road law 
of the State. 

The timber of Casey county is unsurpassed by any in the State 
though great inroads have been made on it of late years. The 
schools are in good condition, with commodious houses and an 
excellent corps of teachers. There is a school in Middleburg, in 



68 Foxtrteenth Biennial Repmt Bureau of Agriculture. 

the eastern end of the county, in which all the higher branches 
are taught. Li-berty is the county seat, is on Green river, and has 
about IjOOO inhabitants. 

Casey county is in the Eleventh Congressional, Third Appellate, 
Twenty-ninth Judicial, Eighteenth Senatorial, and Forty-third 
Legislative Districts. 

PosTOPFicEs: — Atterton, Baldock, Eethelridge, Chilton, Clem- 
entsville, Douglass, Dunnville, Ed. Ellisburg, Evona, Gilpin, Grove, 
Harveytown, Humphrey, Joyce, Kidd's Store, Liberty, Linnie, 
Middleburg, Mintonville, Phil, Poplar Hill, Powers, Rheber, Rife, 
Rollings, Teddy, Windson^ Yosemite. 



Christian County. 

(Revised by Dr. J. D. Clardy.) 

Christian County w^as named in honor of Col. William Chris- 
tian, a noted soldier and Indian fighter, and formed in 1796 out 
of a part of Logan county. It is situated in the southwestern 
part of the State and is a border county to the State of Tennes- 
see. Is one of the largest and most productive counties in the 
State, producing more wheat and more tobacco than any other 
county in the State. Has produced the enormous amount of 
17,000,000 pounds of tobacco in one year. 

Christian county is about equally divided between the sub-car- 
boniferous limestone formation, which is the basis of the south- 
ern, and the carboniferous lime and sandstones, which are the 
basis of the northern half of the county. The northern half is 
broken, and in some parts quite hilly. The soil, while not so rich 
as the southern half, responds kindly to modern methods of good 
cultivation, and excellent corn, tobacco and other farm crops are 
grown. It is far better adapted to the use of commercial fertil- 
izers than the southern part of the county, and with their use 
makes the finest quality of tobacco. It is also much better 
adapted to the growth of fruits. The southern half of the county 
is level or slightly undulating, has a rich clay soil, well adapted 
to the growth of wheat, corn, tobacco and all other products which 
will grow in this latitude. The northern half of the county is 
heavily timbered, of which there still remains an ample supply 
for all purposes, and of the best quality, the hard woods mostly 
abounding. There is also an ample supply of coal and iron ore. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 69 

This is surely a most desirable county for general farming and 
stock raising. 

The principal water courses are Little river, Pond river, Red 
river, West and Little West Forks of Red river, Tradewater, Sink- 
ing Fork of Little river and a few other minor streams. Excel- 
lent water power mills or other manufacturing purposes are fur- 
nished by Little river, West Fork, Pond river and Tradewater; 
none, however, are navigable for steamboats. 

In the southern part of the county the soil is a rich grayish or 
dark stratum, six to ten inches deep, underlaid with a very red 
clay. The northern half of the county is a sandy, and in some 
parts, gravelly soil, underlaid with a subsoil of yellowish clay. 

The timber of Christian county is of excellent quality, the hard 
wood greatly predominating, such as red oak, white oak and post 
•oak. Also some walnut and considerable poplar. 

There is probably one-third of the county still nominally in tim- 
ber, but much of the best has already been sawed up into all kinds 
■of building lumber and marketed in this form. Timber lands are 
worth all the way from five to forty dollars per acre, owing to 
location and amount of timber still uncut. 

The mineral deposits consist mostly of bituminous coal, iron 
•ore and building stone. Quite a number of mines have been 
opened, furnishing employment for many hands and yielding many 
thousands of tons of coal annually. The coal fields are found 
in the northern part of the county, occupying, however, a much 
less area, and not worked to anything like the same extent of the 
great mines of Hopkins county. Very valuable building lime- 
stone and in unlimited quantities is found in this county. No 
gas or oil has been found in paying quantities. 

In some parts of this county may still be found what is called 
Indian ^'mounds," in which are found many relics of this most 
interesting race of people, now rapidly passing away. There are 
quite a number of mineral springs and wells, with water con- 
taining valuable medical qualities. These waters are used by 
neighbors and casual visitors, but none of them lay claim to 
being public ''health resorts." 

Quite a curious freak of nature is found on the border of this 
county and Todd. It consists of a huge mass of limestone rock 
which rises almost perpendicularly to the height of two hundred 
feet above the surrounding plain; covers about one acre in area 
:and furnishes from the top a commanding view of the surrounding 



70 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

country for many miles. The top is comparatively flat, with a 
stubby growth of trees, and furnishes a picturesque spot for pic- 
nics and other social gatherings. 

There are quite a number of excellent wheat and corn mills, 
run by water power, in this county. In most of these mills the 
new "roller process" for making flour has been introduced. And 
the very best grades of flour are made. There are also other 
manufacturing establishments for both iron and wood work in 
the smaller towns of the county. There are, however, ample op- 
portunities for further development in this line and with promise 
of good results. The more important manufactories will be 
more particularly described in connection with a description of 
the city of Hopkins ville. 

We have in this county no direct water transportation, but are 
in easy reach by rail of the Ohio and Cum.berland rivers. There 
are in this county about seventy-two miles of railroad; thirty 
miles of the L. & N. line from Nashville through Hopkinsville to 
St. Louis. The Princeton branch from Clarksville to Gracey, 
twenty-seven miles; fifteen miles of the Illinois Central, running 
from Hopkinsville to Evansville. These roads give fairly good 
facilities for the transportation needed in the business of the 
county. The only prospect for additional railroad facilities is 
the now talked-of extension of the Illinois Central from Hop- 
kinsville to Nashville. 

The roads in this county are for the most part excellent in the 
summer, but when the fall rains and the freezing come, where not 
macadamized, are of the very worst. The old antiquated system 
of calling out the "hands" between the ages of eighteen and forty- 
five still prevails in this county, and, of course, good roads can 
not be maintained under so unjust a system, where the laborers 
of the county are compelled to work the roads, and the property 
owners to a large extent, and the property entirely, exempt. The 
matter of "good roads" is receiving far more attention and 
thought than formerly, and is now being agitated with some en- 
thusiasm, and it is thought a better system of keeping up the com- 
mon roads will be adopted. 

The county has purchased all the turnpikes and made them 
free of toll. 

Farm laborers are plentiful in this county, largely furnished by 
the colored population, of which there are about fifteen thousand 
in the county, and I must say to their credit, they make the best 



Fourteenth Biennial Repoi-t Bweau of Agriculture. 71 

everyday farm laborers we are able to get. The average price of 
farm labor per month with house and board is, for men, eleven 
dollars; without board, fifteen dollars. The average assessed 
value of land in this county is about ten dollars per acre, 405,071 
acres. 

The facilities for acquiring an education, both common school 
and classical, while possibly not up to the standard of some 
other States are good; with a common school taught in every 
school district, with separate schools for white and colored chil- 
dren, no child need go without a fairly good business education. 
There are also several high schools and colleges where a full clas- 
sical education can be obtained, notably the High School of 
Major Ferrill; the "South Kentucky College," for both male and 
female students and the "Bethel Female College," exclusively for 
females. 

Hopkinsville, the county seat of Christian county, is a hand- 
some, well built city of over eight thousand inhabitants, with the 
best built streets and sidewalks of any city of its size in the 
State, with all modern improvements, such as electric lights, water 
works, etc. As mentioned above, with two excellent colleges, 
a high school, an excellent system of graded schools for white 
and colored students, its educational facilities can hardly be sur- 
passed in any city in the State. 

Hopkinsville is centrally located in the great dark tobacco grow- 
ing district and with seven firms, commission merchants and 
twelve large warehouses, affords ample facilities for the handling 
and sale of all the dark varieties, including a large amount of ex- 
port tobacco, selling annually from ten to twenty-three thousand 
hogsheads. 

It seems a little strange, with all this raw material and every 
facility that could be offered, there is but one plug tobacco factory 
and one cigar factory. Here is an opening which certainly gives 
promise for profitable employment of large capital and many 
laborers. 

There are a number of more or less important smaller towns in 
this county. Of these, Pembroke is the most important with one 
thousand inhabitants, with a large trade in tobacco and wheat, 
and well represented in other branches of trade and citizenship 
of most excellent and well-to-do people. Other towns are Lafay- 
ette, Gracey, Julian, Newstead, Howel, Garretsburg, Bell, Oak 
Grove, Kennedy, Bellview, Crofton, Kelly, and not least, Fair- 



72 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

view, celebrated as the birthplace of Hon. Jefferson Davis, pres- 
ident of the Confederate States. 

This county is well supplied with banking capital, four banka^ 
at Hopkinsville, with capital stock of nearly $500,000, and de- 
posits of $600,000; two banks at Pembroke and one at Lafay* 
ette. 

There has been no special influx of population, but a gradual 
and natural increase, now amounting to over thirty-five thousand 
inhabitants. In the past few years there has been a general im- 
provement, not only in the methods of farming, but in stock rais- 
ing, road making and in education. The county has about one 
hundred churches, a number of parsonages and one hundred and 
sixty school houses. 

Christian county is in the Second Congressional, First Appellate, 
Third Judicial, Sixth Senatorial and Tenth Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — Ax, Bainbridge, Bell, Bennetsville, Beverly, 
Carl, Caskey, Church Hill, Clardy, Crofton, Elmo, Empire, Era, 
Fruithill, Garretsburg, Gracey, Haley's Mill, Hawkins, Herndon, 
Hopkinsville, Howel, Johnson, Julian, Kelly, Kennedy, Lafayette, 
Larkin, Laytonville, Longview, Macedonia, Mannington, New- 
stead, Oakgrove, Pedee, Pembroke, Pon, Kedhill, Sinking Fork, 
The Square, Westfork, Wynns. 



Clark County. 

Clark County was organized by act of the Legislature in Decem- 
ber, 1792, out of parts of Fayette and Bourbon, and was the four- 
teenth in order of formation. It originally comprised most of the 
territory between the Kentucky river and the Middle Fork of the 
same and Cumberland Gap on the east and south, Licking river 
and Pound Gap on the northeast and extending from Boone's 
creek to the Virginia line. Four years later much of its territory 
was taken off by the formation of Montgomery county. In 1806, 
it yielded part of its territory to the new county of Estill, and in 
1852. it contributed to the formation of Powell. 

It was named for Gen. Geo. Kogers Clark, and Winchester, the 
county seat, was named for Winchester, Virginia, by John Baker, 
who once owned the land on which the city now stands. 

The county stands on the dividing ridge between the waters 
of Kentuck}' and Licking rivers. The southern and eastern portions- 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 73 

■are drained by Lulbegrud, Upper and Lower Howards, Two Mile, 
Four Mile creeks and Red river, all tributaries of Kentucky. The 
northern part is drained by Stoner, Strode's and Hancock creeks, 
which flow into the Licking. The Kentucky river borders the 
southern line of the county for about twenty-five miles, and the 
new lock at Valley View will bring slack water navigation to the 
border of the county. 

The soil varies much in quality. A large portion of it is com- 
posed of the best of the famous bluegrass lands of the State and 
is worth as much as similar land anywhere. For many years the 
Burley tobacco of this section of the county has broken the record 
price of the year in the Louisville and Cincinnati markets. Other 
portions of the county are hilly and broken, but produce well. In 
the extreme eastern portion of the county land is quite thin. Fine 
building stone and stone for lime exists in various portions of the 
county, and evidence of oil and gas are strong in the eastern part 
of the county. 

Very little timber is left in the county, although some walnut 
lumber is still shipped from here, most of it going to Europe. 

The crops are those usually found in the bluegrass region: Corn, 
wheat, rye, oats, hay, Burley tobacco, hemp and bluegrass seed are 
grow^n, while of late years considerable quantities of small fruits, 
principally strawberries, are raised. More attention is also be- 
ing given to fruit growing. Owing to the natural fertility of the 
soil, not much attention has been given to the use of fertilizers in 
the past, but their use is increasing rapidly. The latest and most 
improved farming implements are generally used. 

Clark county has always stood high in stock raising ranks, be- 
ing especially noted for her shorthorn cattle. More cattle are 
sold from this county than from any other in the State in propor- 
tion to its size. Of late years considerable attention has been 
given to the breeding of Jerseys and other breeds of dairy cattle. 
Horses, mules, sheep and hogs receive close attention, and of late 
years Winchester has been the seat of a thriving trade in eggs 
and dressed poultry, including thousands of turkeys, which bring 
highest prices in the markets of Boston and other Eastern points. 

The 255 square milerj in the county are traversed by 175 miles 
of turnpikes and 200 miles of dirt roads, all of which are free and 
are kept up by taxation, under a road supervisor. 

Three independent and competing lines of railroad run through 
the county, giving Clark county more miles of railroad in propor- 



74 Fourteenth Biennial Report Brnxau of Agriculture. 

tion to area than any county in the State, except Jefferson. The 
Louisville & Nashville passes through the county from north to 
south, the Chesapeake & Ohio from east to west, while the Lexing- 
ton & Eastern runs from the Kentucky river coal fields to Lex- 
ington in the same general direction as the C. & O. 

Clark county's taxable wealth is about |10,000,000 and the credit 
of the county is of the highest class. Her bonded debt is not 
burdensome; and is being steadily reduced. The price of farm 
land runs from |5 per acre up to over |100, and the average as- 
sessed value of land is about |31 per acre, making Clark one of 
the four richest counties in the State, outside of the five which 
contain large cities. 

With the exception of a few planing mills and other manufacto- 
ries, the labor of the county is mostly unskilled. Farm laborers 
receive from |10 to |15 per month with board, but much of the 
land is tilled "on shares." 

The public schools of Clark county are above the average and 
most districts have good schoolhouses, which are well equipped. 

Winchester, the county seat, has a population of about 7,000 
with the fine system of water works, electric light, a splendid fire 
department, two telephone systems, with lines running to other 
cities and to many parts of the country. Seventeen churches, a 
fine system of public schools, two colleges, fine public buildings, 
and enterprising and successful business houses of many kinds. 
The city is very healthful, being one of the highest county seats 
in the State. The assessed valuation of the city is something 
over 12,000,000. 

Ford, situated on Kentucky river, where the L. & N. crosses, is 
largely engaged in lumber manufacturing. About 25,000,000 
feet of timber is cut here each year. Much of it is exported to 
Europe, and the weekly pay-roll of the mills is quite large. 

The Masons, Knights of Pythias, Odd Fellows, Red Men, Elks, 
Maccabees, and other secret societies have prosperous lodges here. 

E. E. Ltddane, 

Clark county is situated in the Tenth Congressional, Seventh 
Appellate, Twenty-fifth Judicial, Twenty-eighth Senatorial and 
Seventy-fourth Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Becknerville, Bloomingdale, Boonsboro, Dodge, 
Elkin, Flanagan, Ford, Hedges, Hunt, Indian Fields, Jasper, Kidd- 
ville, Locknane, Loglick, Merritt, Pilotview, Pinegrove, Rightangle, 
Ruckerville, Sanger, Sycamore, Thomson, Tulip, Wades Mill, Win- 
chester. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau ■of Agriculture. 75 



Clay County. 

Clay County was formed in the year 1806. Situated in the south- 
eastern portion of the State, bounded by the counties of Laurel, 
Knox and Bell on the south; Leslie and Perry oh the east; Owsley 
and Jackson on the north and Laurel on the west. The county has 
over two hundred miles of navigable water within its boundary, in 
the streams of Red Bird, Big Goose creek and Little Goose creek. 
The two former unite in the county and form the south fork of the 
Kentucky river, at what is known as the Buckskin Salt Works. 

The soil of the .river bottoms, which are wide and extend the 
length of the rivers, is as productive as any soil in the State. The 
hills are productive of grass and fine crops of corn, oats and wheat. 
The hills also contain a supply of coal, both soft and cannel, unex- 
celled in any other portion of Kentucky. So plentiful is the co£Sl 
that it is dug and delivered to the county seat at four cents per 
bushel. The supply is inexhaustible. 

The portion of the county lying on the Big Goose creek contains 
fine salt water and ever since the formation of the county the salt 
works have been operated by the Whites, Garrards, Combs, and 
Bates. All, however, except the works owned by Gen. T. T. Gar- 
rard have suspended. His works supply this and many of the sur- 
rounding counties with salt made from his works, two miles from 
the county seat. 

No county in the State has such an inexhaustible supply of "nat" 
ural gas," as has* this county. On Sexton's creek there are two 
wells, or natural gas springs, where the gas comes through the 
pores of the ground in quantities that will support great fires for 
whole seasons, especiallv at one place on Sexton's creek. The 
owner of the land where this gas is located, has a common box 
set over the place of escape, and by means of a pipe laid over 
ground, supplies a store, school house and church from an unde- 
veloped well. Scientists say that no county has a finer and more 
abundant supply of natural gas than does the county of Clay, 
which developed, would supply any of our greater cities of the 
country. 

The scenery along the water courses is picturesque and in gran- 
deur has nothing in the State that can excel it. 

The farming lands along the river are worth from seven to fif- 
teen dollars an acre, while that on the water courses is only worth 



76 Fourteenth Biennial Repoi't Bureau of Agriculture. 

from five to ten dollars an acre. The average price in the county 
is about ten dollars an acre. 

The county seat, Manchester, is located in the central portion of 
the county on Goose creek, and has about 800 population, made 
up of the very best citizenship of Eastern Kentucky. 

S. H, Kask. 

Clay county is situated in the Eleventh Congressional, Fifth Ap- 
pellate, Twenty-seventh Judicial, Thirty-third Senatorial and Sev- 
enty-first Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Alger, Ammie, Bear Creek, Benge, Big Creek, 
Brightshade, Brutus, Burning Springs, Byron, Choice, Dory, El- 
vira, Eros, Gooserock, Grace, Larue, Laurel Creek, Malcom, Man- 
chester, Ogle, Oneida, Pigeonroost, Portersburg, Seeley, Seth, 
Sexton's Creek, Sidell, Skidmore, Spring Creek, Tanksly, Teges,. 
Tinker, Urban, Vaughan, Willowdale, Woolum. 



Clinton County. 

Clinton County was created by an act of the Legislature ap- 
proved February 20, 1836, and the territory within its limits was 
taken from Wayne and Cumberland counties. 

Spurs of the Cumberland mountains enter the county on the 
east and extend to near its center. They contain veins of excel- 
lent bituminous coal about three feet thick. 

Between these spurs are fertile valleys, which, under a proper 
state of cultivation, yield crops of corn, wheat, oats, clover, or- 
chard grass, timothy, fruits, etc. 

The western portion of the county is undulating and is not so 
fertile as the valleys in the eastern part of the county except on 
the rivers and creeks, but yield remunerative crops by the use of 
fertilizers. Potatoes and garden vegetables grow abundantly in 
all parts of the county, as the soil is generally well prepared by 
deep plowing, pulverizing the soil and using stable manure. 

The climate and soil are adapted to the growth of fruit trees, 
which yield abundantly of well matured and healthy fruit. The 
peach crop never fails on the hills, but does not do so well in the 
lowlands. There is an abundance of fine timber in the county, 
such as poplar, white oak, black oak, hickory, sugar tree, cedar, 
dogwood, chestnut, maple, elm, beech, etc. There is an abun- 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 77 

dance of blue, gray and white limestone, and other rocks suitable 
for building purposes. 

The county is well watered; in addition to the rivers and creeks, 
there are many bold springs of pure water in all parts of the 
county. 

Salt has been manufactured on Willis' creek in the northwes- 
tern part of the county, and it is believed that the county is in the 
oil belt. 

There is an abundance of marl which, if utilized, would enrich 
the whole county. The climate is healthy, and the summers, in- 
stead of being oppressive, are delightful in the timbered valleys. 

There are chalybeate springs on a high plateau, northeast of 
Albany, the county seat, where a view of the surrounding country 
for many miles, can be had, which gives great pleasure, as the 
scenery is so varied. 

The Cumberland river on the north is navigable a part of the 
year from Nashville, Tenn., to Burnside, Ky., a station on the 
Cincinnati Southern Railway. 

The roads of the county are divided into districts and are 
worked by the hands in the road age, under the supervision of a 
surveyor (or overseer.) 

The falls at Seventy-six on Indian creek are perpendicular about 
seventy-six feet. 

The price of farm lands ranges from about three dollars to fifty 
dollars; average about ten dollars. 

The price of farm labor will average about twelve dollars per 
month for men. 

There are no foreign colonies here now, but one would do well. 

There is a good opening for vegetable and fruit canneries, and a 
woolen mill, especially the latter. 

Albany is the county seat, on the south side of the center of the 
county, and is abundantly supplied with water by two bold springs 
and many wells, from thirty to sixty feet deep. At this time there 
are six general stores, two drug stores, one grocery store, one sad- 
dlery, .two blacksmith shops, two hotels, two water mills, one 
steam roller mill, saw mill, planing mill and carding factory, under 
one management, one high school, one bank, three churches, but 
no saloons. 

The public schools of the county are in fair condition and the 
children are making progress, but the State aid is not supplemented 
by local taxation. There is no railroad in the county and the 



78 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

nearest station is Burnsides, a distance of forty miles from the 
county seat. Two routes for railroads have been surveyed through 
the county. 

The county has a new and commodious^ court house. 

The first settlers of the county built log cabins, cleared land 
of heavy timber and cultivated the soil with "bull tongue" plows 
and hoes. The women had their cotton and flax patches, a few 
sheep, the "big wheels" and the "little wheels," the looms, the 
barks and dyes of the forest, and manufactured the clothing for 
the family. The shoes and hats were manufactured in the county 
from home made materials. 

The Baptists organized a church at Clear Fork, in 1802, and an- 
other at Seventy-six soon afterwards. The Methodists organized 
churches at Davis and Five Springs, Said church organizations 
have been maintained to the present time. 

Thos. E. Bramlette and P. H. Ijeslie, two of Kentucky's gov- 
ernors, were born in Clinton county. 

James Semple, a United States senator from Illinois, and Sam 
Bell Maxey, a senator from Texas, grew up to manhood in this 
county. 

Edward Cross, a representative in Congress, was born in this 
county. 

Robinson Semple, a Clinton county boy, was the president of 
the first constitutional convention of California. 

Without mentioning others who became distinguished, it will be 
seen that this county is a good place for the development of the 
mind as well as the body. 

During the late war over one-half of the male population en- 
listed in the Union army, and several of the others served in the 
Confederate army. On both sides they distinguished themselves 
for courage and devotion to the banner under which they en- 
listed. 

The people of this county are hospitable, and emigrants would 
be heartily received and furnished homes at cheap rates for lands. 

The resources of the county are abundant, varied and valuable, 
but, except to a very limited extent, remain undeveloped. 

Clinton county is situated in the Eleventh Congressional, Third 
Appellate, Twenty-Eighth Judicial, Sixteenth Senatorial and Thir- 
ty-sixth Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — Albany, Alpha, Brown's Crossroads, Cartwright, 
Cook, Cumberland City, Desda, Forest Cottage, Highway, Ho- 
bart, Hunterville, Ida, Illwill, Maupin, Naval, Nora, Savage, Sev- 
enty-six, Shipley, Snow. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



Crittenden County. 

Crittenden County was formed out of part of Livingston county 
in 1842, and made the number of counties then in the State ninety- 
one. 

It is situated in the southwestern part of the State on the Ohio 
river. The Ohio river forms its northern boundary, while on the 
east it is bounded by the counties of Union and Webster, on the 
south by Caldwell and Lyon, Livingston forming its western boun- 
dary. The land is high and rolling, well watered and drained by 
the Ohio on its northern boundary and the Tradewater on the 
northeast and the Cumberland river for a considerable distance 
on its southern border, besides numerous streams flowing through 
the county, principal among which are Caney Fork and Crooked 
creek, emptying into the Ohio on the north, and Pine creek, Long 
Branch and others which flow into Tradewater on the northeast. 

The soil of Crittenden county is good, but that attention to 
fertilizing, which the subject demands has not been paid to it by 
our farmers, nor has the proper attention to the rotation of crops 
been had; nevertheless, a large surplus of farm products are ship- 
ped out of the county to other markets each year. Corn, wheat, 
oats, rye, tobacco and hay are the principal staples of the Critten- 
den county farm, timothy being the most profitable of all grasses 
grown in the county. The high and rolling lands of the county 
make it a most excellent locality for fruit culture, and all fruits^ 
grown in Kentucky are grown in this county most abundantly,. 
The timber supply of Crittenden is good and abundant; hickory 
and oak most abound and great forest tracts of this valuable tim- 
ber can be had and at reasonable prices. The Ohio Valley Rail- 
road runs through the county, the county seat being situated on 
same; and this railroad and the water courses, spoken of afford 
good local facilities for transportation, either by land or water. 
There are no turnpike roads in the county, the public roads being 
the common dirt roads of the county, which are maintained and 
kept in repair by the road overseers, appointed by the county 
court, under the road laws of the State. 

Diversified farming is only engaged in for domestic uses, saving 
fruit growing, there being more fruit grown in the county than is 
sufficient for home consumption. 

The educational facilities of the county are mostly confined to 



80 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

the common schools, which are in good condition, well attended 
and under good management. 

Marion is the county seat of Crittenden county, situated a little 
southeast of the center of the county on the Ohio Valley Railroad. 
It is a flourishing town of a population of nearly 1,000. 

Crittenden county is situated in the First Congressional, First 
Appellate, Fourth Judicial, Fourth Senatorial and Seventh Leg- 
islative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Crayneville, Dycusburg, Ford's Ferry, Frances, 
Gladstone, Hardesty, Irma, Ironhill, Levias, Marion, Mattoon, 
Mexico, Piney, Repton, Rodney, Shadgrove, Sheridan, Starr, Tola, 
Tradewater, Tribune, View, Weston. 



Cumberland County. 

This county was formed in 1798 from a part of Green, and named 
for the Cumberland river, which flows diagonally through the 
county from northeast to southwest. It is bounded on the north 
by Metcalfe and Adair, east by Russell and Clinton, south by the 
Tennessee State line and Monroe county, and west by Monroe 
and Metcalfe. 

The Cumberland river and its tributaries cut through every rock 
formation, from the upper coal formation until in this county it 
reaches the cambrian or lower Silurian blue limestones. 

A small portion of this county lies on the sub-carboniferous 
lithostrotion limestone, but the greater part of the countj^ is based 
upon the waverly series which are cut through by the rivers and 
creeks so as to expose the devonian shales and the upper Silurian 
in thin stratifications and the lower silurian blue limestones in 
the beds of the rivers. There appears to have been much distur- 
bance in these formations, caused probably by a succession of 
earthquakes at an early period in their formation. There is no 
coal in the county; but oil in paying quantities has been found by 
wells sunk in the river and creek bottoms. At one time several 
Northern and Eastern companies bored for oil, but, on account 
of the lack of facilities in transportation, they have temporarily 
abandoned the field. The first noted "American oil" well ever 
bored in the United States is situated three miles from Bui'ksville, 
on the banks of the Cumberland river. The oil was struck while 
boring for salt water, in 1830, at a depth of one hundred and sev- 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 81 

enty-five feet, and spouted up to a height of fifty feet above the 
surface. This oil well continued to run for many years, and the 
product was sold under the name of "American Oil," to be used as 
£i cure for rheumatism, burns, scalds, etc. At that time nothing 
was known of the lubricating and burning properties of coal-oil. 

Salt water abounds in this section, and some iron ores, but not 
in such quantities as in several of the neighboring counties lying 
to the north and east. The general surface of the county is 
broken and hilly and abounds in knobby formations of thin soil, 
but the bottoms are of great fertility. 

There is much excellent building rock in this part of the State, 
which may some day become valuable. 

Cumberland river, which is navigable by steamboats the greater 
part of the year, with its tributaries, drains the entire county. 

The United States government has begun a series of locks and 
•dams on the river, which will soon be comjjleted up to this point, 
and which will open up and give an impetus to many new indus- 
tries. Its iH'incipal tributaries are Marrowbone, Crocus, Big 
Renox, Little Renox, Willis, Bear, and Goose creeks. The county 
abounds in sulphur and chalybeate water. The most noted of 
these springs are on Renox and Sulphur creeks and possess re- 
markable health-giving properties. 

The greatest wealth of the count^' lies in its timber. It abounds 
in the best qualities of oak, poplar and chestnut, besides walnut, 
cherry, ash, maple, hickory, and many others. The hardwoods of 
the county are very valuable. The}' are being shipped to Nashville, 
Tenn., both sawed and in rafts of logs. When the series of locks 
and dams now in course of construction are completed the industry 
will assume enormous proportions. 

Many of the farmers have planted thousands of walnut trees on 
their idle land, and at no distant date the trees will be worth far 
more than the land. The writer has 7,500 young walnut trees 
growing on his farm. He has induced others to plant 50,000 and 
has assurance that 20,000 more will be planted this fall (1899.) 
There are several companies engaged in getting out staves, which 
industry has been found Aery profitable. 

Corn, wheat, oats, rye and tobacco are the staple crops and the 
principal grazing and hay grasses are clover (which is also grown 
for the seed), redtop, timothy, orchard grass, blue grass and millet, 
till of which grow luxuriantly. 



82 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

Stock peas for liaj and sorghum in large quantities for fatten- 
ing cattle are also grown. 

The land is well adapted to the growth of dark tobacco, and 
when there was a demand for it this county produced more than 
any other county in the United States. The soil and climate are 
also adapted to small fruits but their cultivation is as yet very 
limited. 

The farmers pay a good deal of attention to the raising of thor- 
oughbred stock. No prettier horses are to be found in the State. 
The fattening of cattle for market is a profitable industry, while 
the abundant mast all over the county affords excellent facilities 
for fattening hogs, large numbers of which are shipped to Louis- 
ville, Cincinnati, and other points, commanding the best of prices. 
Poultry and eggs are shipped in immense quantities and bring 
more money into the county than any two of the other products 
combined. 

Many people, during the summer months, are engaged in pearl 
hunting, and many pearls of great size and brilliancy have been 
found. 

Burksville, the county seat, is situated on the north side of the 
Cumberland river, and is the largest shipping point above Nash- 
ville, Tenn. It has a good court house, several churches, a dozen 
stores and groceries, one bank, a large roller mill, and many hand- 
some private residences. It is the seat of Alexander College, 
founded in 1872, which has a beautiful building and an endowment 
of several thousand dollars. There is also an excellent public 
school building. 

Marrowbone is a flourishing town, with three churches, large 
roller mill and several stores. Bakertown, Peytonsburg, Leslie, 
Cloyd's Landing, Amandaville and Waterview are wide-awake vil- 
lages. 

The Christian, Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian and Cumberland 
Presbyterian are the chief religious denominations. There are 
many beautiful church buildings located throughout the county. 

The public schools are in good condition and are within easy 
reach of every child in the county. Dr. J. A. Dixon. 

Cumberland county is situated in the Eleventh Congressional, 
Second Appellate, Twenty-ninth Judicial, Sixteenth Senatorial and 
Thirty-seventh Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Amandaville, Arat, Bakerton, Beck's Store, Big 
Renox, Burksville, Cloyd's Landing, Ellington, Greengrove, Kettle, 
Leslie, Marrowbone, Modoc, Peytonsburg, Waterview, Whetstone, 
Xerxes. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 83 



Daviess County. 

(Revised 1901 by Judge E. P. Taylor.) 

In the year of 1815 a part of Ohio county was cut off and made 
into a new county which was called Daviess, in honor of that 
brilliant lawyer and orator and gallant soldier, who gave up his 
life for his country on the bloody field of Tippecanoe, Col. Joseph 
Hamilton Daviess. 

The county contains about 400 square miles. It is situated in 
the far-famed "Pennerile" section of the State. It is bounded on 
the north by the Ohio river, on the south by McLean and Ohio 
counties, on the west by Green river and Henderson county, 
and on the east by Ohio and Hancock counties. The county has 
about forty miles of frontage on the Ohio river and twenty-five 
miles of western boundary on Green river. The county is splen- 
didly watered and drained by Yellow, Pup, Blackford, Panther, 
Delaware and Rhodes creeks. 

The county may generally be divided into one-half level, one- 
fourth rolling and one-fourth hill land. There are several varieties of 
soil, from the gray and chocolate loams with red clay subsoil of 
the hill to the gray and black sandy alluvial of the bottom lands. 
Most of the land in the county is a, rich, sandy alluvial, very deep 
and productive; land that it is impossible to wear out. About 
one-fifth of the land in the county is creek bottom, of which there 
is no richer land in the world. All of the soils of the county are 
adapted to the growth of corn, wheat, tobacco, timothy, clover 
and other cereals of this latitude. Potatoes are largely grown, 
all of our soils, with the exception of the black loams, being 
particularly adapted to them. Tomatoes are now grown in large 
quantities for the canning factory. Fruits of all kinds are grown 
all over the county excepting the creek bottoms. 

In the last five years a great deal of attention has been paid 
to the cultivation of strawberries and raspberries, resulting in 
our market furnishing the very finest specimens of these fruits to 
be found. Many farmers have turned their attention to raising to- 
matoes, sweet corn, beans and peas for the canning factory, claim- 
ing that they get more money out of these crops *han any other 
and are able to get their money immediately. You can raise a 



84 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

crop of peas and sweet corn on the same ground; the peas are gone 
in time for the corn. 

While Daviess county is famous as a producer of corn, wheat 
and tobacco, it is in regard to the latter that she stands pre-emi- 
nently at the head. Our soil is suited to the finer grades of Bur- 
ley as well as the heavier grades, but it is for the heavier grades 
of dark tobacco that the county is best known. 

As a tobacco market, Owensboro leads them all, being the 
largest loose tobacco market in the world. There are over forty 
large stemmeries which buy their fullest capacity each year; 
tobacco from all of the surrounding counties is marketed here; 
it is put on the breaks loose and sold without the trouble and ex- 
pense of prizing. This is undoubtedly the best county in the State 
for the tobacco raisers, for he is always sure of getting the high- 
est market price for his tobacco, whenever he is ready to put it 
on the market. 

The Cellulose Company has the largest plant in the world lo- 
cated in Owensboro. From the pith of corn stalks they manufact- 
ure cellulose for packing behind the armor of war ships; they also 
intend making smokeless powder and many other articles out of 
the same material, but as yet they have not been able to fill all 
their orders for cellulose. The company buys all the corn stalks 
it can get from the farmers of the county, paying enough for them 
to net the farmers a handsome profit for this article which used 
to be a waste. Stalks will average from $4 to |12 per acre. 

Many distilleries are scattered over the county and besides hav- 
ing made "Daviess County Whisky" famous, they furnish a live 
market for all surplus corn. 

Four large flouring mills and elevators, besides buyers 
from Louisville, are always in the Owensboro market for the 
wheat crop. There are nine other flour mills scattered over the 
county. 

Our local and shipping market for hay, potatoes and stocK of 
all kinds is as good as can be found. 

The farmers of the county are alive and progressive; in late 
years they have made rapid strides in improved methods of cul- 
tivation, bringing to their aid the latest agricultural implements. 
PJvery year it is noticed that more attention is being paid to the 
raising of stock, as the number of high grade cattle and blooded 
stock shown at the annual Daviess county fair is always increas- 
ing. 



Fourteenth Bietinial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 86 

The schools and roads of the county have been greatly improved 
in the last few years. Our school system is as good as the best. 
With the exception of twenty-three miles of gravel roads, over 
which toll is charged, all of the roads of the county are of dirt. 
The roads are kept well drained and graded, and are as good as 
dirt roads can be made. The system of working the road is by 
taxation, the amount expended on roads and bridges being 
about fifteen cents on the one hundred dollars. Our total levy 
for county purposes including roads and bridges is twenty-five 
cents on the one hundred dollars. County out of debt with con- 
siderable surplus. The county owns its teams, forty-two mules 
and nine steel graders, shovels, etc. Roads worked by hiring men 
to operate these teams, etc., paying from $1 to $1.25 ])er 
day for labor. Under this system the roads have been greatly 
improved by working with graders and tiling, are now 100 per cent 
better than a few years ago under the old hand system and the 
present system seems to be giving very general satisfaction and 
don't suppose there is a man in the county who would be in favor 
of going back to the old hand system. 

Lands: The lands have been greatly improved within the last 
few years under the drainage law. Many large ditches have been 
opened and waste lands reclaimed thereby. There is a great spirit 
of progress both in the city of Owensboro and county; other 
lands are being yearly improved and prices of lands enhancing. 
The hill and more stony lands from |5 to $20 per acre, the table 
and better lands from eight to fifteen miles from the city about $20 
to $50 per acre, and improved and near Owensboro, from $50 to 
$125 per acre. The lands are worked both by tenants and hired 
labor, for the most part white labor; wages on farm $12 to $15 per 
month and board or $16 to $20 per month when party boards 
himself. There is a great deal of coal in the county, worked in 
small independent banks. 

The county is in the Western Kentucky coal and Illinois coal 
fields. Mines are scattered all over the county furnishing fuel to 
every one at an average of, $1.25 per ton. For manufacturing pur- 
poses fuel can be had in Owensboro for fifty cents per ton. 

In the eastern part of the county many varieties of excellent 
fire clays are found, such as potters, kaolin, terra cotta, all colors 
of tiling. Several varieties of mineral paints are known to exist 
in this same section. There are two large brick and tile works 
which utilize some of these clays in the manufacturing of drain 



86 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

tile, sewer pipe and brick. There is a most attractive opening 
liere for pottery — fuel, material and shipping rates are all that 
couM be desired. 

There is still considerable timber in this county which furnishes 
material for many wood working factories located in Owensboro, 
among them being the Owensboro Wagon Factory Co., makers of 
the celebrated "Owensboro" wagon; the Owensboro Wheel 
Factory; three buggy factories; two furniture factories; chair 
factory; two foundries, and machine works; five planing mills; 
two large saw mills; two cooperage and several stave yards. 

There are three trunk lines of railroad in the county; the L., H. 
& St. L. E. R.; the Illinois Central R. R., and the L. & N. R. R. 
These railroads, in connection with the Ohio river and Green river, 
forever guarantee the cheapest of shipping rates to and from this 
county, forever guaranteeing the best markets for everything. 

The county, besides being well supplied with common schools, 
has the following colleges: Owensboro Female College, St. Frances 
Academy, at Owensboro; St. Joseph's Academy, at St. Joseph; 
Ellendale Commercial College, at Ellendale. The high school in 
Owensboro, in connection with the city graded schools, is one of 
the best in the State. 

Owensboro, the county seat, with a population of 16,500, is one 
of the most progressive towns in the State; it is situated on the 
Ohio river, has gas, electric lights, electric street cars, twenty- 
five churches, two daily newspapers, eight banks and two trust 
companies, two telephone companies, two telegraph companies, 
three express companies, Y, M. C. A. building costing $25,000. 
The very best of city schools. A healthy locality. (See further 
description in the list of cities.) 

West Louisville is situated in the southwestern part of the 
county, fourteen miles from Owensboro; population 500; one 
bank, flouring mill and saw mill. 

Whitesville is sixteen miles east of Owensboro on the I. C. R. R., 
has a population of 1,000; one bank, large flouring mills, several 
tobacco stemmeries, large Catholic church; an important town. 

An electric railroad is now under construction between Owens- 
boro and Calhoun, and will greatly benefit that part of the county 
through which it will run. 



Fowrteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 87 

The county has no debt of any kind; there is a steady stream of 
immigration. 

Tobacco, pounds 10,518,515 10,529 acres 

Corn, bushels 850,600 29,925 acres 

Wheat, bushels 479,868 20,629 acres 

Oats, bushels 6,225 

Hay, tons : 8,200 15,257 acres 

Assessed valuation, |11,788,313; value per acre, |18.50. Legal 
voters, white, 7,132; colored, 1,012. 

L. Freeman Little. 

Daviess county is situated in the Second Congressional, Second 
Appellate, Sixth Judicial, Eighth Senatorial and Fifteenth and 
Sixteenth Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Anderson, Auds, Birks City, Brown's Valley, 
Corena, Curdsville, Delaware, Dermont, Ensor, Gatewood, Griffith, 
Grissom, Habit, Herrwood, Knottsville, Laffon, Livia, Macea, Ma- 
sonville. Maxwell, Mosleyville, Newman, Owensboro, Panther, 
Pettit, Philpot, Pleasantridge, Rome, St. Joseph, St. Lawrence, 
Scythia, Sorgho, Stanley, Southerland, Thurston, Tuck,. Utica, 
West Louisville, Whallen, Whitesville, Yelvington. 



Edmonson County. 

(Revised in 1901 by Judge J. C. Dorsey.) 

Edmonson County, the seventy-ninth in the order of formation, 
was formed in the year 1825, out of parts of Warren, Hart and 
Grayson counties and was named in honor of Capt. John Edmon- 
son, who was killed in the battle of River Raisin on January 22,^ 
1833. 

It lies on both sides of Green river and is bounded on the east by 
Hart and Barren; on the south by Warren; on the west by Warren 
and Butler, and on the north by Grayson. 

The surface of the county is generally uneven, part of it hilly 
and broken, and most of it gently undulating. The river and creek 
bottoms and valleys afford some rich and productive soil, but the 
ridges and table land are usually thin and much less productive. 

Its principal streams are Green and Nolin rivers, Bear and Beav- 



88 Fourteenth biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

er Dam creeks, besides numerous smaller streams which afford 
some fine locations for grist and saw mills and factories. 

The county abounds with excellent timber, principally poplar, 
oak of all kinds, hickory, ash, walnut, sycamore, gum, and beech, 
which is marketed principally in the shape of saw logs and cross 
ties, which are cut and rafted down the various streams to Evans- 
ville and Henderson markets. 

The county is also underlaid with extensive beds of coal and 
iron which are, as yet, undeveloped. The lock and dam now being 
built on Green river, below the mouth of Bear creek, will extend 
navigation up Green river to the mouth of Nolin and will also 
extend navigation up Bear creek some ten or twelve miles. 

The navigation of Green river is being improved by locks, and 
mines of coal, asphalt etc. are being opened up. Land sells at |10 
to |25 per acre improved, and |5 to |10 unimproved. Labor on farm 
is mostly white and wages fifty cents with and seventy-five per day 
without board, or $12 per month with or $18 without board. 
Roads are worked by calling out hands; road tax is talked of. 

Brownsville, the county seat of Edmonson county, was establish- 
ed in the year 1828, and was named in honor of General Jacob 
Brown. It is located on the banks of Green river at the head of 
navigation and is a thriving little town of about 250 inhabitants. 
It has an excellent court house and a good jail building; contains 
three dry goods and a grocery store, three hotels, two churches, one 
bank, one male and female academy. Brownsville lies in latitude 37 
degrees and 14 minutes, and longitude 9 degrees and 15 minutes. 

Edmonson county surpasses any other county in the State in its 
natural curiosities and strange formations. Indian Hill lies one 
mile from Browmsville, is circular at its base and one mile in circum- 
ference, its altitude eighty-four feet, and except on one side, which 
is easy of access on foot, perpendicular. The remains of a fortifica- 
tion are seen around the brow and a number of mounds and burial 
places are scattered over this area. A fine spring of water issues 
from the rock near the surface. 

Dismal Rock is a perpendicular rock on Dismal creek, 163 feet 
high. 

The Mammoth Cave is about one-half mile from Green river, 
twelve miles from Brownsville and about seventy-five miles from 
Louisville, Ky. The cave abounds in minerals, such as nitrous 
earth, sand flint, pebbles, red and gray ochre, calcareous spar, 
chalcedony, crystallized carbonate of lime, crystals of quartz, sul- 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 89 

phate of lime, Epsom and Glauber salts. The cave extends some 
ten or twelve miles, and to visit the portions already traversed, it 
is said, requires 150 to 200 miles' travel. It contains a succes- 
sion of wonderful avenues, chambers, domes, abysses, grottoes, 
lakes, rivers, cataracts and other marvels which are too well known 
to need more than a reference. One chamber — the Star — is about 
500 feet long, 70 feet wide, TO feet high, the ceiling of which is 
composed of black gypsum and is studded with innumerable white 
points, that by dim light resemble stars, hence the name of the 
chamber. There are avenues one and a half and even two miles in 
length, some of which are incrusted with beautiful formations 
and present the appearance of enchanted palace halls. There is a 
natural tunnel about three quarters of a mile long, 100 feet wide, 
covered with a ceiling of smooth rock 45 feet high. There is a cham- 
ber having an area of from four to five acres, and there are domes 
200 and 300 feet high. Echo river is some three-fourths of a mile 
in length, 200 feet in width at some points, and from 10 to 30 feet 
in depth, and runs beneath an arched ceiling of smooth rock about 
15 feet high, while the Styx, another river, is 450 feet long, from 
fifteen to forty feet wide and from thirty to forty feet deep, and 
is spanned by a natural bridge. Lake Lethe has about the same 
length and width as the Styx, varies in depth from three to forty 
feet, lies beneath a ceiling some ninety feet a'bove its surface and 
sometimes rises to a height of sixty feet. There is also a Dead 
Sea, quite a soundless body of water. 

There are several other interesting caves in the neighborhood, 
the principal of which are the Colossal Cavern and Grand Avenue 
cave, which rival the Mammoth Cave in the beauty and grandeur 
of their chambers and excel in the number and variety of stalag- 
mites and stalactites. 

The Chameleon Springs and the Chalybeate Springs are popu- 
lar summer resorts and watering places, and some remarkable 
cures are said to have been effected by the use of their waters. 
Ample hotel accommodations are provided and hundreds of pleas- 
ure and health seekers visit them each summer. 

Edmonson county is situated in the Third Congressional, Sec- 
ond Appellate, Eighth Judicial, Eleventh Senatorial, and Twenty- 
fifth Legislative Districts. 



90 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

PosTOFFiCES' — Arthur, Beespring, Bigreedy, Brownsville, Cedar- 
bluff, Mills, Chalybeate, Chameleon, Chaumont, Cloud, Fairchild, 
Goff, Grassland, Huff, Mammoth Cave, Nash, Nick, Ollie, Pig, Proc- 
tor's Cave, Khoda, Rockhill Station, Segal, Stockholm, Sunflsh, 
Sweden. 



Elliott County. 

Formed by an act of the Kentucky Legislature in 1869 and 1870 
situated on the head waters of Little Sandy river. Within the 
county are several water courses navigable for floating out lum- 
ber, staves, etc. The soil is a deep loam with clay subsoil, well 
adapted to and on which we grow fine crops of clover, orchard 
grass, timothy, oats and wheat; also excellent corn crops. Cattle 
are being extensively raised at a good profit to our farmers. We 
have all the varieties of lumber of this climate; much valuable oak 
and yellow poplar is now being marketed. 

We have bituminous and cannel coal; the bituminous coal ia 
from two to four feet thick; cannel coal runs five feet thick. This 
deposit is in the southern part of the county. It is thought that 
we have large deposits of asphalt, as Elliott borders on Carter, 
near the asphalt mines now being developed at Soldier, Ky. 

We have good saw and flouring mills. The public roads are in 
fair condition with iron bridges across the principal streams, and 
the roads are being materially improved. Average price for farm 
labor is |13 per month with board, $18 without bo'ard. 

We have a splendid corps of teachers in the common schools 
and two normal training schools, where many are being prepared 
as teachers. 

Sandy Hook is the county seat, beautifully located, well watered 
and healthful. Newfoundland is a village with two stores, and 
shops where wagons are built and repaired. In the southeastern 
part of this county are dikes, and diamonds are supposed to be 
deposited. Many geologists have visited these dikes, where some 
mining has been done. Some silver mines with a small per cent, 
of silver have been found. There is a bright future for Elliott 
county when the fine deposits of black and yellow oil on the Mid- 
dle Fork are developed. M. M. Redwine. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 91 

It is situated in the Tenth Congressional, Seventh Appellate, 
Twentieth Judicial, Thirty-second Seiiitorial and One Hundredth 
Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — Backbone, Bascom, Bet, Blevins, Bruin, Burke, 
Culver, Dewdrop, Fannin, Fielden, Gimlet, Green, Halcom, Ibex, 
Isonville, Leadingham, Little Sandy, Lytten, Newcomb, Newfound- 
land, Ordinary, Riddle, Roscoe, Sandy Hook, Sarah, Stark, Steph- 
ens, The Ridge, Trench, Wyett. 



Estill County. 

Estill County was established by an act of the Legislature of 
1807, and was organized in the year following. It is composed of 
portions of Madison and Clark counties, and is bounded on the 
north by Clark and Powell, on the east by Powell and Lee, on the 
south by Jackson, and on the west by Madison. The Kentucky 
river washes the shores of the county for approximately fifty miles, 
and receives within its course numerous tributaries of greater or 
less extent, of which Station Camp, Miller's creek, Buck and Doe, 
Drowning and Cow creeks are the most important. The banks 
of the Kentucky and its affluents are thickly wooded with choice 
timber of both hard and soft varieties, and the river and creeks 
are utilized during the rainy season of the year for floating millions 
of feet of choice timber to the mills. Mill sites of the finest char- 
acter with water power in abundance dot the river banks on both 
sides for the entire water front of the county. The soil along the 
river and creek bottoms is of remarkable fertility and admirably 
adapted to the cultivation of the coarser cereals. Indian corn 
is raised on these bottoms with great success, the annual inunda- 
tions furnishing sufficient silt to enrich and rejuvenate the soil for 
endless successive crops. The rougher portions of the county are 
well fitted for sheep grazing, an industry, however, which is yet in 
its infancy, there being but one sheep ranch in the county. The 
timber lands of Estill are fast disappearing, the market in that line 
being yearly stocked with -rafts of all kinds of building woods, 
to be converted into lumber by the mills; also with railroad ties, 
staves and tanbark. The county receives at the present time 
much splendid timber for the counties lying farther up the river, 
and when the river is completely locked and dammed, a work now 
in progress under the direction of the general govdrnment, the 
facilities for obtaining these supplies will be easily trebled. 



92 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

Iso county in the State is richer in its mineral deposits than 
Estill, although they lie as yet in an almost totally undeveloped 
state. Immense lields of bituminous coal, miles of iron ore of un- 
surpassed quality, which lie unused for lack of transportation 
facilities, zinc in paying quantities, petroleum that shows on the 
surface its great extent, in one instance bubbling from the ground 
in a continuous flow so that it can be seen in considerable quantity 
for a mile on the surface of the stream on which it is located; build- 
ing stone, scarcely inferior to granite, in inexhaustible deposits, 
hundred acres of workable clays, containing kaolin, aluminum and 
all the best material for pottery; all these are the known minerals 
of Estill county, known without any effort made to discover, much 
less to develop them. There are many mineral springs in the 
count}^ all of the varieties of sulphur, alum and chalybeate being 
represented, in several instances as many as five springs in close 
contiguity, having no two waters alike. The Estill Springs, situ- 
ated on the outskirt of the county seat, have been a popular water- 
ing place for nearly three-quarters of a century, and is well pat- 
ronized during the summer season. Irvine has two mammoth saw- 
mills that run as long as the river will furnish them timber, be- 
sides scattered through the county there are scores or more of mills 
of less capacity for sawing lumber. There are also four stave fac- 
tories and one for the manufacture of excelsior. The Louisville 
& Atlantic, running from Versailles to Irvine, a distance of sixty- 
one miles, is at present the only railroad tapping Estill county. 
The road contemplates building in the near future an extension 
of thirty-nine miles, passing through extensive coal fields and tim- 
ber lands and terminating at Beattyville. There is a good macad- 
amized road from Irvine to Richmond, and outside of this the 
system of roads is deficient, being maintained by the surveyor and 
allotment of hand system. 

Irvine, the county seat, is located in the Kentucky river valley, 
beautified and adorned by the loveliest of nature's scenery and is 
healthful, the air being pure and salubrious, and the waters noted 
for their health-restoring properties. It has a population of near- 
ly a thousand, and its people are polite, courteous and to a large 
extent cultured and refined. It is quite a lumber emporium, quite 
an amount of capital being invested in that business. Its posi- 
tion on the border between the Bluegrass and the mountains, 
the purity of its air and water, and many other things, make it 
one of the best locations for schools of high order in the State. Es- 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 93 

till county was named in honor of Capt. James Estill, and Irvine, 
for Col. William Irvine, two noted Indian fighters at an early day. 

L. A. West. 

Estill county is in the Tenth Congressional, Seventh Judicial, 
Twenty-ninth Senatorial and Seventy-third Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Cobhill, Fainville, Fox, Furnace, Ironmound, 
Irvine, Jinks, King Station, Locust Branch, Miller's Creek, Patsy, 
Rice Station, Sams, Spoutspring, Station Camp, Unionhall, Wagers- 
ville, Winston, Wisemantown. 



Fayette County. 

Fayette is the central county of the celebrated bluegrass region 
of Central Kentucky. It is bounded on the north by Scott, on the 
east by Bourbon and Clark, on the south by Madison and Jessa- 
mine, and on the west by Woodford, and includes an area of 275 
square miles. As originally constituted by the Legislature of 
Virginia, it was one of the three counties — Fayette, Lincoln, and 
Jefferson — composing the district of Kentucky, and was named 
after the distinguished General LaFayette. It then included "all 
that part of the said county of Kentucky which lies north of the 
line, beginning at the mouth of the Kentucky river, and up the 
same and its middle fork to the head, thence south to the Wash- 
ington line;" thus including about one-third of the present State. 
By the cutting off of many other counties it has dwindled to its 
present area. 

The topography and geology of the county are described in the 
following paragraphs by Prof. A. M. Miller, of the State College. 

Topography. — The surface of the county is a rolling upland with 
the general level of the highest portions about 1,000 feet above 
«ea level. The country becomes more broken towards the Ken- 
tucky river, which forms the southern boundary for about fifteen 
miles, and falls off very abruptly from the brink of the river hills 
to the 600 contour line. <The highest land in the county is on the 
watershed between North Elkhorn creek and the town branch of 
South Elkhorn, The highest railroad level reading is 1,961 feet, 
on the L. «& E. just outside the corporate limits of Lexington, and 
everything points to this locality as the highest part of the water- 
shed. Probably the 1,100 foot contour line is here reached. The 
lowest land in the county is, of course, along the river, where op- 



94 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

posite the mouth of Tate's creek, low water mark is about 525 
feet above the sea. This gives a total range in altitude for the 
county of nearly 600 feet. Except as Boone's creek and the Ken- 
tucky river is reached, most of the land between ^the Richmond 
and Winchester pikes is above 1,000 feet. Nearly all of that por- 
tion of the county lying west of a line marked by the Russell Cave 
and Harrodsburg pikes is below 1,000 feet in elevation. --V 

Drainage. — All the county drains into the Kentucky river, the 
southeastern portion by streams that have their courses entirely 
within or along the borders of the county, the rest of the county 
by streams that flow outside the limits before emptying. The 
former are streams of comparatively rapid fall and might furnish 
some water power, if only they were streams of greater volume. 
Streams of this class are Boone's, Elk Lick and Raven. The 
streams of the other class are North Elkhorn, Town Branch of 
South Elkhorn, South Elkhorn, West Hickman and East Hick- 
man. These are streams of more uniform flow and though the 
fall per mile is not great, furnish some power for flour and grist 
mills. None of these streams are navigable. 

Geology. — The geology of the county is largely controlled by 
the topography. In ascending order the formations ((all lower 
Silurian) are Chazy, Birdseye, Trenton, Lower Hudson, Middle 
Hudson. 

The Chazy and Birdseye formations, consisting chiefly of massive 
light colored limestone, very compact and breaking with con- 
choidal fracture, are found only in the river hills north of the 
Kentucky river fault, a line of fractures which cuts across the 
bends of the Kentucky river, five times in the stretch from Clay's 
ferry to Tate's creek ferry. They contribute little to soil form- 
ation but furnish the most valuable building stones in the county. 
The lower ten feet of the Birdseye is amagnesian limestone of 
pleasing appearance and possessed of a considerable degree of 
durability. On the two big bends of the Kentucky river to the 
northwest, these formations appear in picturesque cliffs. On the 
big bend to the southwest, nothing but the softer limestones and 
shales of the Upper Trenton, Lower Hudson, and Middle Hudson 
appear. The Birdseye and Chazy have here slipped down to be- 
low the level of the river, having suffered a total throw of about 
300 feet. 

The different formations of the county are traversed by fissures 
which have been filled up by mineral matters, chiefly heavyspar 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 96 

(barite), calspar (calcite), and fluorspar (fluorite). Minute quanti- 
ties of lead and zinc accompany these gangue minerals, but there 
is little probability that the minerals will ever be found in such 
quantities or purity as to warrant their exploitation. 

Natural Curiosities. — Numerous caves and sinks, the result of 
the solvent action of carbonated waters percolating downward, 
abound in the county. One of the best known is Russell Cave, 
about seven miles from town on the Russell Cave pike. A copi- 
ous spring — literally an underground stream — issues from one 
side of the main entrance. 

At Elk Lick Falls, a stream formed of springs issuing from the 
base of the Trenton, has built up quite a deposit of calcareous 
tufa, reaching from the bottom to the top of the cliff, over which 
the water falls, a distance of upwards of thirty feet. 

There are some saline and sulphur wells in the county which are 
reputed to furnish water of medicinal value. 

The greater part of the land of the county is arable and pasture 
land of the finest quality. The soil is of two principal kinds: 
That with red subsoil, derived from the Trenton limestone, and 
that with yellow subsoil, derived from the limestone of the Lower 
Hudson. The former is considered the better, and may be re- 
garded as the typical bluegrass soil. These soils are very similar, 
physically, both being rather clayey in texture, though not con- 
taining a large proportion of true clay, but being composed largely 
of very fine sand. They are remarkably rich in phosphates, and 
contain a large reserve of insoluble potash silicates, so that they 
are capable of retaining their fertility for a long time under 
proper tillage, and when depleted, may be restored again by clover 
or grass. Experiments made at the farm of the Agricultural Ex- 
periment Station near Lexington, upon the soil of the second 
variety described ((yellow subsoil), show that when run down by 
long cropping, it becomes deficient in available potash, though 
still containing an abundance of available phosphates, and upon 
such soil fertilizers containing much potash and little or no phos- 
phate may be used with profit. It is believed that this is true 
also of the better class of soil having the red subsoil. This soil 
is peculiarly well suited to the white Burley tobacco and to hemp, 
but the growing of tobacco has nearly superseded that of hemp 
in late years. It is also productive of corn, and is fairly good 
wheat soil. Prof. Milton Whitney, soil expert of the United 
States Department of Agriculture, in commenting on the mechan- 



96 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

ical analysis of this soil, characterizes it as ^'having the same 
texture as our Avheat lands, being in fact rather light for profit- 
able wheat production." 

It is hardly proper to say that there are any timber lands In 
the county, as the timber now remaining is mostly that retained 
in the woodland pastures, but a few fine walnut and cherry logs 
are still being marketed. 

The Timber Growth. — The following extracts from an article 
by Prof. H. Garman, of the Agricultural Experiment Station, 
describe the present forest growth: 

''Nothing is more destructive to the native vegetation of a 
country than grazing stock. Forest fires sometimes devastate 
tracts of land quickly, but in the long run grazing exterminates 
plants of all sorts more completely. It is not to be expected, 
therefore, that a county so completely given to stock raising a» 
Fayette should at this late period retain much of the primitive 
forest with which at one time it was covered. Only in woodland 
pastures, along fences in cultivated fields, on the steep banks of 
creeks and of Kentucky river can one learn something of what 
made up the forest when the country was settled. Judging by 
what remains in these situations, it then furnished as fine timber 
in as great variety as any part of the State. 

"We have the remnants of a forest much like that of the other 
parts of the State, the notable lacks among valuable trees being 
such as thrive best in peculiar soil or situation. The hemlock, 
white pine, chestnut, cow oak, swamp whiteoak and cypress have 
not been observed here except in some cases in cultivation. 

"Taking the county as a whole, there is still considerable market- 
able timber remaining in woodland pastures, but it is wisely be- 
ing preserved for other purposes, and it is to be hoped that Fay- 
ette county may never be more completely deprived of her native 
trees and shrubs than she is at the present time. Certainly their 
worth in money is trifling when compared with their aesthetic 
value as a feature of the bluegrass landscape, and their useful- 
ness as a partial check on the sudden and extreme drouths with 
which of late this region has been too frequently visited." 

As the raising of fine stock, especially horses, is one of the 
most important interests of the county, a large part of the best 
land is retained in permanent bluegrass pastures. Much of this 
land, however, has recently been devoted to the production of 
tobacco, which is generally raised by white labor "on shares." 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 97 

Aside from this, most of the farming is done by colored laborers, 
and the average price for good labor is about |14.00 per month 
with board. 

Kailroads : — There are in Fayette county about 67 miles of rail- 
road, having mileage as follows: Louisville & Nashville, 9.5 
miles; Louisville Southern, 8.5 miles; Cincinnati Southern, 14 
miles; Kentucky Central, 9 miles; Lexington & Eastern, 12 miles; 
Chesapeake & Ohio, 11 miles; Lexington Belt Line, 3 miles. All 
railroads center in Lexington. 

The territory most remote from railroads in the county is the 
southeastern part, where some localities are as much as twelve 
miles from the nearest railroad station, but are nearer the 
navigable waters of Kentucky river. 

Turnpikes. — There are from 350 to 400 miles of turnpike in the 
county, about 200 miles being Telford and the remaining macadam 
road. From May 1, 1897, to May 1, 1898, the cost of maintenance 
was 127,500. From May 1, 1898, to May 1, 1899, the cost was 
139,875. At the end of this period the roads were in a worse con- 
dition than they were two years before. This state of affairs was 
due to the extreme winter the frost penetrating through the stone 
and into the earth below. During the past summer extra exer- 
tions on the part of the supervisor have been successful in bring- 
ing the turnpikes into a good state of repair. The county has 
recently constructed near Lexington a specimen of model road, 
built according to the directions of a road expert from the United 
States Department of Agriculture. 

The county seat and only city of the county is Lexington — a city 
of the second class, which contains a population of about 35,000. 
and embraces an area of little more than three square miles, the 
city limits extending a mile in every direction from the court- 
house. 

Lexington is one of the oldest settlements in the State, the site 
having been visited by a party of hunters in June, 1775, and was 
named in honor of the battle of Lexington (Mass.), news of which 
had just been received by them. A permanent settlement was ef- 
fected in 1779, and it was incorporated as a town in 1782 and as a 
city in 1832. The city has had an interesting history and has long 
been famous as the home of many men who have occupied high 
places in the councils of the State and the nation. 

Its position at the intersection of several railroad lines extend- 
ing in all directions, together with its extensive system of turn- 



98 



Fourtccnih Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



pikes radiating iuto every part of the surrounding country gives 
it the most commanding commercial position in the eastern half 
of Kentucky, and has resulted in the development of many im- 
portant business enterprises, and in the building up of one of the 
handsomest cities of the State. 

The principal streets are paved with brick and internal travel 
is further facilitated by a very complete electric street railway 
system which reaches every quarter of the city. The Street Rail- 
way Company also operates the electric light system of the city 
and an extensive plant for the manufacture of ice. 

The water supply of the city comes from Lake Ellerslie, an 
artificial reservoir covering 126 acres, three miles east of the city. 
It is controlled by a private company, which furnishes the city 
with its water for fire protection and the homes of the city for 
domestic use. The lake is stocked with a variety of the finest fish 
by a club composed of business and professional men. 

The business interests of the city are extensive and varied. As 
a horse market it has long been famous, and the various racing 
meetings throughout the season at the Fair Grounds bring to- 
gether a large number of horse breeders and owners from all 
parts of the country. 

Tobacco, hemp and canning factories and flour mills convert the 
raw materials from the surrounding farms into finished products. 
A large brewery has recently been added to the city's business 
interests, and a tobacco warehouse is in process of construction 
by the Continental Tobacco Company. Many large wholesale and 
retail commercial houses serve as distributing agents for all kinds 
of food products and manufacturers. 

The public buildings of Lexington are large and imposing. 
The court-house was erected at a cost of ^200,000. It is con- 
structed of Bowling Green oolitic limestone, is three stories in 
height, and is very complete in all its appointments. 

The government building, in which are located the postoflSce 
and the offices of the Seventh Internal Eevenue District, is a 
splendid granite structure, erected in ISSO. and is well adapted to 
its purposes. 

The Eastern Kentucky Asylum for the Insane is located upon 

the northern edge of the city. It has extensive buildings and 

beautiful grounds of about 250 acres in extent. There are nearly 

1,000 of Kentucky's unfortunates cared for here. 

Two splendid general hospitals afford a refuge for those 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of AgrieuUure. 99 

stricken down by disease or accident: St. Joseph's, conducted by 
the C'atholics, and the Good Samaritan, managed jointly by the 
Protestant churches of the city. 

In its educational institutions Lexiugton stands pre-eminent. It 
has for many years been the Mecca of Chautauquans of Kentucky, 
and the annual gatherings of the assembly are largely and enthus- 
iastically attended at Woodland Park, in the eastern part of the 
city. The assembly has a large auditorium and numerous sub- 
ordinate buildings beautifully situated in a noble grove of Ken- 
tucky's finest forest trees. 

In the early part of the century Transylvania University in 
Lexington was the most noted institution of learning west of the 
Alleghanies. It had its beginning toward the close of the preced- 
ing century, when grants of public land were made for the pur- 
pose of establishing popular education. It w'as the alma mater 
of hosts of students, many of whom subsequently became men of 
great influence and renown. In 18G5 it was merged into Ken- 
tucky University and an agricultural and mechanical college was 
established by the State under the provisions of the grant of lands 
from the Federal GoveriTment, as a college of the same institu- 
tion. In 1878, the Legislature passed an act separating the Agri- 
cultural and Mechanical College from Kentucky University and 
looking to its independent establishment as the Agricultural and 
Mechanical College by the city of Lexington, and money for the 
first buildings was given by both city and county. 

Kentucky University and the Agricultural and Mechanical or 
State College, as it is called, are both large and flourishing insti- 
tutions and provide instruction for both men and women. The 
former is conducted under the auspices of the Christian church, 
and in its Bible College, especially, where students meet from all 
parts of the world, is an important auxiliary of that denomina- 
tion. Its College of Liberal Arts offers courses in the usual 
branches of collegiate instruction. 

The State College is a non-sectarian institution, supported 
jointly by the State and the Federal governments. While giving 
instructions in the usual classical studies, it is also especially pre- 
pared to give thorough courses in scientific, agricultural and engin- 
eering lines, its laboratories and shops being amph^ equipped with 
the best modern apparatus for this w^ork. Associated with the 
college, the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station is con- 

tofC. 



100 Fowteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

stantly engaged in experimental work with farm and garden crops 
in the interest of farmers. 

Besides these two institutions, there are three others for the 
education of young ladies: Sajre Institute, Hamilton College 
and St. Catherine's Academy, conducted under the several auspices 
of the I'resbyterian, Christian and Catholic churches. The 
American Missionary Association also maintains a large normal 
school for colored pupils. In addition to all these, there are sev- 
eral large commercial colleges, private schools, and the necessary 
quota of public schools for the needs of the community. 

The principal villages outside of Lexington are East Hickman, 
Athens, Centerville, Walnut Hill, Fort Spring, Chilesburg, Done- 
rail, South Elkhorn and Sandersville. The State Houses of Re- 
form are located at Greendale, a station on the Cincinnati South- 
ern railroad, a few miles north of Lexington. 

(leneral Outline, by Prof. A. M. Peter; Topography and Geology, 
by Prof. A. M. Miller; Account of Lexington and its Educational 
Institutions, by Prof. C. W. MathoAvs; Railroads and Turnpikes, 
by Prof. J. P. Brooks; Forest Growth, by Prof. H. Garman , State 
College, Lexington. 

Fayette county is situated in the vSeventh Congressional, Fifth 
Appellate, Twenty-second Judicial, Twenty-seventh Senatorial, 
and Sixty-first and Sixty-second Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Athens, Avon, Brighton, Chilesburg, Cleveland. 
Donerail, East Hickman, Elk Chester, Fort Spring, Greendale, 
Kirklevington, Lexington, Loradale, Moore, Montrose, Muir, Rus- 
sell Cave, Shannondale, South Elkhorn, Walnuthill, Yarnallton. 



Fleming County. 

Fleming County was formed in 1798, out of a portion of Mason, 
and was the twenty-sixth county in the State; was named in honor 
of Col. John M. Fleming, who was head of the numerous family 
of Flemings. It is situated in the northeastern part of the State, 
seventeen miles from the Ohio river. Licking river traverses 
the southwestern border and is fed by Fox, Fleming and Johnson 
creeks, which in early days were noted for the numerous water 
mills, that "cracked the corn." The eastern portion of the county 
is mountainous and heavily timbered, poplar, pine, oak and chest- 
nut prevailing. Iron ore and building stone is found in this 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 101 

region in abundance; the valleys here are of sandy soil, and high- 
ly productive and only av^^ait transportation to make this the 
most valuable section of the county. The land is cheap now, 
and can be bought at a price that should attract capital in this 
direction. The balance of the county is known as limestone or 
walnut land, is deep and rich, producing corn, wheat and tobacco, 
equal to any in the State, and surpassed by none. Fine turn- 
pikes are scattered all over the county, and are sustained by 
taxation, some two hundred miles of macadam being in fine con- 
dition. Mineral and sulphur springs are found profusely through- 
out this section and are noted for their medicinal qualities. 

Farm hands receive from |8 to |20 per month, and day laborers 
.|1 to .fo ])er day. Several mills for sawing lumber are work- 
ing on a small scale, and the lumber is hauled to market by teams. 

The county seat, Flemingsburg, is the principal town, centrally 
located and one of the prettiest in the State, and contains seven- 
teen jiundred souls. It is connected with the outer world by the 
C, F. cV: A. R. K. which connects with the L. & N. at Johnson 
station. The C, F. & A. runs from this point to Hillsboro, twelve 
miles east of here. AYe are further connected with civilization by 
telegraph and telephone, and four daily mails to Cincinnati and 
Louisville. 

Flemingsburg has one of the finest public graded schools in 
the State of Kentucky; the building is large, containing sixteen 
rooms, situated on a high hill, has all the modern improvements 
in heating and ventilation, and cost thirty-five thousand dollars. 
The present term opened with four hundred pupils. Prof. T. A. 
Luman, a native of this county, is principal, assisted by a com- 
petent corps of teachers, selected by competitive examination. 

Our court house is "old timey,'' but good and roomy, was built 
in 1829, and good for centuries to come. We have two news- 
papers (Demociat and Republican), three hotels, four drug stores, 
four livery stables, five dry goods stores, one clothing store, 
two jewelry shops, two dentists, one restaurant, two sad- 
dleries or harness shops, seven groceries, two hardware houses, 
two furniture houses, one agricultural dealer, six churches, seven 
physicians, thirteen lawyers, two banks, two milliners, three 
blacksmith shops, two carriage sh6ps, two undertakers. Masonic, 
Odd Fellows, and K. P. lodges. We have two hand and one steam 
fire engines, and the best fire department outside of Louisville. 



102 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

We have one large flouring mill and three large tobacco barns, 
where the weed is bought, prized and shipped to market. 

Our town is lighted by a system of electricity that has been 
running three years, and only shut down once in that time, and 
thou only for ten hours, showing that it is as good as the best. 
A new telephone exchange has just been inaugurated, and began 
operations October 12, 1899. The public well in the center of the 
town, which has done duty for a hundred years, was found to be 
tainted with oil on the morning of July 4, 1899, and at first was 
thought to be salted by the boys, who had lemonade to sell on that 
day, but investigations showed that oil was flowing in with the 
run of water, and some ten barrels of oil was taken out in three 
weeks. The oil is of bright amber color, and burns without a 
flash, makes a better light and lasts longer in a lamp than the coal 
oil you buy. Oil and water pumped up together and thrown on 
the streets burn readily from a match as it flows in the gutter. 
Several oil magnates have been through' the county and are leas- 
ing land with the avowed intention of developing the territory 
within the next twelve months. Our citizens are broad and liber- 
al, and assist all enterprise that tends towards the betterment of 
our county. 

Flemingsburg is surrounded by a rich and undulating country 
and extensive farms, fat mules and good horses. Our county 
court is held on the fourth Monday of each month, and is a verit- 
able street fair. Cattle, hogs, sheep and horses are brought in 
on that daj' for sale, and change hands rapidly under the auction- 
eer's cry. Under an established custom, buyers come here from 
a distance to purchase, and it is no uncommon thing to see a 
shipment of two hundred horses from here after court day's sale. 

Ewing, seven miles west of Flemingsburg, is situated on the 
C. & O. R. R., has a population of three hundred souls, is a flour- 
ishing little town, with seven stores, two hotels and a newspaper 
(Ewing Enquirer), one bank, three large tobacco warehouses, two 
churches and a public school. The ''Ewing Fair Grounds" are also 
here and are building up a reputation. 

Elizaville, two miles east of Ewing and one mile from Nepton, 
is a very attractive town, with two churches. Masonic and Odd 
Fellows lodge, public school and several good stores. 

Plummer's Landing is a new town in the eastern part of the 
county, twelve miles from Flemingsburg on Fox creek, near the 
famous "Belle Grove Springs;" is growing rapidly; has three stores 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 103 

and two mills, one church and school building. This is the prin- 
cipal lumber and shingle market of the county; large quantities 
of fencing are hauled from this point to Mason, Nicholas and ad- 
joining counties. 

Mount Carmel, seven miles north of Flemingsburg, is reached by 
turnpike, has good surrounding country, four stores, two churches, 
three physicians and a host of good people. 

Hillsboro, ten miles south at the end of the C, F. & A. R. R. 
nestles at the foot of the mountains, has a population of four 
hundred souls, two churches, two physicians, several stores and 
mechanic shops. This is a great center for country produce, and 
large shipments are made from this point. 

Sherburne and Tilton are on the line of Maysville and Mt. Ster- 
ling turnpike road and are thriving business towns. 

Poplar Plains is on the C, F. & A. R. R. five miles from Flem- 
ingsburg, has two churches, two physicians, and two stores; sur- 
rounding country is good, people are prosperous. 

Grange City is a new place near Licking river, containing two 
stores, blacksmith shop and flouring mill. 

Fleming county's tobacco crop is sought by the big manufac- 
turers and they send their agents in here to buy direct from the 
farmers, and a good price is the result. The citizens of Fleming 
are a quiet, law-abiding people and they invite investigations of 
their county and its products. 

C. L. Dudley. 

The county is in the Ninth Congressional, Sixth Appellate, 
Nineteenth Judicial, Thirty-fifth Senatorial and Eighty-eighth 
Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Balm, Beechburg, Bowman, Cowman, Grains, 
Dalesburg, Elizaville, Ewing, Flemingsburg, Foxport, Grange 
Oity, Hillsboro, Hillton, Johnson Junction, Limerick, Mount Car- 
mel, Muses Mills, Nepton, Nisi, Oakwood, Peck's Ridge, Plum- 
mer's Landing, Poplar Plains, Ringo's Mills, Ryan, Sandford, 
Sapp, Sherburne, Sunset, Tilton, Wallingford. 



104 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



Floyd County. 

Floyd County is situated in the extreme portion of Eastern 
Kentucky. It was made a county in 1799 and its territory was 
taken from the counties of Mason, Fleming and Montgomery. 
It was named in honor of Col. John Floyd, a very prominent man 
in Kentucky in the early days of the State. It has since contri- 
buted much of its territory to form other counties, sixteen 
counties having been formed in whole or in part, from the original 
territory of Floyd. It is bounded on the north by Johnson and 
Martin counties, on the east by Pike, on the south by Knott, and 
on the west by MagoflSn. The surface of the county is very 
mountainous, it is well watered and drained by the Big Sandy 
and its tributaiios, which flow through the central portion of the 
county. 

In the valleys of the Big Sandy the soil is fertile, and the princi- 
pal crop of the county, which is corn, is grown to great perfec- 
tion; wheat, oats and flax are also cultivated to some extent. 

The mountains and hills of the whole county are underlaid with 
coal, the supply being practically inexhaustible, but want of 
proper facilities for transporting to market has hindered the de- 
velopment of same very materially. Much of the valuable tim- 
ber of the county has been cut and rafted out of the county on the 
Big Sandy, yet there still remains much valuable timber, oak, 
poplar, hickory, beech, ash and walnut. Large tracts of good 
timber can be bought at reasonable prices per acre. Diversified 
farming is not carried on, this, like most of the mountain counties, 
confining its principal industries to the minerals and timber of 
the county. The Big Sandy river is navigable in the winter and 
spring seasons for small steamers and in summer for push boats. 
There are no turnpikes in the county. The public roads of the 
county are common dirt roads which are maintained and kept up 
under the road laws of the State by overseers warning out hands, 
who are subject to road dutj-, to work on them. Under such a 
system, of course, no roads are ever kept in very good condition. 
There are no railroads in the county, though the Kentucky Mid- 
land has been projected to run through the northern part of the 
county, entering it at Needmore on the western boundary, run- 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 106 

ning to Prestonburg, the county seat, and thence in a southeastern 
direction into Pike. 

The labor mostly employed in the county is furnished by native 
whites. For farm labor hands can be had at |10 to |15 per month 
and board. 

The school facilities of this county are furnished by the common 
schools, which, in a general way, may be said to be in good con- 
dition; they are well attended and under good management. 

Prestonburg, the county seat of Floyd county, is situated in 
the northern part of the county, on the Big Sandy river. It is 
a nice little village, has a church and school house, besides 
a few stores and shops. 

Floyd county is situated in the Tenth Congressional, Seventh 
Appellate, Twenty-fourth Judicial, Thirty-third Senatorial and 
Ninety-seventh Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — Alliance, Alphoretta, Banner, Beaver, Bonanza, 
Cline, Dotson, Dwale, Fed, Galveston, Goodloe, Hueysville, 
Lackey, Langley, Laynesville, McDowell, Melvin, Minnie, Osborn, 
Prestonsburg, Setser, Spurlock, Thomas. 



Franklin County. 

Franklin County is situated in the northern part of the State, 
the counties of Henry and Carroll only being between the northern 
boundary and the Ohio river. It was organized as a county in 
1794, and is, therefore, one of the oldest counties in the State in 
date of organization. 

The topography of the county is gently rolling, with the 
exception of that portion bordering on the banks of the Kentucky 
river and some of its tributaries where the precipitous bluffs, 
characteristic of that stream, rise to a height of 100 feet and 
constitute some of the finest scenery in the State. It is credited 
with comparing favorably .with the Palisades of the Hudson. 

The county is bounded on the north by Henry and Owen, on the 
south by Woodford and Anderson, on the east by Owen, Scott and 
Woodford and on the west by Shelby and Henry. Those portions 
of the county bordering the counties of Owen, Henry and part of 
Shelby are more rolling and the soil is not so fertile as in those 
parts lying next the counties of Scott, Woodford and Anderson and 
the southern part of Shelby. The geological formation is that 



106 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

known as the lower Silurian. The soil is a clay loam, very produc- 
tive and adapted to the growth of heavy cereals and tobacco and 
in the northern portion especially adapted to growing peaches 
and apples and to which considerable attention is paid. 

The timber resources of the county are limited, being only suf- 
ficient for local use. The Kentucky river flows through the center 
of the county from north to south. By a system of locks and dams 
under control of the general government it is navigable at all 
seasons and furnishes the county cheap and reliable transportation 
for its products. The other streams of the county are Big and 
Little Benson and Elkhorn, all tributaries of the Kentucky river. 
Some lead ore is known to exist in the county, but has never been 
exploited sufficiently to determine its commercial value. Along 
the cliffs of the Kentucky river a species of limestone, known as 
Kentucky marble, is found. It is a valuable building stone, the 
strata lying in even thicknesses. From this stone the present State 
House at Frankfort was built. The county has a number of 
mineral springs, mostly of sulphur impregnation. Below Frank- 
fort while prospecting for oil some years ago a wonderful stream 
of sulphur water was struck at a depth of 1,600 feet, which pours a 
vast volume of water under a very high pressure. There are a 
number of large saw mills located on the Kentucky river, which 
are supplied with logs from the counties on the head-waters of the 
river, being sent down in rafts during spring and winter tides. 
Kentucky River Mills, located at Frankfort, and utilizing the 
water power, furnished by lock No. 4, is an old established and 
highly prosperous factory, using annually many thousands pounds 
of hemp in the manufacture of the higher grades of binder and 
commercial twine. There are also a number of large distilleries 
in the county, all of which stand at the top in reputation of their 
brands. Next in importance is the flour mill industry, mainly 
centered at Frankfort. Cheap raw material and low rate of trans- 
portation, the result of water competition, makes the county a 
desirable location for factories using wood, hemp or tobacco. 

The county has the L., C. & L. division of the Louisville & Nash- 
ville railroad running through the southern end of the county and 
the Frankfort and Cincinnati running from Frankfort to Paris and 
connecting at Georgetown with the C, N. O. & T. P. for Cincinnati 
and the south. These lines with the twenty odd miles of river 
transportation furnished by the Kentucky river gives the county 
excellent transportation facilities. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 107 

The macadamized roads of the county are free to the public and 
are maintained out of the general revenue. Since these roads have 
passed under the control of the county their condition has been 
fairly well maintained, but there is much to be learned in the mat- 
ter of maintaining macadamized roads under county supervision. 
The roads, other than macadamized, are still maintained by call- 
ing on the hands allotted to each road. 

The labor of the county is performed by both white and colored 
laborers, and the price varies from |10 to |13 per month with board 
for labor on the farm. The wages in factories and mills varies 
from 11.25 per day for unskilled labor; from |3 to |5 per day for 
skilled mechanics and foremen. 

The educational facilities of the county are good, although con- 
sisting mainly of the public schools. The district schools are 
taught by progressive teachers. They are well attended and in 
the matter of educating the masses are doing a great work. 

Frankfort city school is a superb building erected at a cost of 
$30,000. It is equipped with kindergarten, manual training and 
art departments. The present enrollment is some 1,300 pupils 
under control of twent3--four teachers. The graduates from this 
school are fully prepared to enter the best colleges and universi- 
ties. So well in fact does this school meet the educational re- 
quirements that private institutions of instruction have found it 
difficult to maintain themselves. 

Frankfort, the county seat and capital of the State, is situated 
on the Kentucky river. It is one of the oldest cities of the State, 
which fact together with its picturesque location makes it especi- 
ally a point of interest. It has a population of about 10,000, and 
is favorably located and enjoys a considerable trade. Here are 
located the public offices of the State, the main State prison, the 
State Colored Normal School for the preparation of teachers of 
that race and the Kentucky Feeble Minded Institute for the in- 
struction of children of imperfect development. 

Bridgeport, Jetts, Elkhorn, Benson, Peak's Mill, Elmville, Swal- 
lowfield and Flagfork are thriving villages. 

Franklin county is situated in the Seventh Congressional. Fifth 
Appellate, Fourteenth Judicial, Twentieth Senatorial and Fifty- 
sixth Legislative Districts. 



108 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Benson, Biidgeport, Elmville, Farmdale, Flag- 
fork, Foi^ks of Elkhorn, Forsee, Frankfort, Harp, barvieland, Ho- 
neysuckle, Jett, Peak's Mill, I'olsgrove, Safifell, Swallowfield, 
Switzer, Tioga, Woodlake. There is another postoffice on Law- 
renceburg pike, three miles from town. I forgot the name. 



Fulton County. 

(Revised 1901 by Judge H. M, Kearby.) 

Fulton county was cut off or taken from Hickman county in the 
year 1845, from the southwestern part of the county, and is situat 
ed in the extreme southwestern angle of the State on the Missis- 
sippi river, contains about 184 square miles and is bounded as 
follows: On the west and north by the Mississippi river, on the 
northeast and east by Hickman county, and on the south by the 
State of Tennessee. It was named in honor of the celebrated in- 
ventor of the steamboat, Robert Fulton, The bends of the Miss^ 
issippi river are so many and extensive it gives the county many 
miles of shore line. The county is well watered and drained by 
the several streams emptying into the Mississippi river from the 
same, principal among them being Bayou de Chien and Obion creek. 
Fulton's soil is good, large portion of the county is very productive, 
the principal products of the farm being corn, Avheat. 
rye, oats and tobacco. The greater portion of county 
is what is known as upland and is very good, the Miss- 
issippi bottoms being especially rich and fertile. This 
county is a great county for strawberries and they are 
grown to great perfection and in great abundance, and thous- 
ands of dollars' worth of them shipped to the Chicago market. 
The timber supply of the county remains good, probably one- 
third of the original timber of the county yet remaining. Oak, 
poplar, hickory and cypress are to be found in abundance. About 
forty miles of shore line along the Mississippi river is all the 
water transportation the county has, none of the streams of the 
county being navigable. Bayou de Chien and Little Ohio are 
navigable for rafts and small flatboats. We have no turnpikes 
in the county; the public roads are the common county or dirt 
roads and are kept up in a kind of repair by putting as little 
work on them as possible. They are worked and maintained under 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 109 

the road laws of the State, and under the supervision of over- 
seers appointed by the county court. There are about forty miles 
of railroad in the county, the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis, 
Mobile and Ohio and Illinois Central, southern division. None in 
course of construction nor projected. 

Good farm lands can be had at reasonable prices and labor on 
same, which is mostly native white and colored, can be had for -f 10 
to |12 per month and board. The facilities for education are fur- 
nished by the common schools of the county which are well attended 
and under good and careful management. The population of Ful- 
ton county in 1890, was 10,00.5, with a small but steady immigra- 
tion into the county. 

Hickman, the county seat of Fulton county, w^as incorporated in 
1834, and called Mills Point, but was changed in 1837 to Hickman, 
in honor of Hon. EdAvin Hickman, of Tennessee. It is located 
about fifty miles below the mouth of the Ohio river on the east 
bank of the Mississippi, and had a population in 1890, according 
to the eleventh census, of 1,652, but it is estimated now to De about 
2,000. Its facilities for transportation, both by water and by rail, 
are first-class. It is a flourishing town, with good schools and 
churches. 

Fulton county is situated in the First Congressional, First 
Appellate, First Judicial, First Senatorial, and First Legislative 
Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Cayce, Crutchfield, Fulton, Hickman, Jordan, 
Mabel. Stateline. 



Gallatin County. 

The county of Gallatin, named after Hon. Albert Gallatin, sec- 
retary of the United States Treasury during President Jefferson's 
administration, was organized in 1798, from parts of Shelby and 
Franklin counties, and was the twenty-third county organized in 
the State. It was at one time one of the largest counties in the 
State, but territory has been taken from it at various times for the 
formation of other counties, until now it is one of the smallest. 
Owen county was formed from it in 1819, Trimble, in part, in 1836, 
Carroll took the western half in 1838, forming Carroll county, with 
Carrollton as the county seat, which originally was Port Williams, 



110 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of A(iricuJturc. 

the county soat of Gallatin county. Warsaw, formerly known as 
Fredericksburg, became the county seat of Gallatin. 

Gallatin county lias always been a prosperous county, always 
paying into the State treasury more revenue than it drew out, and 
being of little expense to the State, owing to the law-respecting 
citizenship it has AYithin its borders. Many a circuit court passes 
without the return of a single indictment. The county is situated 
at the lower end of the "great bend'' of the Ohio river, and is 
about midway between the two great cities of Louisville and Cin- 
cinnati. Warsaw, the county seat, being about 60 miles below 
Cincinnati by water, and 35 by railroad; SO miles above Louisville 
by water and 45 by rail. The surface of the county is generally 
hilly, though there is an extensive acreage of river bottom land, 
above high water mark. It is limestone soil, and is very produc- 
tive. White Burlej' tobacco, corn, live stock, fruit and garden 
farming are given especial attention. There is a small outcrop- 
ping of coal and lead in the western part of the county, and a 
very superior quality of tiling clay is also found. The timber 
supply has been about exhausted, there being only about five per 
cent, of the forests left. The county is well watered by creeks. 
Eagle creek bounds it on the south and the Ohio river on the 
north, the river boundary being twenty-one miles. The county is 
most desirably situated for any kind of business, being close to 
the city markets where the highest prices prevail, and having the 
advantage of the lowest freight rates, much of the produce being 
carried to the markets at not -to exceed five cents per hundred 
weight. An}- manufacturing enterprise would do well here as 
there is a small tax which in all does not aggregate one per cent. 
on the actual values, and at the county seat. Warsaw, there has 
not been a cent for municipal tax paid in fifteen years, yet it has 
a population of over 1,100, with several factories and all the reas- 
onable conveniences, such as first-class fire department, good side- 
walks and streets well lighted at night. The expenses are paid 
out of liquor licenses, from three liotel saloons, and the wharf 
privileges. 

The county has an excellent class of citizens, and has a popula- 
tion of about G,000. The land will raise any kind of crop suitable 
to ihe climate. The land ranges in value from §5.00 to fSO.OO. 
Farm labor is both white and colored: price, from ^SM to $1G.OO 
per month with board, and from ;i?15.00 to $20.00 without board. 

Roads are under management of county road superintendent 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. Ill 

and are kept up by taxation. It is satisfactory. There are 7.1 
miles of free turnpike and 94 miles of dirt road, all kept np by a 
system of taxation. The tax rate is 6OI/2 cents for all purposes. 
The county debt is only about |20,000. 

The county is well supplied with good schools and churches and 
the laws are faithfully executed. The people encourage the in- 
coming of every good citizen, and are willing to assist every in- 
dustrial enterprise: D. B. Wallace. 

Gallatin county is situated in the Sixth Congressional, Fifth Ap- 
pellate, Fifteenth Judicial, Twenty-third Senatorial and Fifty- 
third Legislative Districts. 

PosTOPFiGEs: — Brashear, Ethridge, Gex, Glencoe, Napoleon, 
Ryle, Sparta, Sugar, Warsaw. 



Garrard County. 

Garrard County was formed in 1796 out of the counties of Madi- 
son, Lincoln and Mercer, and was named in honor of James Gar- 
rard, who was then governor of the State of Kentucky. It is 
centrally located, its capital, Lancaster, being within twenty miles 
of the geographical center of the State. Jessamine county, from 
which it is separated by the Kentucky river, bounds it on the 
north; Madison county on the east; Lincoln and Rockcastle 
counties on the south, and Boyle and Mercer counties on the west. 
It is, therefore, a '^bluegrass" county. Part of the county is hilly, 
much of it undulating — what is called rolling land. The soil is 
highly productive of corn and the small grains, tobacco and hemp. 
The ''Buckeye" section of the county is hilly and has been culti- 
vated in grain for near a hundred years, and seems to have lost 
little if any of its original fine productive qualities. Perhaps the 
.best and fattest hogs of this county, and as fine as those of any 
county, are driven up out of "Buckeye" for shipment in the fall. 
We have no minerals, gas or oil, in paying quantities, in the 
county. The timber, for any but fuel and fencing purposes, is 
about exhausted. There is much oak timber in some sections of 
the county suited for milling purposes. Our farming is diversified 
only in the usual way by rotation of crops, and there is no dairy- 
ing or truck farming and very little fruit growing carried on as a 
specialty in the county. We have 120 miles of turnpike road in 
the county, all of which can now be traveled free of toll, with a 



112 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture, 

rate of taxation for their maintenance of about twenty-five cents 
on the hundred dollars' worth of property. The other public 
roads of the county belong to the general statutory system of 
roads and are well kept. The Louisville & Nashville railroad, 
''Kentucky Central Division," crosses the county, covering a 
distance of fourteen miles. There are no uncompleted railroads in 
the county, and none at present proposed. Dripping Springs is 
the only health resort in the county. The water is sulphur and 
magnesia, and is very fine for stomach, kidney and liver troubles. 
The buildings will probably be repaired and enlarged by the open- 
ing of next season. There is a sulphur well at Lowell and another 
at Cartersville, and either could be made a place of health resort. 

The average price of farm lands, improved and unimproved, hi 
about |15.00. The labor employed is native labor and the average 
price per month is $13.00. A planing mill, canning factory, barrel 
and stave works w^ould do well in this county. 

The county seat is Lancaster, with a population of 1,500, laid off 
in a perfect square, extending one-half mile in each direction from 
the center of the public square. It is a fifth class city, with a 
graded school and six churches. The business houses are nearly 
all new and modern in their architecture, beautiful in design, and 
are large and comfortable. Many of the residences are handsome, 
commodious and elegant in design and finish, and few cities have 
more shade trees which are properly located for shading the 
houses and streets in the heated term. The public schools of the 
county are in good condition, with wide-awake teachers, trustees 
and county superintendent. They are not to any great extent sup- 
plemented by local taxation. We have no bonded indebtedness, 
and the rate of taxation for county purposes including the turn- 
pike tax will be about fifty cents on the hundred dollars' worth of 
property. William Herndon. 

Garrard County is situated in the Eighth Congressional, Fifth 
Appellate, Thirteenth Judicial, Eighteenth Senatorial and Sixty- 
seventh Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — Bourne, Bryantsville, Buckeye, Buena Vista, Car- 
tersville, Flatwood, Hammack, Hyattsville, Judson, Lancaster, 
Lowell, McCreary, Manse, Marcellus, Marksbury, Nina, Paintlick, 
Point Leavell, Stone, Sweeney, Teatersville. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture.. 113 



Grant County. 

(Revised 1901, by Judge J. H. Westover.) 

Grant county was created a county of the Commonwealth of 
Kentucky on the 12th day of February, 1820. It was created from 
a part of Pendleton, and contained all of the territory now em- 
braced within its boundaries excepting a small strip added from 
Campbell county in 1830, and a larger strip secured from Harrison 
county in Uv;3, and a small cut-off from Boone county in 1868, and 
a very considerable piece attached from Owen county in 1876, 
Grant county was the sixty-seventh county formed in the State. 

At the time of the organization of the county, now more than 
eighty-one years ago, the leriitory embraced within its limits 
was almost a trackless forest. Its hills and valleys were cov- 
ered with as iiue a growth of hard wood timber as evvir invited 
the woodman's axe. (Jame of all varieties abounded. Its people 
were few and scattered, living in log cabins and leading an easy 
and thriftless oistence. The land was practically valueless, 
measured by the prices then asked and accepted for it. Yet 
Grant county even in the beginning was a beautiful spot, her 
people, though few and poor, were honest and loyal to the flag 
and suflered autold hardships and dangers that their posterity 
might reap the harvest of riches and good government these 
pioneers had sown. 

TLe forests of eighty years ago have been swept away before 
the on-rolling tide of civilization. Where the hunter set his traps 
beautiful homes have been builded, and a thrifty, provident and 
honest people have transformed nature's wildness into one of the 
most lovely agricultural communities in the State. Grant county 
is twenty miles east and west by eighteen miles north and south, 
and lies on both sides of the Dry Kidge, which extends in an 
unbroken upheaval from the Ohio river to the Kentucky. The 
country is broken upland, with a deep rich soil on a foundation 
of yellow clay, and that in turn underlaid with an inexhaustible 
supply of limestone. The timber has all been cut away, and 
nearly all of the county is in the highest state of cultivation. 

Corn, wheat, rye, oats, potatoes and white burley tobacco are 
the chief crops cultivated. The tobnco crop frequently readies 
as much as five million pounds, and the quality grown in the hills 
of Grant can hardly be equaled in the white burley belt. 



114 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

Grant county is pre-eminently a stock-raising county. There- 
are thousands of acres of bluegrass scattered from one end of 
the county to the other, and timothy, clover and all other grasses 
do remarkably well on our soil. The stock raised in Grant 
county are fine cattle, sheep, horses, mules and hogs. Of each of 
these the county produces quite a surplus, and from one year's 
end to the other, there is a constant shipment out of the county 
of live stock. 

During recent years the county has been greatly improved by 
better methods of farming, and the agricultural population have 
increased their wealth until most of the farmers of the county 
are well to do. 

In every part of the county are to be found lovely homes, mag- 
nificent barns and all of the conveniences that go to make country 
life the best life on earth to live. 

IsTo county in the State has a better system of McAdam turn^ 
pike roads than Grant county. The mileage is a little under five 
hundred miles, and it all belongs to the county and is kept in the 
highest condition by skilled workmen employed and paid by the 
county out of its treasury. The roads were made free some three 
years ago, and have been improved each year since, until they are 
now second to no roads in the State. Every neighborhood and 
nearly every home in the county is reached by a good turnpike 
road. The roads are worked by machinery under a good superin- 
tendent, and the outlook for the future is excellent. 

The county has thirty miles of railroad. The Cincinnati, New 
Orleans &, Texas Pacific passes along the Dry Ridge for more 
than twenty miles within the limits of the county. This is one 
of the best roads in the South and has few equals in any State. 
The Louisville & Nashville passes through the northern part of 
the county for a distance of approximately nine miles, and has 
a perfect road bed and fine equipment. 

Grant county has no navigable streams. Its creeks are Big 
Eagle, Grassy Run, Clark's creek, Arnold creek, Ten Mile creek, 
Fork Lick, Grassy creek and Crooked creek. 

Our schools are improving from year to year and are now sec- 
ond to those in no county in the State. At Williamstown, Dry 
Ridge, Corinth and Crittenden there are free graded schools, and 
in every neighborhood of the county a good public school, presided 
over by a competent teacher. 

Williamstown is the county seat of the county. It was founded 



Fourtecntli Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 115 

prior to 1820, and is a beautiful little city situated in the center 
of the county on the Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific 
railroad. 

The other towns of the county are Dry Ridge, Stewartsville, 
Downingsville, Jonesville, Holbrook, Lawrenceville, Keefer, Cor- 
inth, Mason, Blanchette, Cordova, Crittenden, Sherman, Mount 
Zion, Zion Station, Elliston, Folsome, New Eagle Mills and Hanks. 

Grant county is in the Sixth Congressional, Fifteenth Judicial, 
Twenty-sixth Senatorial and Seventy-Seventh Legislative Dis- 
tricts. 

Within the county there are more than sixty church organiza- 
tions with that many places of public worship. The Baptist is 
the leading denomination with the Methodist Episcopal Church 
South, Christian or Church of Christ, Presbyterians, North and 
South, Catholic next in order. 

The people are God-fearing and orderly. The wealth and pop- 
ulation of the county are each on the increase and the future of 
the county is exceedingly bright. 



Graves County. 

Graves County, organized A. D. 1824, is the central county in 
what is known as Jackson's Purchase, which lies between the 
Tennessee and Ohio rivers on the east and north, and the 
Mississippi river on the west, and borders on the Tennesse State 
lino on the south. It is thirty miles from north to south and 
eighteen miles from east to west, and is the only county in the 
State with four regular, straight lines. 

There is a considerable number of farms in the county that lie 
well, just rolling enough for drainage, while in some localities the 
land is rather rolling and steep, yet the most of it is very pro- 
ductive if kept from washing away by heav^' rains. 

There are several pits of potters' brick and tile clay in the. 
county which are being worked with much profit to the owners. 
Vast quantities of this clay has been shipped to the East for the 
manufacture of ironstone china, fancy tiling, etc., and we have at 
Mayfield a plant w'hich is manufacturing a very superior and 
handsome brick from clay found tw^o and a half miles east of 
Mayfield. These brick will soon be on the general market and 
will be a strong competitor for general favor. 



116 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

No coal has been found in the county and wood is used for fuel, 
except directly on the line of the Illinois Central railroad, which 
traverses the county from a central point on the north to a point 
on the west, four miles from southeast corner. 

The county has several creeks running through it in dififereni 
directions which furnish stock water. The West Fork of Clark's 
river and Panther creek are live streams and are fed by springs 
of freestone water. These streams, wells and cisterns and arti- 
ficial ponds furnish the water supply of the county. There is also 
on these streams some fine timber which is being rapidly used up 
by saw mills and other like industries. 

Agriculture is the chief business of our people, tobacco being 
considered the principal money crop, 15,000,000 to 25,000,000 
pounds being raised annually. Wheat produces from ten to thirty 
bushels per acre and enough is raised for home consumption and 
some to spare. Corn is very successfully grown, twenty-five to 
fifty bushels per acre is about the yield. None is shipped away, 
the surplus being fed to hogs and cattle for market. Oats grow 
fairly well and yield well unless damaged by rust. Clover, tim- 
othy, red top, orchard grass are all successfully grown, and, with 
the stock pea crop, furnish the hay crop of the county. Blue- 
grass is grown for ornamental purposes, and in time, doubtless, 
will be largely raised for grazing purposes. 

Sorghum, melons, potatoes (sweet and Irish), turnips, and alt 
kinds of garden truck grow well. Peaches, apples, pears, plums, 
berries of all kinds, do well and are grown for market purposes 
to some extent. Sheep do well here, barring the destructive 
"cur." I think the sheep industry is on the decline, though I can 
not understand why it should be so. 

There are several manufacturing enterprises in the county, 
mostly at Mayfield, the Mayfield Woolen Mills employing 300 
hands; Merit Pants Company, employing 250 or 300, and May 
Pants Company employing 200. These are all under good man- 
agement, and are doing well. We have two planing mills, ice 
factory, water works, electric lights, iron foundry, several tobacco 
rehandling houses and w^arehouses, and the Beaumont Soap 
Factory has erected ample buildings and is making a very fine 
grade of laundry and toilet soaps. 

West Kentucky College is located at Mayfield, and affords ail 
the necessary school facilities for making business men and wo- 
men. There are one hundred and five white school districts in 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 117 

the county and nineteen colored; all are well attended. Farm- 
ington, Sedalia and Wingo have graded schools, which are giving 
satisfaction. 

The county has a population of 33,000, and Mayfleld, inside cor- 
porate limits, of 4,200, with very large suburban population, mak- 
ing at least 6,000. 

The county is out of debt, th(; tax rate is 38 cents for all pur- 
poses, and |1.50 per capita. 

We have no pike roads. Two years since each magisterial dis- 
trict was provided with grader and scrapers and the main roads 
have been well graded under the supervision of fiscal court. The 
cost is paid out of general appropriations, the work being done 
under the supervision of the justice of the district. The allot- 
ment of hands and overseers is still maintained, and is uecessarj? 
as an emergency force. Our people are awakening to the import- 
ance, in fact, the necessity of good roads, and I am satisfied that 
there will be much improvement within the next few years. We 
have good soil and clay for making firm, compact roads, and when 
the beds are properly graded I do not see any reason why the 
roads should not be good the year round. The greatest drawback 
to the roads here is the fact that so many are disposed to turn all 
the surface water out of farms into the ditches of the road, thus 
making the road the place of drainage for the farm. This frequ- 
ently causes the ditches to w^ash out so as to make the road too 
narrow, and in some cases entirely destroys it for a distance, and 
the court must buy the right of way around. We need legislation 
on this point, and the legislator who will get up and cause to be 
enacted a law that will prevent this will be more than a bene- 
factor. Our fiscal court has memorialized the Legislature to leg- 
islate appropriately on this matter. Our roads should be im- 
proved and protected from injury from any cause whatever. 

Stephen Elmore, County Judge. 



Grayson County. 

Ohio and Hardin counties contributed territory to form Grayson 
in 1810. It was the fifty-fourth county organized in the State and 
was named for Col. Wm. Grayson, of Virginia. Rough river on 
the north and Nolynn river on the southeast, and Bear creek 
through the south-central part of the county (all tributaries of 



118 Fourteenth Biennial Re(port Bureau of Agriculture. 

Green river) afford facilities for cheaply transporting the vast 
quantities of oak, poplar, ash and walnut timber which are 
^nnnuallj shipped from the county in the form of saw logs, while 
the Illinois Central railroad, running through the center of the 
county from northwest to southwest, yearly hauls from the county 
large quantities of staves, lumber and railroad ties. The county 
has but a small quantity of coal and is undeveloped. There are 
some excellent clays in the county, but only one or two banks have 
been worked. The soil is generally light and the face of the county 
broken. Gas was struck at Leitchfleld, but not in sufficient quanti- 
ties for domestic or commercial uses. Corn, wheat, oats, hay and 
tobacco are the principal crops. Tobacco has not been extensively 
grown for the last few years. Of the other crops very little is 
exported from the county. Commercial fertilizers are used ex- 
tensively and with good results. Young orchards are being set 
and domestic canning for home use is general among householders. 
Truck and dairy farming are neglected. All the roads are dirt 
roads, which are kept up by the work of ''hands" under the "over- 
seer" system. A railroad from Leitchfleld or Clarkson, through 
the southern part of the county to Bowling Green, in Warren 
county, has been under consideration for a few years, and it is 
hoped will be built in the near future. The Grayson Springs, four 
miles from Leitchfleld, are celebrated for the medicinal properties 
of their waters. Their situation is picturesque and the scenery 
grand. Splendid hotel buildings have been provided, together with 
modern facilities for entertaining guests, providing for their pleas- 
ure, comfort and health. Farm lands are generally cheap, both 
for improved and unimproved. Along, the streams are bottom 
lands as fertile as any in the State. Common labor, including 
board and lodging, is paid from |10 to |15 a month, while day 
laborers, boarding themselves, usually get a dollar a day. There 
are no vegetable or fruit canneries or creameries and cheese 
factories in the county. The only manufactories are grist and 
saw mills, stave factories and hoop-pole yards, where the poles 
are made into hoops. 

Leitchfleld, the county seat and principal town, has a popula- 
tion of about 1,200. It was named in honor of Major David Leitch, 
who donated the site for the town. The town is well drained and 
healthful. We have a splendid public school building with five 
recitation rooms and an auditorium. The old court house was 
burned by the Confederates during the war, and the one erected 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture, 119 

in its place was burned in 1896, with nearly all the records of the 
county. A new and handsome modern structure succeeds the de- 
stroyed building. It is provided with fire-proof clerks' offices. 
The town is not provided with water works or a system of light- 
ing, but a few of the citizens have provided themselves with a 
water supply by erecting a tank into which the water is pumped 
by a windmill. It is doubtful if there is town in the State of 
its size that does a larger mercantile business than Leitchfield 
In 1886 the first bank was established in the town and county 
One new one in Leitchfield and another at Caneyville were organ 
ized in 1897. The town has two principal hotels besides board 
ing houses. There are two drug stores, two hardware and furni 
ture stores, one clothing and hat store, four general stores, two 
groceries, besides millinery stores, notion stores and lunch stands. 
It has a Masonic and Odd Fellows' hall and an excellent flouring 
mill. By a special act no liquors are sold in the town. The 
town is improving. A number of dwellings were erected the past 
summer. 

Few counties have more successful public schools. The teachers 
are equal to those of any county in the State, and the methods 
are not surpassed by any. The enrollment compares favorably 
with other counties, and the results surpass the general average. 
Grayson furnishes many teachers to other counties, and many 
business men to Louisville and other cities. 

Leitchfield has one of the largest department stores in the 
county, the Leitchfield Mercantile Co., the Leitchfield Jeans Cloth- 
ing Co., which employs 40 or 50 hands the whole year, an ice plant 
that furnishes ice to Leitchfield and neighboring towns, five dis- 
tilleries, a steam laundry and the Bell Telephone Co. (long 
distance) has an exchange here. The railroad debt of |200,000 
has been paid, and though five iron bridges have been built in the 
last four years at a net cost of $12,000, the county owes only |5,000 
or|6,000. Our roads are still kept up by the work of "hand" under 
the "overseer" system, but many miles have been much improved. 

The tax rate for county purposes is from twenty to twenty-five 
cents on each |100 of taxable property. 

Grayson county is situated in the Fourth Congressional, Second 
Appellate, Ninth Judicial, Twelfth Senatorial and Twenty-seventh 
Legislative Districts. 

PosTOPFiCEs:— Anneta, Big Clifty, Blackrock, Bratcher, Caney- 



120 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

ville, Clarkson, Dickeyville, Duff, Egs, Eveleigb, Falls of Rough, 
Fowler, Grayson Springs, Higdon, Holly, Horntown, Leach, Leitch- 
field, Millerstown, Millwood, Peonia, Post, Reedy, Sadler, Short 
Creek, Shrewsbury, Snap, South, Spring Lick, Stamp, Tousey, 
Wax, West Clifty, Wheeler's Mill, Yeaman, Lilac, Fragrant. 



Green County. 

Green County was formed in 1792, and contained about 3,000 
square miles. The territory that is now embraced in the counties 
of Taylor, Adair, Metcalfe, Cumberland, Monroe, (Jlinton and Rus- 
sell, and parts of the counties of Hart, Barren, Pulaski and Wayne 
was in 1792 a part of Green county. The county now contains 
only 275 square miles; it is situated in the south central part of 
the State, is bounded by the counties of Larue, Taylor, Adair, Met- 
calfe and Hart. The surface is undulating. The extreme northern 
portion of the county is exceedingly rough and hilly, and is cut by 
deep gorges. Green river runs through the county from east 
to west, dividing it into two nearly equal parts; the cliff along 
Green river is very high, but usually occurs on only one side of 
the river at the same place; when the cliff is on the north side 
of the river, good bottom land will be found on the south side 
opposite the cliff, and vice versa. In the southeastern part oi the 
county is Caney Fork, which runs into Big Russell creek about ten 
miles southeast from Greensburg; Big Russell creek enters Green 
county from Adair county and runs into Green river near Greens- 
burg. Other streams on the south side of Green river are Little Rus- 
sel, Greasy creek, Trammond creek and Little Barren river, which 
cuts a narrow strip off the southwestern part of the county, then 
forms the line between Green and Hart for about four miles. The 
northern part of the county is watered by Big Brush creek with 
its north and south prongs. Little Bush creek and Pitman creek; 
Meadow creek also, a very small stream in the eastern part of the 
county, but on which are some of the best and most beautiful 
farms in Green county. Plenty of fish may be caught in Green 
river. Little Barren river. Big Russell creek, Big Brush creek, and 
Pitman creek. 

The valley lands in Green county and the river and creek bot- 
tom farms are quite fertile; there are also many very beautiful and 
fertile upland farms, but the greater part of the upland is medium 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 121 

in quality. The soil is based on limestone and red clay, and is 
(juite well adapted to the production of corn, wheat, oats, rye, 
clover, millet, bluegrass and sugar cane; it is also well adapted to 
the production of a variety of garden vegetables, such as Irish pota- 
toes, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, beans, peas, cabbage, mustard, 
lettuce, beets, parsnips, onions, and turnips. The corn crop of 
1898 was good and the wheat crop was the greatest that has ever 
been raised in the county. 

The county a few years ago was well supplied with walnut and 
poplar timber, but nearly all of that has been sawed and shipped 
out of the county; but there is still a considerable quantity of 
beech, oak and hickory, which is also being put on the market in 
the form of boards, staves, and spokes. There is an abundance 
of good building stone in this county; the Presbyterian church 
in Greensburg is built of stone, quarried from the cliff of Green 
river at this place. The iron industry, many years ago, received 
some attention in the western part of the county, but tliat has long 
since been abandoned. In the southwestern i>art of the county 
on the west side of Little Barren river is an onyx quarry, which 
has been partially developed and from which some very nice onyx 
has been taken. Among the natural curiosities of Green county 
may be mentioned what is called the Narrows of Pitman. About 
two miles west of Greensburg, Pitman creek makes a bend, bear- 
ing to the right, running about three miles and circling back to 
within a few yards of the place where this circle begins, thus form- 
ing a very narrow peninsula; hence the name, The Narrows of Pit- 
man. At this point where the creek completes the circle is a 
grist mill and a channel is cut through the peninsula. From the 
mill-dam across the peninsula to the mill is about twenty yards, 
but if you follow the stream you will find that the mill-dam is about 
three miles above the mill. In the western part of the county, 
about two miles from the mouth of Little Barren river, is a large 
cave about three hundred yards in length, through which flows 
a small stream of water. The outlet to this cave is on the cliff 
of Little Barren river. The entrance to it is rough, but after hav- 
ing once descended to the bottom of the cave, the explorer, if 
he is well supplied with torches, may easily pass through the cave, 
provided he does not arouse the millions of bats that take their 
autumnal slumber there. 

There are two great grist mills on Little Barren river, one near 
the mouth of the river, the other at Osceola; the last named has 



122 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau, of Agriculture. 

lately been converted into a modern, well improved roller mill. 
There is also a grist mill on Big Brush creek and one on Pitman 
creek. 

There is a roller mill on Craney Fork creek near Harkinsville, 
one on Greasy creek at Liletown, one at Summersville and one at 
Greensburg. 

There are about six miles of railroad in this county. There is 
plenty of rock and gravel to turnpike and gravel every public 
road in Green county; the roads are worked only under the State 
law, and their condition is usually not good. 

There are but few hired laborers in this county; those that work 
for wages are natives of the county and work mainly on the farm. 

The educational facilities of this county are as good as those 
of any adjacent county. The county is well furnished with good 
school houses, many of which are supplied with modern appara- 
tus. 

The religious denominations that have permanent organizations 
and regular worship in the county are Baptist, Methodist, Cumber- 
land Presbyterians, and Presbyterians; the Baptists have about 
twenty-five churches; Methodists, eleven; Cumberland Presbyter- 
ians, four and Presbyterians, two. 

Greensburg is the county seat, the most important and most 
populous town in the county. It has very good streets, and many 
wells that furnish an abundance of excellent water; several of the 
wells, recently bored, have as good sulphur water as can be found 
in this part of the State. The town has five churches, tw^o Baptist 
churches, one w^hite, one colored; two Methodist churches, one 
white, one colored; and one Presbyterian church. They are all 
very handsome structures and stand as monuments to the enter- 
prise of the people who worship there. The public school build- 
ing, at this place is a handsome two-story building built 
in 1894, equipped with globes, maps and charts, and is 
the property of the public school of the district. The building 
cost about $3,000, and since its completion in 1894, an academy or 
high grade school has been taught in the same building in connec- 
tion with the x)ublic school; and many of the most successful 
teachers in Green county have taken the teachers' training course 
at the Greensburg Academy. 

The merchants of this place do a profitable business, and the 
town has for many years been a great lumber market. Other good 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 123 

business places are Harkinsville, Gresliam, Thurlow, Pierce, Osce- 
ola, Eve and Summersville. 

Green county is situated in the Fourth Congressional, Third Ap- 
pellate, Eleventh Judicial, Thirteenth Senatorial, and Thirt^'-eighth 
Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — Allendale, Bale, Bloyd, Brushy, Camp Knox, 
Coakley, Crailhope, Dezarn, Donausburg, Eve, Exie, Fry, Gabe, 
Greensburg, Gresham, Hudgins, Kidd Mills, Liletowu, Lobb, Milby, 
Pierce, Rollingburg, Ruby, Summersville, Thurlow, Webbs, White- 
wood. 



Greenup County. 

Greenup County is situated in the extreme northern part of the 
State, and is bounded on the north by the Ohio river, on the east 
by Boyd county, on the south by Carter and on the west by Lewis 
county. It was made a county in the 3'ear 1803 and named in 
honor of Gov. Christopher Greenup. It is well watered and drained 
by Tygart's creek. Little Sandy river and their tributaries, which 
empty into the Ohio river. The soil of Greenup county is good, 
particularly the river bottoms. The wide bottoms adjacent to the 
Ohio river and the magnificent bottom lands in the valleys of Ty- 
gart's creek and the Little Sandy river furnish the most desirable 
farming lands, and are fertile and strong, producing in great 
abundance. There are good veins of both cannel and bituminous 
coals found in the county, and also iron and the very best quality 
of fire clay. In this county is offered the best inducement to es- 
tablish works for making fire brick. Only about one-eighth of the 
county is covered with timber, though much valuable timber is yet 
to be had. White oak predominates; pine, beech and other woods 
are plentiful. Diversified farming is not engaged in only for do- 
mestic uses, but this is a good county for fruit culture, and much 
attention is beginning to be paid to that industry. Fruits of all 
kinds and berries do well in this county. 

The Ohio river forming the northern boundary of the county for 
about thirty-fivemiles, is the only navigable water course accessi- 
ble to the county. The Little Sandy river and Tygart's creek are 
navigable only for flatboats and rafts. The Little Sandy, how- 
ever, could easily be made navigable and cheaply so, for some 



124 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

IweJirv-five or lliirty miles above the Ohio by a system of locks and 
dams. 

(xreeniip county has no turnpike roads, the public or county 
roads are all the common dirt roads and are kei)t up by the county 
oourt under the road laws of the State, and are kept in very good 
repair. There are about fifty-three miles of completed and oper- 
ated railroads in the county, the Chesapeake & Ohio and the 
Eastern Kentucky railroads, giving us railroads traversing the 
county from east to west and from north to south, which, with our 
river border, gives us unexcelled facilities for transportation, 
both for traA'el and for shipping our surplus products to market. 
The staples of the Greenup county farm are corn, wheat, oats, 
hay and tobacco. The hill or uplands produce the finest pastures 
and the hillsides also grow the most magnificent tobacco. 
Stock raising is largely engaged in and sheep raising is particu- 
larly an important industry with the farmers of this county. 
Tlie labor of the county is very generality performed by the native 
whites, who can be employed for |10 to |15 per month and board. 

Lands with or without timber on them can be purchased in large 
or small tracts to suit the purchaser at prices ranging from $2 
to |10 per acre. The schools of the county are such as the com- 
mon school system provides and are in a flourishing condition. 
Good school houses may be seen in the different districts, and they 
are provided with the modern appliances for teaching and in the 
main are jtrovided with good and competent teachers. The 
schools are well attended. The county has a number of good 
church buildings with flourishing congregations. All in all, 
Greenu]» is a good county to live in. Tt has a population accord- 
ing to the eleventh census of 11,1)1]. 

Greenup is the county seat of Greenup county, situated in the 
northeastern part of the county, on the Ohio river, and the Chesa- 
peake & Ohio railroad. It is a nice, flourishing town, with a popu- 
lation, according to the census of 1S90, of 060, but now estimated 
to be about 1,000. It has a good trade, enterprising merchants, 
good hotels, good citizens, churches and schoolhouses. 

Greenup county is in the Ninth Congressional, Sixth Appellate, 
.Nineteenth Judicial, Thirtj-second Senatorial and Ninety-ninth 
Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCES: — Advance, Argentum, Argilite, Brushart,Danley- 
ton. Downs, Euclid, Frost, Fullerton, Greenup, Hoods, Hopewell, 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 126 

Hunnewell, India, Little, Load, Lvim, liowder, Mackoy, Malone- 
ton, Nonchalanta, Oldtowii, Kice, Kiverton, Russell, Samaria, 
Seliultz, Springville, Tongs, Tygait's Valley, Walsh, Warnock, 
Wurtland, York. 



Hancock County. 

Hancock County was organized in 18:29, and named in honor of 
John Hancock. It is in the northwestern ])art of the State, on 
the Ohio river and has an area of about 200 S(iuare miles or nearly 
so. Its northern boundary is the Ohio river, distance of twenty- 
five to thirty miles, with Breckinridge county on the east, Ohio 
county on the south and Daviess on the west. The county is 
drained by Indian and S^ndy creeks and its tributaries in the east- 
ern portion, and Blackford creek and its tributaries in the south- 
ern and Avestern sections. 

The bottom lands adjacent to the Ohio river are very rich and 
productive. These bottoms and creek bottoms comi)rise about 
one-third of the area of the county, and make most desirable 
farms. These bottoms are of fine, rich, sandy soil; the hills or 
rolling lands arc composed of clay soils. Nearly all of the county 
is underlaid Avith bituminous coal, and the well-known Falcon 
and Hawes coal is found in the western part of the county, and 
the famous cannel coal mines are situated in the eastern portion. 
Potters' and tire clay are also found underlying the coal and else- 
where in the county in great abundance. Some of the finest red 
sandstone in the world is found in this county. Graphite and 
other minerals are known to exist, but have not been developed. 
Gas and oil are both known to abound in the county, but neither 
has yet been developed. The supply of timber is well nigh ex- 
hausted, bu.t there can yet be found nearly all the varieties indig- 
enous to this latitude, though in limited quantity. But little 
'attention, thus far, has been paid to diversified farming, though 
there is a sentiment of steady growth among our farmers to ex- 
tend their operations in that direction. 

There are no navigable streams within the count^v, the Ohio 
river, on its northern boundary, furnishing the only water trans- 
portation, which, as stated aboAe, covers a distance of about thirty 
miles. 

There are no turnpikes in the county, the public roads being 



126 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

such as are known as dirt roads, and are under the supervision of 
road surveyors, appointed by the county court. The roads are 
kept up by the county court, the overseers or surveyors "calling 
out" to work on same such citizens as are liable, under the laws of 
the State, to do road duty. The Louisville, St. Louis & Texas 
railroad runs through the county with its northern boundary, and 
nearly parallel with the Ohio river, and not very far as a general 
thing, from it, making some eighteen or twenty miles of road, 
which is the only railroad in the county, and there is none other in 
prospect. 

The Barker Springs, situated in this county, are quite popular 
as a health resort; there are also two other mineral springs near 
Patesville in the eastern part of the county, of real merit, which 
are worthy of special notice and capable of being converted into 
successful health resorts. The natural scenery of the county is 
without special features, save the Jeffrey Cliffs, in the eastern 
portion, which take on all the grandeur of a natural curiosity. 

The price of land meets the two extremes, ranging from |2 to 
|60 per acre; about |20 for improved and |12 for unimproved farm 
lands, however, is a fair average price in the county, the average 
taxable value being about |9 per acre. The labor employed is 
mostly native white and colored hands for which a good price i& 
paid, averaging |1S per month. 

Educational facilities are furnished alone by the common 
schools of the county, the school fund in some instances being sup- 
plemented by local taxation. The schools are well conducted and 
very well attended. The county has no bonded debt; the rate of 
taxation for county purposes is forty-three cents on the one hun- 
dred doJlars. 

Hawesville, the county seat of Hancock countj^, is situated in 
the northeastern part of the county on the Ohio river, and on the 
Louisville, St. Louis & Texas railroad, is a flourishing town. 

Hancock county is situated in the Second Congressional, Second 
Appellate, Sixth Judicial, Tenth Senatorial and Twenty-ninth 
Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFPicEs: — Adair, Cabot, Chambers, Dukes, Easton, Floral, 
Goering, Hawesville, Lewisport, Lyonia, Martindale, Patesville, 
Pellville, Petri Station, Skillman, Utility, Victoria, Waitman, 
Weber. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 127 



Hardin County. 

Hardin County was named after John E.Hardin and was created 
T^y act of the Legislature in 1792 out of a part of Nelson county. 
Several other counties have since been formed out of a part of 
this territory. The first settlement was at Elizabethtown, the 
county seat, and was known originally as the Severn valley settle- 
ment. Its poj)ulation is largely made up of descendants of Vir- 
ginia and Maryland families. Its foreign population is very 
small, the percentage perhaps being as small as any county in the 
State. The foreign element is almost exclusively German and 
confined for the most part to Elizabethtown and the territory 
adjacent. 

The county has produced some of the leading men in the State, 
notably Gov. John L. Helm, Gov. John Young Brown, Gen. Ben 
Hardin Helm, who was killed at Chickamauga. It was also the 
birthplace of Abraham Lincoln, the old Lincoln homestead having 
been subsequently included in what is now Larue county. Gov. 
John Ireland of Texas, spent all of his youth in this county and 
read law while he was driving a stage coach. President James 
Buchanan and Judge Joe Holt lived in Elizabethtown at one time 
and practiced law. 

The county extends from West Point on the Ohio river to the 
Hart county line, a distance of forty-two miles north and south. 
The distance from the Nelson county line to the Breckenridge line, 
east and west, is about forty miles. The county in territory is 
one of the largest in the State. 

The county is exceedingly well watered. It has Salt river and 
the Rolling Fork on its northern boundary, fed by numerous 
smaller streams. The land in this part of the county consists of 
rich bottoms improved every j^ear from the rich deposits made 
from the backwater from the Ohio. Most of this land has been 
cultivated with corn for a hundred years and the yield is from 
sixty to a hundred bushels to the acre according to the season. 
South of the Rolling Fork Valley is the range of Muldraugh Hills 
extending entirely across the county from east to west. On the 
slopes of these hills is the finest fruit region in Kentucky. Peaches, 
apples, pears and grapes grow there to the greatest perfection 
and bring the highest prices in all the city markets. At the west- 
ern end of this range is the town of West Point on the Ohio and 



128 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

Salt rivers. It is a thrifty village and has grown very rapidly in 
the past year. It has a number of natural gas wells and the gas 
is used in the town exclusively for lighting, heating and cooking 
purposes, and could be utilized for manufacturing purposes. West 
Point has also two railroads. 

On the southern slope of Muldraugh Mill is Elizabethtown, the 
county seat of Hardin, three hundred feet above Louisville. It has 
a population of over 3,000, and has grown wonderfully. 

The city has a fine system of water works; the source of supply 
is a spring that flows over a million gallons in twenty-four hours. 
A fine system of electric light has just been completed with the 
most improved machinery. The town has two telephone exchanges 
with over two hundred customers. In fact Elizabethtown is in 
every respect an up-to-date town with a bright promise of future 
growth and prosperity. 

From Elizabethtown extending south is the famous Nolin Val- 
ley, watered by Nolin river and its numerous tributaries. The 
lands in this section are as fertile as any in Kentucky. They are 
worth from forty to fifty dollars an acre and produce in a good 
season an average of twenty-five bushels of wheat to the acre and 
sixty bushels of corn. The cattle industry has grown wonder- 
fully in the county in the past two years. Nearly a half million 
dollars' worth of cattle were shipped out of the county in the past 
year. No county in the State is in better fix financially. It is 
on a cash basis, has |30,000 in the county school fund, has spent 
in the past few years |100,000 in cash on its public roads, and 
owns 800 shares of Louisville & Nashville stock. The county 
ranks first in the State in its public school interests. 

H. A. SOMMERS. 

Hardin county is situated about the center of the Fourth Con- 
gressional District. It is also situated in the Third Appellate, 
Ninth Judicial, Twelfth Senatorial and Thirty-first Legislative 
Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — Amity, Arch, Cash, Cecilian, Colesburg, Dorrett's 
Run, Eastview, Easygap, Elizabethtown, Franklin Crossroads, 
Glendale, Grandview, Harcourt, Hardin Springs, Howe Valley, 
Limp, Longgrove, Meetingcreek, Melrose, Nolin, Redcloud, Riney- 
ville, St. John, Solway, Sonora, Stephensburg, Stithton, Summit, 
Tipton, Tunnelhill, Upton, Vertrees, Vinegrove, West Point, 
White Mills, Wiggington. 



Fourteenth Biennial Eeport Bureau of Agriculture. 129 



Harlan County, 

Harlan County was formed out of parts of Knox and Floyd 
counties in ISl'J, and is situated in the southeastern part of the 
State, and is bounded on the north by Leslie, Perry and Letcher, 
on the east and south by the Virginia State line, and on the west 
by Bell county. It is the most rugged and mountainous of all our 
mountain counties. It was named in the honor of Major Silas 
Harlan, a young Virginian, a gallant and accomplished soldier 
in our Indian wars. 

The Cumberland river runs westward and southward through 
the county, and with its various tributaries, waters and drains the 
county. There are no navigable streams in the county, though the 
Cumberland is used for rafting and flatboating during the high 
water season. The timber resources of the county are the very 
best. Oak, beech and pine are most valuable hardwood timbers. 
Valuable tracts of fine timbered lands are to be had at very reas- 
onable prices per acre. 

There are no turnpikes in Harlan county. Our county roads 
are the common country dirt roads and are worked and kept under 
the old road laws of Kentucky, and are kept in pretty good repair. 
There are no railroads in the county now, but various roads are in 
contemplation for developing the vast timber and mineral re- 
sources of the county, and at no distant day it is probable that 
the county will be penetrated with railroads. 

Though the surface of the county is very bold, rugged and moun- 
tainous, the soil is very fertile and produces well. Corn, wheat, 
oats and hay are produced in sufficient quantities for home con- 
sumption, but none for market elsewhere. The labor of the farm 
is performed by native whites. The people are industrious, hon- 
est people, and as the bloody feuds, which at one time disturbed 
the peace of the county, have been settled, this county is now as 
quiet and as peaceful as any in the State. The Presbyterians 
have established a church at Harlan Court House and have erected 
a nice substantial church building. The school facilities of the 
county are furnished by the common school system, and in the 
main the schools are furnished with good teachers. 

Harlan Court House is the county seat; it is situated in the 
western part of the county at the junction of Clover Fork and 



130 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

Martin's Fork of the Cumberland river. It is a nice little moun- 
tain town with a church and a school. 

Harlan county is situated in the Eleventh Congressional, Sev- 
enth Appellate, Twenty-sixth Judicial, Thirty-third Senatorial and 
Ninety-third Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — Avondale, Baxter, Cawood, CloAerfork, Coxton, 
Creech, Day, Dizney, Est, Evarts, George, Glass, Harlan, Hurst, 
Jane, Klondyke, Layman, Ledford, Leonard, Nolansburg, Pans}', 
Poorfolk, Salts, Saylor, Smith, Walling's Creek, Yowell. 



Harrison County. 

Harrison County was formed in 1703, out of parts of Bourbon 
and Scott counties, and named after Col. Benjamin Harrison, who 
was at the time a representative from Bourbon county in the 
Kentucky Legislature. Col. Harrison also represented Bourbon in 
the several conventions that met at Danville prior to the State's 
admission into the Union. He then became a member of the first 
constitutional convention. 

From the original territory of Harrison portions have been 
taken to help form Campbell county in 1794; Pendleton and Boone, 
in 1798; Owen, in 1819; Grant, in 1820; Kenton, in 1840, and Eobert- 
son in 1867. It is situated in the north middle section of the State, 
lying on both sides of South Licking river; is bounded on the north 
by Pendleton country; northeast by Bracken and Robertson; east by 
Nicholas; south by Bourbon; west by Scott, and northwest by 
Grant county. 

Main Licking runs through a small portion of the county in the 
northeast, cutting off a small section known as "Little Harrison" 
in a corner between Bracken and Robertson. The creeks empty- 
ing into Main Licking are Cedar, West, Beaver, and Richland 
while Indian, Silas, Mill, Twin, Raven and Gray's Run flow into 
South Licking. The county is thus well watered. About one- 
half of the county is gently undulating, rich, and very productive; 
the other portion hilly and also quite productive; the whole well 
adapted to grazing; the soil based on red clay with limestone 
foundation. 

Lead has been discovered about one mile south of Lair on the 
farm of Hinkston Brothers, and some fine specimens have been ex- 
hibited, but the mine has not bieen developed. Iron ore and cop- 



Fmirtecnth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 131 

per also exist but have not been found in paying quantities. 
There are no longer any extensive timber resources in this county. 
In recent years diTersiiied farming has been made very profitable, 
both by private enterprise and co-operative capital, but mostly 
by the former. Corn, wheat and tobacco are the principal pro- 
ducts while the county has always been famous for the production 
of whisky. 

There are no navigable streams in Harrison county, and none 
capable of being made so. We have over 300 miles of turnpike, 
all the roads being free, and the fiscal court has recently let con- 
tracts for the construction of additional pikes. A bond issue 
of $50,000 has been voted for the purchase of all pikes in the coun- 
ty, and two commissioners attend to all repairs and extensions. 
The dirt roads are still kept up by the old system of "warning 
out hands." There is one rural free delivery route over beauti- 
ful roads in the southwestern part of the county, and arrange- 
ments have been made by the Postoffice Department for establish- 
ing five more routes in the eastern section. The inspector who estab- 
lished these routes was greatly pleased with the fine roads in 
Harrison county, and complimented highly the manner in which 
they were kept in repair. There are about twenty-five miles of 
completed railroad in the county, the Kentucky Central branch 
of the L. & N. running for the most part along the banks of South 
Licking, and the Cincinnati Southern through a sm.ill section of 
the western part of the, county. 

Water possessing fine medicinal properties abounds in the 
county, but no springs are used as health resorts. The average 
price of farm land is placed by competent judges at twenty-five 
dollars per acre. Most of the labor employed in the county is un- 
skilled labor, farm hands receiving an average of thirteen dollars 
per month. 

Cynthiana, the county seat, was established December 10, 1793, 
and named in honor of Cynthia and Anna, tw^o daughters of the 
original proprietor, Robert Harrison. It is situated on both sides 
of South Licking river, thirty-three miles from Lexington, and 
sixty-five from Cincinnati, being connected with both cities by rail- 
road. The census of 1900 gave the city a population of 3,257, 
this number being increased to at least 4,000 by including the in- 
habitants of two flourishing suburbs. Its business men are of 
the most substantial character and well known for enterprise and 



132 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

thrift. A commercial club has been organized to advance the 
interest of the city. 

The Cynthiana High School was organized thirty years ago, and 
is a continuation of Harrison Academy, which was chartered in 
1798, and opened in 1804. From that year there has been an acad- 
emy or high school maintained in the town without interrup- 
tion. A principal and ten teachers are now engaged in the work 
of instruction, and the number of graduates of the High School 
is 173. Several good private schools have always existed, maic 
ing Cynthiana's educational facilities equal to those of any town m 
Kentucky. She was the pioneer in the establishment of a first- 
class graded school. The public schools of the county are in fine 
condition, as they possess a very competent body of teachers. Tho 
State fund is supplemented in some districts by local taxation 
and subscription. The county has always aided liberally in public 
improvements, the bonded indebtedness being now $100,000, and 
the rate of taxation for county purposes fifty cents on the one hun- 
dred dollars, 

C. A. Leonard. 

Harrison county is in the Ninth Congressional, Sixth Appellate, 
Eighteenth Judicial, Thirtieth Senatorial and Seventy-sixth Leg- 
islative Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — Alberta, Antioch Mills, Avena, Baptist, Berry, 
Boyd, Branch, Breckenridge, Broadwell, Claysville, Colville, Con- 
nersville, Cynthiana, Dunaway, Havilandsville, Kelat, Lair, Lees- 
burg, Leeslick, Oddville, Poindexter, Renaker, Robinson, Rut- 
land, Selma, Shadynook, Smitsonville, Sunrise, Silvandell, Venus. 



Hart County. 

(Revised 1901 by Judge W. J. Macy.) 

Hart County is located in the western central portion of the 
.•^tate, its northern boundary line being only sixty miles south of 
Louisville, on the line of the Louisville & Nashville railroad. It 
was formed out of the portions of Barren and Hardin, and estab- 
lished by an act of the General Assembly, approved January 28, 
1819. It was named in honor of one of Kentucky's most distin- 
_guished pioneers, Captain Nathaniel Hart. 

The topography of Hart is far from uniform, embracing con- 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 133 

siderable level laud aud mucli that is broken and undulating, 
interspersed with numerous hills and knobs. Green river Hows 
through the county from east to the west, dividing it into almost 
two equal sections, and the soils of the southern section are, for 
the most part, limestone of exceeding fertility aud strength, yield- 
ing abundant harvests of all the grains and grasses grown in the 
State, and are unsurpassed for the production of the fine grades 
of tobacco. 

On the north side of Green river the upland soils are gener- 
ally much lighter than in the southern section, being a sandy loam, 
but in the numerous vallej's and rich bottoms, skirting the river 
and creek, fine bodies of land are fouud that are exceedingly pro- 
ductive and well adapted to the growth of any and all crops raised 
in this latitude. In fact every class and variety of soil can be 
found within this county, while the supply of pure, fresh, running- 
water is unlimited. 

The crops now principally grown are corn, wheat, oats, rye and 
tobacco. Peaches, apples, pears, plums, grapes, and all the berries 
common to the climate grow well in every portion of the county. 
Only a small percentage of the original forest is left standing in 
the southern section, but in the section north of Green river there 
is still a considerable quantity of hardwood timber, suitable for 
sawing into lumber. The growth consists of the different species 
of oak, hickory, ash, walnut, poplar, beech, and some wild cherry. 
This timber is now being cut into lumber, staves, ax-handles, 
spokes, etc., by portable mills, and hauled to towns and railroad 
for market. Green river is the only river of any considerable 
size in the county, while Nolynn river on its western boundary is 
next in size, but neither of these is large enough to be available 
for navigation, without the aid of locks and dams, an aid which it 
is hoped and believed will soon be supplied by the general govern- 
ment. The county is well watered and drained by the two rivers 
above mentioned, Bacon creek, Lyncamp creek, Cub Run, Dog 
creek. Cane Run, and many smaller creeks and runs, all of which 
afford ample water power to propel machinery. The Louisville 
& Nashville railroad divides the county near its center, running 
through same north and south and crossing Green river at right 
angles near Munfordville, the county seat. Something more than 
twenty-six miles of said railroad are within the county and while 
Green river is not navigable for boats, a survey is being made by 
the government, with the purpose of extending slack water naviga- 



134 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

tion to a point east of this county. When this work is completed 
the transportation facilities will be extremely good, as each of the 
four sections of the county, divided by the intersection of railroad 
and river, will have convenient access to each as a means of convey- 
ance. 

The county has about fifty miles of turnpike roads, which are 
all open to travel free from toll and kept up by the county in the 
same manner as the other county roads are, and run through the 
principal towns and villages of the county. The other county 
roads are mud and dirt roads and are fairly good for traveling, ex- 
cept during the rainy season. The execrable system under the 
general laws of the State is the onh^ existing provision for work- 
ing the public roads of this county, and while upon the whole the 
sj'stem and methods of working and repairing these roads is some- 
what improved, much remains to be desired in this direction. A 
good vein of iron ore extends through the eastern end of the coun- 
ty, northward from Green river to the Larue county line, and in 
the part two furnaces, the old "Clay" and "Etna, "did a flourish- 
ing business working it, but for lack of cheap transportation these 
furnaces are now abandoned. An excellant quality of white lime- 
stone, suitable for building purposes, is found in different parts 
of the county in abundant quantities, while recent discoveries of 
large quantities of onyx marble give promise of the development 
of very valuable quarries of this fine stone in the near future. 

In Hart, as in most other counties, manj- natural curiosities and 
singular formations exist, that are pointed out with pride by the in- 
habitants, but as they are onl3' interesting because they are curios, 
will mention but one. About four miles east of Munfordville, on 
Green river, a large, well known spring is situated, which ebbs 
and flows twice in twenty-four hours, with the same regularity and 
in the same manner as the ocean tides. 

The educational facilities of the county are materially improved 
within the past decade, there being now eighty-six white and 
thirteen colored schools taught under the common school system, 
with a corp of efficient and enthusiastic young teachers, while 
"The Green River Collegiate Institute" at Munfordville, "The 
Horse Cave Normal Training School," at Horse Cave, "The Gilead 
Institute," "The Lillian Academy," at Canmer, and other good 
schools in the county furnish ample facilities for the prosecution 
of more advanced studies. 

During the past ten years considerable advance has been made 



Fourteenth Bieniiiul I\vport Bureau of Agriculture. 135 

in the developmeut of industries in tlie county. Several new mills, 
with improved machinery, have been erected; a number of small 
factories for the manufacture of ax-haudles, wagon spokes, staves, 
etc., are now in active operation. Oil wells are now being bored 
in the western portion of the county, where strong indications of 
oil have been found. Gold, silver and lead in limited quantities 
have also been found and tentative efforts are being made b}' 
local people to develop same. Fire claj', lithographic stone, as- 
phalt and coal are also being discovered in quantities that promise 
rich returns in working the deposits, and the resources of the 
county are such as to justify the profitable employment of much 
more capital in these and other industries. 

Both white and colored labor is available in the county, the 
larger portion being colored, however. For farm work, good 
reliable laborers are paid from fifteen to eighteen dollars per 
month, without board and from twelve to fourteen with board. 
Ordinary hands can be had for from two to five dollars less per 
month. For other classes of labor,' prices vary from fifteen to 
twenty-five dollars per month. 

Munfordville, the county seat of Hart county, is pleasantly situ- 
ated upon a high elevation, overlooking Green river, at the point 
where the Louisville & Naslmlle .railroad crosses same. It is 
seventy-two miles south of Louisville, has a population of six hun- 
dred, with three churches, two white and one colored, a good pub- 
lie school building, modern court house and public offices, a bank, 
w-eekly newspaper and a good system of water works. It is the 
principal shipping point for the section lying north of Green river, 
and large quantities of tobacco, lumber, live stock and miscellane- 
ous products are forwarded from this point. 

Horse Cave is a flourishing town on the Louisville & Nashville 
railroad, eight miles south of Munfordville and eighty miles from 
Louisville. It has a population of twelve hundred and is the most 
important shipping station in the county, the exports consisting 
jirincipally of wheat, tobacco, live stock, fruits, etc. it is the ship- 
ping point for an extensive territory lying north and eastw'ard, 
has a good hotel, bank, weekly newspaper, three churches, a large 
well equipped flouring mill, a number of fine business houses and 
several handsome residences. 

Kowietts, on the Louisville & Nashville railroad, three miles 
south of Munfordville, has a population of one hundred; Bon- 
nieville, on the same railroad, has a population of seventy-five; 



136 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

Canmer. on Bardstown and Glasgow turnpike, nine miles east- 
ward from Munfordville has a population of 150; Hardy ville, situ- 
ated on the same pike, has a population of 125. All are progres- 
sive and thriving villages. 

Hart county is situated in the Fourth Congressional, Third Ap- 
pellate, Tenth Judicial, Thirteenth Senatorial, and Thirty-third 
Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Bonnieville, Blenco, Canmer, Celery, Cub Run, 
Defries, Dennison, Detroit, Dogcreek, Elmer, Fairhorn, Forrest- 
ville, Hammonville, Hardyvile, Hinesdale, Horse Cave, Kessinger, 
Lines Mills, Linwood, Monroe, Munfordville, Northtown, Pascal, 
Pikewiew, Powder Mills, Priceville Rex, Rio, Roseburg, Rowletts, 
Sett, Seymour, Three Springs, Uno, Wabach, Woodsonville, 
Winesap, Zero. 



Henderson County. 

Henderson County was formed out of Christian county in 1798 
and was organized June 4, 1799, and was named in honor of Judge 
Henderson, more commonly known as Col. Richard Henderson. It 
is situated in the southwestern part of the State on the Ohio 
river, which forms its northern boundary for a distance of about 
seventy miles. 

Daviess and McLean counties bound it on the east, Webster on 
the south and Union on the west. Green river runs along its east- 
ern border for a considerable length, thence in a northwesterly 
direction, emptying into the Ohio some five or six miles above 
the city of Henderson. Both streams are navigable for steam- 
boats at all seasons of the year. The bottom lands along these 
rivers embrace many thousands of acres, the soil of which is ex- 
tremely fertile, producing corn and tobacco and other crops in 
enormous quantities. In the production of corn, wheat and to- 
bacco, Henderson county ranks among the foremost of the State, 
taking the lead in tobacco, her area considered, her soil being 
particularly adapted to this product, as is shown by some two 
hundred analyses of soil taken from all parts of the State, which 
showed her tobacco soil to be the richest with but one exception. 
The soil is well adapted to the growth of all the cereals known 
to this latitude, the uplands comprising about three-fourths of 
the area of the county; besides being well adapted to agriculture,. 



Fourteenth Bienniul Report Bureau of Agriculture, 137 

as also well adajjted to fruit culture, there being some as flue fruit 
^rown here as cau be found elsewhere in the State and very lately 
there has been considerable attention paid to this branch of in- 
dustry. There has been some fine commercial orchards planted 
of apples, peaches and pears, notably one of pears of 1,100 trees, 
adjoining the town of Cairo. When our citizens consider the 
fact that there is a special adaptability of these fruits to the soil 
and climate of this county, and consider the great facilities of the 
railroad in placing it on market in a few hours' run, then it will 
be they will begin to realize that fruit culture in Henderson 
county for profit will exceed many times that of other indus- 
tries. 

There is an abundance of timber and while there is a very great 
variety, oak, ash, hickory, poplar and gum largely predominate. 
There is a great disposition of late to diversified farming, it proving 
much more profitable and safer to the ordinary farmer. This 
mode of farming, taken in connection with the milling and manu- 
facturing industries, gives employment the year round to all the 
laborers of the county at remunerative prices. The labor of the 
county is noted for its intelligence and thrift and in some measure 
accounts for the general thrift and wealth of her citizenship. 
Farm labor commands from twelve to fifteen dollars per month 
with board the year round. The cropping system is very much in 
vogue. The population of the county is rapidly increasing. 

The city of Henderson is the county seat and stands on the 
banks of the Ohio fully thirty odd feet above the highest water 
known. Her water and railroad facilities for transportation, sur- 
rounded as she is with any amount of coal and timber, ought to 
be a sufficient guarantee for the successful employment of capital 
looking for investment in the manufacturing industries. When 
incorporated as a town in 1810, Henderson had a population of 
only 160 persons; so steady has been the growth that to-day the 
population is near 15,000. The city has a most excellent system 
of schools, whereby the poorest child may obtain a liberal educa- 
tion. She owns her electric light, gas and water works which in- 
sures these necessities at the very lowest cost possible to the con- 
sumer. She is noted for her well graded, graveled and broad 
paved streets, her fine residences and particularly for her wealth. 
Henderson has a lucrative trade. Her intelligent and enter- 
prising merchants deal in almost all the channels of trade that go 
to make up civilization, and in their different lines furnish the 



138 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

people of the county with the hitest innovations. Her manufac- 
turing interest is considerable, her woolen and cotton mills, the 
latter of which are very extensive, are noted for their successful 
management and superiority of their goods. Her flouring mills 
and grain elevators are of such capacity as to enable them to 
handle millions of bushels of grain, of which Henderson is getting 
to be a great center. Her tobacco stemmeries, nineteen in num- 
ber, handle more tobacco than any other city of like size on the 
face of the earth, and she is doubtless the best market for loose 
tobacco in the State. 

Henderson is surrounded by many market gardens. This and 
the fact that the soil of the entire county is so well adapted to 
truck gardening, taken in connection with the phenomenal in- 
terest of late in fruit growing, ought to make it one of the very 
best locations for a canning factory in the State; certainh^ on« 
is very much needed there and from a business standpoint there is 
nothing that offers better inducements for profits on capital in- 
vested. The great steel truss bridge that spans the Ohio at this 
point enables the railroads of this county (of which there are 
forty-eight and a half miles in operation) to run in ever}" direction. 
The county has twenty-two miles of gravel roads, which were 
formerly built and owned by stock companies, on which toll was 
charged and collected, the same have been recently purchased by 
the count}' and the gates thrown open. There are five miles more 
under construction by the county which, when completed, Hender- 
son will have five miles of graA'el road leading from her limits 
in almost every direction. The county has a most excellent sys- 
tem for working her public roads, there being a special act allow- 
ing her to levy and collect a tax for same, the amount being about 
116,000 per year at present. 

Education is attracting a great deal of attention; the school 
houses are all being modernized and the facilities for an education 
are not to be surpassed elsewhere in the State. There are two 
nurseries in the State, one at Cairo and one at Kobards, both 
seeming to be doing a thriving business. Telephones are being 
put up along all the most public roads, and are tapping a great 
many farm houses, and it is thought that it is only a question of 
time when a farmer can sit by his fireside and converse with his 
brother farmer at almost every point in the county. 

There is one mineral spring near Green river, which very recent- 
ly is attracting considerable attention, many going thither to 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 139 

drink the waters for their health. A considerable amount of 
coal is being mined at different points in the county. Lands have 
a steady increased money value. The chief products are corn, 
tobacco, wheat, rye, oats, hay and potatoes. There are several 
towns deserving mention, viz.: Audubon, Spottsville, Zion, 
Hebbardsville, Robards, Cairo, Corydon and Dixie, besides many 
smaller places, all seeming to be doing business in a substantial 
way. The population of this county is intelligent, generous and 
hospitable, who stand with open doors and outstretched arms 
ready to welcome immigrants of brain, brawn and capital. It 
has been said that of all the worlds the good Lord ever created, 
the one on which we live is the best. We believe that the 
United States is the grandest country on the face of the earth; 
that of all the States, dear old Kentucky is the best, and that 
of all the counties that comprise the grand old Commonwealth, 
our own Henderson is the best. 

Geo. S. Baldwin. 

Henderson count3' is situated in the Second Congressional, First 
Appellate, Fifth Judicial, Fifth Senatorial and Thirteenth Legisla- 
tive Districts. 

PosTOFFiGEs: — Alzey, Anthoston, Baskett, Bluff City, Cairo, 
Carlinburg, Corydon, Dixie, Geneva, Hebbardsville, Henderson, 
King's Mills McDonald Landing, Niagara, Pyrus, Reed, Robard, 
ScuffletOwn, Smith's Mills, Spottsville, Utley, Wilson, Zion. 



Henry County. 

Henry County was formed in 1798 out of Shelby and was named 
in honor of Patrick Henry, Governor of Virginia. A glance at 
the map of the State shows it situated along the northern border 
near the center, its closest point only a few miles from the Ohio 
river and contains over 167,000 acres. 

It is bounded on the north by Trimble and Carroll, on the east 
by Kentucky river, on the south by Franklin and Shelby and on 
the west by Oldham. The land is generally rolling and along 
water courses quite hilly. The eastern part for more than twenty 
miles lies along the Kentucky river. 

The Little Kentucky runs through the western side of the county 
and Drennon's creek runs through the central portion and emp- 
ties into the Kentucky river near the famous Drennon Springs. 



140 Fourteenth Bioiiiial Rciwrl Jiiircuu of lyricuUurc. 

The character of the soil varies — some very rich and productive 
— producing in abundance all of the best products grown in the 
State. A large portion of the hill land is rich and produces as 
fine quality of tobacco as is grown in the Burley district. None 
so inferior that it can not be made good pasture land. These 
lauds are located along the "fruit line," and produce as fine apples, 
peaches and pears as are to be found anywhere. The bottoms 
along the river have been growing corn for one hundred years,^ 
and are still very productive. Some splendid homes are seen 
along these bottoms. At one time Henry county was one of the 
largest corn producing counties in the State and fattened 
thousands of hogs annually. Now, corn, wheat and tobacco are 
extensivelj'^ grown, tobacco the principal crop. Herds of cattle 
and sheep are increasing and can be made profitable owing to 
abundance of pasture lands. 

The timber of the county consists of oak, walnut, hickory, beech 
and sugar-tree. The demand for oak, walnut and poplar lumber 
and the remunerative prices for a fine quality of tobacco have de- 
pleted the area of timber in every locality; but good lumber from 
the mills, in many places, can be obtained at fair prices. A large 
portion of the timber has been shipped in the log, owing to good 
railroad and water transporting facilities. Locust for posts is 
produced in abundance and sells for from fifteen to twenty cents. 

Lead ore is found cropping out along the bluffs of Kentucky 
river and a vein of same crosses Drennon's creek, two miles above 
its mouth, to Kentucky river and into Owen county'. There are 
traces of silver found; in working lead mines years ago it was 
found in moderately j)aying quantities. 

With a few exceptions there is an abundance of gray limestone 
for all practical purposes and in some places building stone can 
be had from two to eighteen inches in thickness. Gas has been 
found in boring for water in western portion of county, along the 
line of railroad to Cincinnati. 

Eminence is situated -in the crown hill of four streams of 
water — Clear creek, Fox Eun, Brennon and Little Kentucky. It 
is the highest point between Louisville and Lexington. Here ?i 
cut was made in grading the railroad in which skeletons of the 
Mammoth were found. The dirt from this cut, principally decom- 
posed bones, was used to fill a pond, where the park is now lo- 
cated. When this cut was made there were unmistakable signs of 
the existence, at one time, of an immense lake. The tracks of 



Fourteenili Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 141 

monster animals were plain and were filled with white sand. From 
beneath this bed of bones flows a stream of water that began to 
attract attention in the decade of '50. Dr. Bashaw was then 
owner of the land where the spring is located. When any stock 
was missing it was usually found at this spring. Thinking there 
was something in the water, and the doctor being in poor health, 
began drinking the water and improved rapidly. When the town 
of Eminence Avas founded the whole peofjle used water from this 
spring. 

In 1S54, Dr. David Dale Owen, then State geologist, analyzed 
this water and said there was no better water in the State. His 
analysis can be found in one of the three volumes, published about 
this time. It contains common salts, magnesia, soda and iron. 
From the fact that sulphur springs are found in all four of the 
streams above mentioned flowing out from this spring, it is sup- 
posed that Drennon Springs has its origin here, too. The water 
from the north side of the depot building in Eminence runs into 
the Ohio river, while that from the south side flows into Salt river. 

Drennon Springs were discovered early in the history of the 
State and a settlement made. They are located on Drennon's 
creek, from which it took its name^ — near where the creek empties 
into Kentucky river. 

At an early day all the salt used in this section was made here. 
About the years '48 and '50, it was an immense watering place 
and at the time the most prosperous. There was a large hotel 
and cottages to accommodate a thousand people or more, and 
persons from every part of the country were found here. About 
this time the buildings were burned, rebuilt and burned again. 
The waters from the Black and White Sulphur, the Chalybeate 
and Salt Springs flow just the same, attracting the attention of 
the invalid and benefitting all who come. For all skin diseases 
and rheumatism and other ailments, there have been cures al- 
most miraculous. 

The industrial development is not such as the county demands 
and is capable of sustaining. There has been a rush from the 
farms to town, but it has not been for an investment of capital. 
Booming towns and land booms in the West have caught the 
capitalist and home advancement has sufi'ered. There are four 
good flouring mills in the county doing a good business. There 
is no investment in factories of any kind but which promise good 
returns and have been made prosperous in less inviting fields. 



142 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

The Louisville «& Nasliville short line to Cincinnati runs through 
the western portion of county; the Louisville & Lexington 
through the southwestern, while the entire eastern section is 
furnished with a natural line of transportation by Kentucky river, 
even at lowest stages of water, carrying timber, tobacco, corn, 
wheat and other products to the markets of the world. There are 
two locks and dams in Henry county — Lock No. 2 at Lockport 
and Lock No. 3 at Gestville. A charter has been granted for a 
continuation of a railroad through to Carrollton and Madison, 
Ind., with some prospect of building in the near future. With 
fair railroad and water transportation facilities, the public roads 
suffer for want of a general road system covering the entire State. 
There are over four hundred miles of roads, two hundred and 
twenty of which are macadam. They are maintained by taxation, 
toll system and common laws for road working under overseers. 
The condition of the roads is improving. The contract system 
for working roads is being extended and proving satisfactory, 
and some new pikes are being made. 

The labor system like the roads is not a perfect one, nor the 
character of labor employed. It ranks about with other counties 
and is varied as the people. There are no "strikes," except when 
a hand wants to quit, but prices go up and down with demand 
and supply of labor. Prices paid are generally from fifty cents 
to one dollar per day and from ten to fifteen dollars per month 
"with board." 

With the present educational facilities there comes a demand 
for better teachers, more interest on the part of school directors, 
less partiality for teachers, more painstaking to make the school 
houses attractive and comfortable, less opposition to taxation 
for school purposes. 

In the long ago Henry county not only boasted of her wealth, 
palatial homes, refinement and educational advantages, but her 
reputation was well earned. In this matter here is an inviting 
field to the educational worker and energetic teacher who will 
honor the profession. The people are awaking as from a long 
slumber. Education is putting on new life, new and substantial 
school houses are taking the places of old ones and there is im- 
provement all along the line. 

New Castle, the county seat, is one among the oldest towns in 
the State. Some of the old landmarks remain, giving proof of 
age. Like many other important places, it has had to give way 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau, of Agriculture. 143 

to railroad towns. It can boast of a flue court house, fine resi- 
dences and good people. New Castle does a good business not- 
withstanding a railroad runs north and south of it, and has daily 
coniuiuuication at Eminence with Louisville, Frankfort and Lex- 
ington, rieasureville on the Louisville & Lexington railroad has 
an immense trade, surrounded b^' a good farming localitj', with an 
enterjjrising people. Eminence on same line of road, four miles 
west, boasts of man}' advantages, as an inland town, churches of 
all denominations, school buildings, two banks, stores, shops, a 
high and healthy location, surrounded by a good countr}'. Smith- 
field, five miles west, Pendleton on Short Line overlooking Little 
Kentucky; Sulphur, located on same stream, six miles north; 
Campbellsburg, a little farther on, pushing along with business, 
Turner's Station on same line of road, all boasting of advantages 
and sharing in the honors of Henry county. 

Henry county is in the Seventh Congressional, Fifth Appellate, 
Twelfth Judicial, Twenty-first Senatorial and Fifty-fourth Legis- 
lative Districts. 

PosTOFFiGEs: — Bar, Bethlehem, Blackwell, Campbellsburg, De- 
foe, Drennon, Drennon Springs, Eminence, Fallis, Franklinton, 
Gest, Harper's Ferry, Hillspring, Jericho, Lacie, Lockport, New 
Castle, Noe, North Pleasureville, Orville, Pendleton, Pleasure- 
ville. Port Royal, Smithfield, Sulphur, Turner's Station, Vance. 



Hickman County. 

Hickman County formerly embraced all that territory now sub- 
divided into Ballard, Carlisle, Fulton, and Hickman counties, lying 
in the southwestern extremity of Kentucky, bordered on the west 
by the Mississippi river, and on the south by the State of Ten- 
nessee. Hickman county was organized by an act of the Legis- 
lature in 1822, and in 1842 Ballard and Fulton counties w^ere sub- 
tracted from it, leaving 22G square miles of territory, now one of 
the richest farming sections in the State. The county was named 
in honor of Capt. Paschall Hickman, a native of Virginia, who 
emigrated to Kentucky when but a bo}', with his father, Rev. 
William Hickman, who settled in Franklin county. Capt. Hick- 
man won his military title in the early Indian wars, and he was 
severely wounded in the battle of the River Raisin. 

The general face of the country is undulating, broken at inter- 



44 Fourteentli Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

vals by hills aud valleys. In the bottom section contiguous to 
the river and creeks there remains yet a large area of wild land, 
in forest; but by degrees the land is being cleared for cultivation, 
and the once dark forests are rapidly disappearing to make room 
for more homes. The soil is generally a rich brown loam, with 
streaks of sand and clay deposits. It is a fertile soil and pro- 
duces abundantly when properly handled. The principal crops 
are corn and wheat, but tobacco is also raised successfully, as 
well as all of the garden crops. Stock raising has become a con- 
siderable factor in the county's resources in late years, and most 
of the corn grown is fed here at home and sold "on the hoof." 

In good seasons the wheat ^ield is from twenty-five to forty 
bushels per acre, and the corn yield from fifty to seventy-five 
bushels. Sweet and Irish potatoes, especially in that section 
known as the ^'Potato Patch," grow as abundantly as "Carter's 
oats." 

In recent years the value of farm land has steadily advanced, 
until now the price averages about thirty-five dollars an acre. 
Many of the farms are well improved, and a ride along the country 
road reveals an unwonted growth of log cabins into modern 
houses, surrounded by all the conveniences which make American 
farm life the ideal life of the well-to-do. 

Clinton is the county seat, and it is a progressive little city of 
2,000 inhabitants, on the line of the Illinois Central railroad. The 
town is situated in the very heart of the county, and is sur- 
rounded by the best farms the county boasts. The court-house 
was built seventeen years ago at an expense of |25,000, and it is 
a handsome brick structure, ornamenting the public square and 
surrounded by solid brick business blocks. 

The educational advantages of Clinton have attracted to it 
many desirable inhabitants. We have two colleges, Clinton Col- 
lege (Baptist), founded by Father Willis White, in 1873, and Mar- 
vin College (Methodist), organized in 1SS4. Both colleges have 
large commodious brick buildings, and are in a prosperous 
condition. 

In 1898 local capital furnished the town a fine system of water- 
works. 

The county tax is only thirty-five cents ad valorem on the flOO,- 
and 11.50 poll tax. The city tax is fifty-five cents ad valorem and 
11.50 poll. 

Both the Christian and Baptist denominations have compara- 
tively new and modern houses of worship, centrally located and 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 145 

highly ornamental to our city. The Methodists are pushing for- 
ward towards the erection of a splendid new brick edifice for their 
worship, and hope to have same completed early in the next 
year (1902). 

Since the advent of the Illinois Central railroad here in 1873, 
Clinton has made rapid strides forward, and is now the com- 
mercial-center of the county as well as the seat of the county 
government. 

Hundreds of car loads of hogs and cattle are shipped from 
here every year, bringing in many thousands of dollars. 

The Clinton Roller Mills buy up thousands of bushels of wheat 
and market the flour by car loads all through the south. Timber 
shipments are also a steady source of revenue to our people. 

The past summer (1901) Beshers &: Jackson, two of our enter- 
prising citizens, have erected a new roller mill in Clinton, with 
a capacity of 150 barrels of flour a day, and in connection with it 
they built an elevator of 25,000 bushels capacity. The mill is now 
in successful operation and the farmers are availing themselves 
of the use of the elevator — a convenience that we have long 
needed. 

Besides Clinton, there are several other wide-awake towns in 
the county, viz.: Columbus, on the Mississippi river, a town of 
about 1,000 inhabitants. It has a number of manufacturing in- 
dustries, and is also in the fruit and berry growing belt. The 
strawberry crop brings to Columbus and Aicinity from |30,000 to 
150,000 every season, other fruit crops around there are also a 
regular source of income to the people. 

Other small towns in the county are Moscow and Oakton, on the 
Mobile & Ohio railroad, Spring Hill, Beelertown, Croley, Cypress, 
Bugg, Hailewell, Stubbs, and Fulgham. 

We have more than fifty public school houses in the county, 
and the general interest in education is a safe index to the char- 
acter of our people. At Columbus and Oakton free graded schools 
tire in successful operation. At Columbus there are several im- 
portant manufactories: The Cowles Whipstock and Stirrup Manu- 
factory, a heading factory, stave factory, and Rocker's large 
pottery. These concerns ship their products to all parts of the 
world. They employ hundreds of men and boys, and their pay- 
rolls run into thousands of dollars a month. Nearly as many 
churches as the various denominations, also thrive in this county, 
and there are several Masonic lodges and other charitable and 
social societies flourishing here in towns and countrv. 



14G Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

The criminal division of our courts is seldom overburdened with 
business, for we have little crime to mar the good name we have 
established. 

In the past few years there has been a steady stream of immi- 
gration here, men of means from other counties of the State, and 
from Tennessee, Illinois, Missouri, etc., having purchased valuable 
town and country homes here. There is enough cheap land here 
yet to provide homes and farms for many families, and land of 
this kind can, as a rule, be bought on easy and satisfactory terms. 

E. B. Walker. 

Hickman county is situated in the First Congressional, First 
Appellate, First Judicial, First Senatorial and First Legislative 
districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Baltimore, Beelertown, Bugg, Beulah, Clinton, 
Columbus, Croley, Cypress, Hailewell, Moscow, Neal, Oakton, 
Spring Hill. 



Hopkins County. 

By an act of the Legislature of Kentucky, approved December 
29, 1806, Hopkins was, in the year 1807, formed into a county. 
This territory w^as taken from the southern portion of Hender- 
son county and lies between the 87th and 88th parallels of west 
longitude and 37th and 38th parallels of north latitude. It is 
bounded on the north and the northwest by Webster county, on the 
west by Caldwell, on the south by Christian and on the east 
by Muhlenberg and McLean. Tradewater river, a small and un- 
navigable stream, forms the boundary between Hopkins and Cald- 
well, while Pond river, another small stream, marks the boundary 
between this and Muhlenberg and McLean counties. The extreme 
length of the county is about forty miles, while its width is some- 
thing over half its length, thus giving the countj' an area of nearly 
500 square miles. The county was named in honor of General 
Stephen Hopkins, one of the signers of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. 

The surface of the county is in some places rough and hilly, but 
most of it generally undulating. The soil is productive, on which 
are grown tobacco, wheat, oats, rye, potatoes, sorghum and all 
kinds of garden vegetables. Fruits, such as apples, peaches, 
pears, plums, grapes, etc., are produced in abundance. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 147 

Where orchards have received proper care and attention thej 
have paid most liberally. In connection with this, it is found 
that this county is well adapted to the growing of berries of all 
kinds, and especially strawberries. Farmers are finding that the 
fruit crop is a paying one and the}^ are turning their attention 
to the culture of the orchards. 

The coal fields of Hopkins county are almost inexhaustible. 
More than one-fourth of the coal mined in the State of Kentucky 
is taken from the mines of this county. The St. Bernard, with 
headquarters at Earliugton, has three large mines, one at Earling- 
ton, one at Morton's Gap, and one at St. Charles. There is the 
Hecla, near Earlington, the Ilsey mines, the Carbondale mines, 
the Stull mines, the mines at Barnsley, and two at Madisonville, 
the Rienecke, and the Monarch. All these mines are in a prosper- 
ous condition. The yearly output is more than 20,000,000 bushels. 
This gives emploj^ment to a large force of men and their families. 
A great many of our miners own their own residences, they are 
our own people, and they feel interested in all our institutions. 
When strikes were on at other places, the miners of Hopkins 
county continued at their work. There are at all times the very best 
of feeling between the operators and their men. The pay roll of 
these mines amount to many thousands of dollars per month. 

The attempt to unionize the labor in these mines has caused 
considerable disturbance in 1901, and is still unsettled as this arti- 
cle goes to press. 

The St. Bernard Company, at Earlington, operates extensive 
coke works, and this gives employment to a large number of men. 
The products find a ready sale where this kind of fuel is used. 
There are about 150 ovens that are used all the time in the manufac- 
ture of coke. 

Hopkins county has a variety of timber, and that of the very 
best kind and quality. Oak, walnut, ash, poplar, hickorj^ and many 
other kinds that are valuable, abound in the forests along the 
streams. It is estimated that there are over one hundred differ- 
ent kinds of timber growing in this county. 

Hopkins county is a fine agricultural district. Here nearly 
everything that can be grown in the State of Kentucky can t)e 
produced from our soil. Tobacco is the leading staple and this 
finds a ready sale in the markets of the world. There are less than 
a dozen counties in the world that produce more pounds of tobacco 
than does Hopkins county. The soil produces corn, wheat, oats. 



148 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

rye, clover, and peas. It is a fine agricultural section and as a re- 
sult, a good deal of attention is given to raising of stock of all 
kinds, such as horses, hogs, cattle and sheep. Year by year the 
people of the county are turning their attention to stock raising. 
The county has sixty-four miles of railroad. The Illinois Cen- 
tral passes through the southern portion of the county and has 
twenty-two miles of railroad in the county. The Louisville & 
Nashville, Henderson division, passes through the county seat, 
while the Providence branch of the same road has its terminus 
at this place. These two divisions have forty-two miles of road in 
the county. 

On account of the scarcity of material suitable for such pur- 
poses, Hopkins county has no turnpikes. The roads are dirt roads, 
but are kept in tolerably good condition most of the year. There 
is at present a very strong feeling on the part of the people to 
haA^e still a better system of roads for the public. 

This county is peculiarly blessed on account of its fine mineral 
water. Dawson has almost a national reputation as a health re- 
sort. The waters of that place have a reputation that are second 
to but few in the country. The water is chalybeate of the very 
finest quality and also fine salts water at the same place. There is 
also a very fine chalybeate well at Madisonville and at other points 
in the county. The sulphur springs at Kichmond and at Mani- 
tou are well known and the water is of the very best quality. 

It is rather a difficult matter to state the exact price of farm 
lands. It ranges in price from a few dollars up to $50 per acre 
according to location and the kind of land w^anted. To the man 
who wants to come here to make his home, and who wants to make 
a good citizen, we can say that he can get such a place as suits 
him at a price that is by no means extravagant. 

Hopkins county has not as yet become noted as a manufactur- 
ing center, though there is no good reason why we should not in 
the future have manufactories of all kinds in our midst. We are 
waiting for capital to make investments that would certainly pay 
the investor. We have fuel in limitless quantities and at a price 
that defies competition. We are accessible to the outside world 
and are situated in the county that it seems ofl'ers every induce- 
ment that is necessary. 

There are in the county eighty-eight white school districts and 
about thirty districts for the education of the colored children. 
In each and every one of these districts there is a public school 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 149 

taught every year for a term of five months. In many of these dis- 
tricts the terms are lengthened to eight, nine, or ten months. 
There is, perhaps, no county in the State where there is more at- 
tention paid to the public schools and to public education than 
there is in Hopkins county. In Madisonville are several private 
schools where the higher branches are taught. The West Ken- 
tucky Normal School is also located here and it has a good patron- 
age. 

The county owes but a small debt and it will be but a few years 
until that is paid. The county tax is only fifty cents on the one 
hundred dollars' worth of property. 

Madisonville is the county seat. The town is near the center 
of the county, in a fine agricultural district. It is on the Hen- 
derson division of the L. & N. railroad, fifty miles south of Evans- 
ville, Ind., and 107 miles north of Nashville, Tenn. The town is 
a city of the fourth-class and contains a population of about 
4,500. It is one of the most progressive towns in this portion of 
the State. It has churches and schools. The people are an in- 
dustrious, honest and intelligent people, who are noted for their 
high standard of right. J. J. Glenn. 

Hopkins county is situated in the Second Congressional, First 
Appellate, Fourth Judicial, Sixth Senatorial and Eleventh Legis- 
lative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Ansonia, xVntons, Ashbyburg, Barn?ley, Charles- 
ton, Dalton, Dawson Springs, Earlington, Hamby Station, Han- 
son, Ilsley, Madisonville, Manitou, Mortons Gap, Nebo, Nortonville, 
Olney, Richland, Saint Charles, Silentrun, Veazy, Whiteplains, 
Yarbro. 



Jackson County. 

(Revised 1901, by T.^J. Coyle.) 

Jackson county was formed April, 1858, out of parts of Clay. 
Laurel, Rockcastle, Madison, Estill and Owsley counties and lies in 
the southeast-central part of the State, and is bounded by the afore- 
mentioned counties, and is about one hundred and fifty miles south 
of Louisville, and one hundred miles north of Cumberland Gap, 
and nearly on a direct line from one to the other. 

Jackson county commemorates and was named in honor of the 
venerable A ndrew Jackson, seventh President of the United States. 



150 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

The headwaters of the Kentuck}' and Cumberland rivers find their 
source in this county; tliat is, their main tributaries. The main 
water courses of the county are: Terill's creek, Moore's creek. 
Pond creek, Laurel Fork, Indian creek and Horse Lick tributaries 
to the Rockcastle river, which washes its shores for more than 
thirty miles and then makes its w^ay off by way of the Cumberland 
and Ohio rivers to the mighty ''Father of Waters," where it com- 
mingles its waters with the waters of South fork, Middle fork, 
War fork, and Cavenaugh fork of Station Camp creek, the other 
water courses of Jackson county, as it is borne along to the 
mighty "Father of Waters," by way of the Kentucky and Ohio 
rivers. None of these streams are navigable, or used as a means 
of transportation, save in the transportation of logs and lumber, 
though all are available for water power, for the running of ma- 
chinery, mills, etc. 

The soil of Jackson county is considerably varied. The north- 
west and western parts of the county are very fertile, but much 
broken by hills, which are quite steep, the soil being a mixture 
generally of lime and sandstone, underlaid with limestone. The 
eastern and southern parts are nearly level, being slightly un- 
dulating, with soil fairly fertile and productive, comprising by far 
the best farming lands of Jackson county. The character of the 
soil is therefore so varied that it is suited to most all crops, the 
principal ones of w^hich are named in order of their importance: 
Corn, wheat, oats, tobacco, potatoes, fruits, etc., etc. Price of 
land is from |2 to |10 per acre. 

The county at one time before settlement presented an unbroken 
forest of fine timber averaging not less than fifteen to twenty-five 
thousand feet per acre, fully 70 per cent, of which still remains 
in its natural state. The principal growth is white oak, poplar 
and pine, w^hich greatly predominates and is of good quality. The 
other kinds of timber are the various species of oak, pine, beech, 
linden, hickory, buckej'e, cedar, maple, birch, sugar-tree, walnut, 
gum, chestnut, etc., etc. The great body of forest land is being- 
consumed very slowly commercially, and what is being so con- 
sumed reaches market in the shape of hoops; staves, ties, tan 
bark, lumber in the rough, etc., etc., being hauled on an average of 
fifteen to twenty miles to market. 

No other county in the State has finer or better fields of mineral 
lands than Jackson comprising co.al, which is yet but little mined, 
iron, copperas, saltpetre, oil, building stones, clays, etc., in abund- 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 151 

ance. The coal veins in this county are often found ranging in 
thickness from thirty to sixty inches, and two and three strata, 
one above the other, in all the hills at land. This wealth of min- 
eral, like the timber wealth, remains in an undeveloped state for 
the lack of transportation of any kind. There is nowhere a bet- 
ter field for cai)italists than here. Every avenue is oj^eu and the 
fruits abundant. And nowhere are there more inducements for 
railroad ijhilanthropists and a possibility for more success. 

The northwest part of the county has many caverns, caves, 
ravines, cascades, waterfalls, Indian mounds, Indian graves, sta- 
lactites, stalagmites, ortlios, chinoid heads, spikes, tomahawks 
and many other remains, sights and sceneries both interesting and 
attractive to sightseers, excursionists, mineralogists and others 
who visit that part. We have no health resorts in the county, but 
many mineral springs, such as the different kinds of sulphur, lime» 
lithia, etc., etc., whose waters possess the highest medicinal value 
and some day promise well. Our scenery and springs can not be 
surpassed, either in beauty or Aalue. There are many caves in 
the county, from one-fourth to one mile in length, and any one 
seeking i)leasure or profit can find no better place. 

Our industrial development is wanting; we have few mills or 
factories of any kind, and everything used most is shipped in, save 
corn, meal and stock. Our consumption and the readiness and 
abundance and cheapness of coal and water afford good oppor- 
tunity for investments in this line, with a fair promise of ample 
returns. We have no railroad nearer than the Louisville & Nash- 
ville, and the Cincinnati Southern, which is from eight to sixteen 
miles from the nearest boundary. We have no pikes, but the 
public roads are fairly good, and maintained by the militia labor; 
the road system is apparently on a standstill, or improving very 
slowly, and more adequate road laws are needed, and the atten- 
tion of the Legislature is invited to that fact. The people of the 
county raise stock, and farm on a small scale generally for a liv- 
ing. There is some work done in the lumber regions. The price 
of labor ranges (including boarding expenses, which are usually 
borne by the employer) from |10 to |20 per month. Or, in other 
words, .fl'S per month and board, or about |18 and board them- 
selves. 

Tn Jackson county we have sixty-eight public schools, somewhat 
upon the plan of all others in the State, only we can boast of the 
best school houses of any county in the State, as per our popula- 



162 Fourteenth Bieiiiiiul Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

tion and wealth. Our county is fairly well supplied with churches, 
most every locality having a church house. McKee, the county 
seat, is a small town situated in the center of the county and 
not like Home of old on her seven hills, but between four hills on 
"Indian" creek, about one mile above where tradition says the 
Boone and Calloway girls Avere rescued by their gallant lovers 
July 17, 1776, something of which every one knows. We have 
few other towns. The people of Jackson county are w^anting a 
railroad, and the best route is up Laurel fork and Indian creek, 
through McKee, Moulder, Burning Springs, Manchester and on. 
With this our coal, timber and pasture and farm lands become 
available and our people wealthy. The county has a population 
of about 11,000. 

The county roads are bad, and worked by hands called out by 
overseers. They are better worked of late than heretofore. 

It is situated in the Eleventh Congressional, Fifth Appellate, 
Twenty-seventh Judicial and Seventeenth Senatorial Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — Alcorn, Anville, Clover, Bottom, Collingsworth, 
Driprock, Egypt, Ethel, Evergreen, Foxtown, Grayhawk, Green 
Hall, Knob, Isaac, Kerbyknob, McKee, Maudlin, Middlefork, 
Moore's Creek, Morril, Nathanton, Parrot, Peoples' Tyner, Welch- 
burg. 



Jefferson County. 

Jefferson County, named in honor of Thomas Jefferson, then 
governor of Virginia, was established by the Legislature of Vir- 
ginia, May 1, 1780. It was one of three counties formed of the old 
county of Kentucky, which had, by a similar eliminating process, 
been made out of the then county of Fincastle, in 1776. Fincastle 
county disappeared when Kentucky county was carved out of it, 
and Kentucky county in turn passed out of existence when Jeffer- 
son and the other two counties, Lincoln and Fayette, were carved 
out of it. Neither of their names are preserved in any subsequent 
county organization, either in the State of Kentucky or Virginia. 
When, however, Kentucky became an independent State, in 1792, 
the name Kentucky, which originally embraced its original terri- 
tory, was resumed. 

When old Kentucky county was dissected in 1780 and counties 
of Jefferson, Fayette and Lincoln carved out of it, the Virginia 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 153 

Legislature probably intended to make tbe three new counties 
equal in territorial extent. The ignorance of geography at that 
early day, however, caused Lincoln to be made the largest, Fay- 
ette next, and Jefferson the smallest of the three. There were in 
the whole of old Kentucky county 26,408,320 acres, and of these, 
Jefferson got about 5,000,000, while Lincoln and Fayette secured 
the rest. 

Starting with 5,000,000 of acres, Jefferson county was pretty 
good picking for the horde of new counties that were to be born 
of her. Before the end of four years from its establishment, the 
Legislature of Virginia began dissecting it. In 1784 Nelson 
county was carved out of it. In 1792, Shelby, Washington and 
Hardin; in 1796, Bullitt; in 1798, Henry and Ohio; in 1799, Breck- 
enridge; in 1810, Grayson; in 1815, Daviess; in 1823, Oldham and 
Meade; in 1824, Spencer; in 1829, Hancock; in 1834, Marion; in 
1836, Trimble; in 1843, Larue, and in 1848, Taylor. Here, then, 
were eighteen new counties, having an aggregate territory of 
3,717,018 acres, which were carved out of Jefferson between 1784 
and 1848. 

But besides these eighteen new counties, wholly carved out of 
the original territory of Jefferson, there were twelve other coun 
ties partly made up from it. These were: Mercer, 1785»; Green 
1792; Franklin, 1794; Adair, 1801; Casey, 1806; Butler, 1810; Hart 
1819; Edmonson, 1825; Anderson, 1827; Carroll, 1838; Boyle, 1842 
and McLean, 1854. They embrace an aggregate of 2,037,630 acres 
But all of these acres did not come from Jefferson's original terri 
tory. Part came from Lincoln and part from Fayette. The loca 
tion of these twelve counties "along the old division lines between 
Jefferson and Fayette and Lincoln indicates that more than half 
their territory, or more than 1,000,000 acres came from within 
the original boundary of Jefferson. 

This dividing of old Jefferson could not continue always. The 
eighteen whole, and the twelve partial counties carved out of it 
had consumed nearly the whole of its original 5,000,000 acres. 
There remained only 233,206 acres in the original county, and that 
only made about an average county for territorial extent. 

The county of Jefferson as it now stands with its 2.33,206 acres, 
is bounded on the north by Oldham, on the east by Spencer and 
Shelby, on the south by Bullitt, and on the west by the Ohio river. 
Except in the eastern and southern portions where hills and knobs 
occur, its surface is generally level and well watered by Beargrass 



154 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

creek, Floj'd's Fork and Pond creek. Besides Louisville, the chief 
city of the State, it contains some of the oldest villages, such a.^ 
Jeflfersontown and Middletown. 

Jefferson county may be said to have begun its political exist- 
ence on March 7, 1781, when its first county court was held. There 
was then no court house in which to hold court, and the magis- 
trates assembled in the old fort at the foot of Twelfth street. 
There is no reliable record of the names of the justices who held 
this first court, but they are believed to have been William Pope, 
John Floyd, George Slaughter, Isaac Cox and Andrew Hines. 
Eichard Chenowith was sheriff. 

Uninterrupted prosperity did not follow the opening of courts 
for protecting the rights and punishing the wrongs of citizens. 
The Indians were about and had something to say concerning the 
white men building houses and raising corn on their hunting 
grounds. They never came in large numbers into the territory of 
Jefferson, and no great Indian battle was ever fought here. They 
came, however, in small numbers, and lurked in the forest until 
they could kill the unsuspecting citizens. In this way many lives 
were lost, and among them some of the most important to the 
pioneers. In 1781, Col. William Linn, Capt. Abraham Tipton and 
Capt. John Chapman were killed by Indians in ambush. In 1783, 
Col. Floyd was ambuscaded and slain. In 1781, Walker Daniel 
was killed in the same way. In 1788, they killed the grandfather 
of President Lincoln. 

Such were the distress and annoyances caused by these secret 
murderers, that the inhabitants of Jefferson county, as late as 
1795, entered into an agreement to pay a fixed sum of money for 
•every Indian scalp. 

There is a variety of soils in Jefferson county, some quite poor 
and some as fine as can be found in the State, ranging in price 
from 110.00 to |1,000 per acre, owing to quality and location. Al- 
most all the -land within six miles of Louisville is devoted to 
market gardening, and Jefferson county likely produces more of 
what is known as second crop potatoes than are produced in any 
other section. Enormous quantities of main crop potatoes (or first 
crop), onion seed, onion sets and onions are grown extensively 
throughout the county. The territory lying from eight to four- 
teen miles from the city is largely devoted to fruit growing and 
truck gardening. The small fruit industry is very extensive and 
no place in the world raises finer berries than those grown in the 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 156 

Middletown, Jeffersontown, and Fern Creek region. Strawberries 
were grown at Fern Creek in 1899 and exhibited in Louisville, 
seven of which would fill a quart box. Farming proper is carried 
on quite extensively in a large portion of the county. Magnificent 
corn and wheat lands are found along Beargrass creek, Pond 
creek, Floyd's fork and other sections, while in the southern part 
of the county more attention is paid to early corn and hay. The 
people have splendid facilities for transportation of their products 
in every direction as there are no less than ten great railroads 
centering in Louisville, the county seat of the county. There has 
also been built within the last year the Louisville, Anchorage & 
Pewee Valley Electric railroad. And in addition to the railroads 
they have the Ohio river. The water power on the falls at Louis- 
ville only waits to be utilized. There are a number of turnpikes 
in the county which have been built and operated as toll roads, 
which are now free. The militia system of working of the 
county roads was abandoned years ago and all roads are worked 
by taxation, and more attention is given each year to macadam 
and many miles have been constructed in the last few years, and 
which may properly be called permanent roads; roads where the 
proper attention has been given to drainage and then crowned 
with crushed limestone rock are the best and the road is one that 
can be depended upon at all times. It is only a question of time 
when all important public roads in this county will be turnpikes. 
Timber is becoming very scarce, and remains only in most part on 
the rough and glady parts of the county. It is now mostly mark- 
eted in the log. The timber growth of the county has been mainly 
oak, poplar, walnut, hickory, ash, elm and beech. There are sev- 
eral excellent quarries of building stone and quite a number of 
brick and tile works. Perhaps the most noted> mineral water in 
the county is found near Floyd's fork, one mile below Fisherville,^ 
and the place is becoming quite popular as a health resort. Farm 
labor is largely employed and wages average about |15.00 per 
month with board, or fl.OO per day without board. Laborers are 
both white and black. The last assessment shows that 231,960 
acres were assessed. The assessed value of the same was $12,- 
888,749. The personal property of the farmers is assessed at 
11,377,199, which is a total increase in the assessed valuation over 
last report of |1,320,495, more than ten per cent. The population 
of the county is 30,890. These figures are for the county outside 
the limits of the cit,y of Louisville, the boundaries of which have 



156 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

been so extended recently as to take into the city much of the 
county's valuable lands and much of its population. 

In Jefferson county are numerous relics of the pioneer period. 
At Mulberry Hill, on the Poplar Level road, stands the two-story 
double log house, built in 1784 by John Clark, the father of Gen. 
George Kogers Clark, and at Locust Grove on the Ohio may be 
seen the old-style solid brick mansion house built by Col. William 
Croghan in 1709. In the family gravej-ard here the remains of 
Gen. Clark reposed from 1818 to 1869, when they were reinterred 
in Cave Hill Cemetery. On Beargrass creek are the sites of six 
original forts: Spring, Floyd's Dutch, Sturgis, Sullivan's and 
Linn's which sheltered so many i)ioneers from the Indians, and 
where lie in unknown graves the remains of men and women who 
helped to lay the foundation of the State of Kentucky. On the 
bank of Longrun, a branch of Ford's fork, stood Hugh's station, 
where the grandfather of President Lincoln was killed in 1788, 
and on the same stream was routed the little army of Col. Floyd, 
who went to the relief of Boone's Station in 1781. On Cheno- 
weth's Kun yet stands the stone spring house in which the sur- 
vivors of the massacre of the Chenoweth family took refuge in 
1789. The ground itself of Jefferson county in many places is 
hallowed by recollections of the past: Yes 

Hallow^ed down to Earth's profound 

And uj) to Heaven. 

, E. T. DURRETT. 

Revised by M. F. Johnson. 

Jefferson county is situated in the Fifth Congressional, Fourth 
Appellate, Thirteenth Judicial, Thirty-sixth, Thirty-seventh and 
Thirty-eighth Senatorial, Fortj'-fourth, Forty-fifth, Forty-sixth, 
Forty-seventh, Forty-eighth, Forty-ninth, Fiftieth and Fifty-first 
Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — Anchorage, Avoca, Beechmont, Bishop, Buechel, 
Clark, Crescent Hill, Eastwood, Fairmount, Ferncreek, Fisher- 
ville, Glenview, Goosecreek, Harrod's Creek, Highland Park, 
Hikes, Hoertz, Jeffersontown, Lakeland, Lochland, Longrun, Lou- 
isville, Lyndon, Malott, Meadowlawn, Middletown, Newburg, 
O'Bannon, Oaklona, Orell, Pleasure Ridge Park, Prestonia, Pros- 
pect, Routt, St. Matthews. Shively, Smyrna, South Fork, Tucker, 
Valley Station, Worthington. 



Fourteenilt Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 157 



Jessamine County. 

No extraordinary developments in its geological formation dis- 
tinguishes Jessamine county from other portions of the bluegrass 
country. It contains about 312 square miles of as fertile land as 
there is in Central Kentucky. 

The act creating Jessamine county was passed in the Kentucky 
Legislature February 14, 1797, but took no effect until August, 
1798. Previous to this it was a part of Fayette county. Col. 
John Price, who had been the first to urge upon the people "the 
necessity of forming a new county, was the 'first representative, 
and was I'epeatedly elected to that position, and was a delegate 
from Jessamine county to the convention that formed the second 
Constitution of Kentucky in 1799. There is not a shadow of a 
doubt that to Col. Price belongs the honor of giving to Jessamine 
county her name, and the name was suggested to him by that 
flower growing in such profusion in portions of the county, and 
which is to be seen in some localities in the county even to this 
day. The silly story related by Collins in his history of Kentucky, 
and repeated since in other publications, that the county was 
named for Miss Jessamine Douglas, a young girl killed by the 
Indians in 1789, is a romance pure and simple, which I could prove 
beyond question did space permit. 

The Kentucky river forms the southeast and southwest boundary 
line, and, on the north is Fayette; east, Madison; south, Garrard, 
and west, Garrard, Mercer and Woodford counties. The boundary 
of Jessamine, east, west and southwest on the Kentucky river is 
very irregular as the river has many bends of considerable length, 
making a boundary line of water ninety-two miles. 

Jessamine county has no navigable streams. The Kentucky 
river is, or will soon be, by means of locks and dams, made by the 
United States Government, navigable the whole distance of nine- 
ty-two miles, bordering the county. 

Hickman, Jessamine and Marble creeks each afford water for 
propelling mills and factory machinery, and several large flouring 
mills are located on each. There are thirty-six miles of railroad, 
made up of sections of the Cincinnati Southern, running across 
the county from north to south, and of the Louisville Southern, 
known as the Nicholasville , Irvine & Beattyville road, which 
-crosses the countv west to east. 



158 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

Jessamine is decidedly a stock-raising county, combined with ag- 
riculture, which constitutes a profitable adjunct to stock raising 
and farming. Nicholasville, the county seat, is located at the 
crossing of the Cincinnati Southern and the Nicholasville, Irvine 
& Beattyville railroad, was founded in 1798, and has a population 
of something over 3,000, at the present time. 

Sam'l. L. Duncan. 

Jessamine county is situated in the Eighth Congressional, Fifth 
Appellate, Twenty-fifth Judicial, Twentj^-second Senatorial and 
Sixty-third Legislative Districts. 

PosTOPFicEs: — Ambrose, Branuon, Camp, Nelson, Hanly, High- 
bridge, Jessamine, Keene, Little Hickman, Logana, Mount Leba- 
non, Nealton, Nicholasville, Pink, Pollard, Spears, Union Mills, 
Wilmore. 



Johnson County. 

Johnson County is situated in Central Eastern Kentucky, and 
was formed in 1843, and named in honor of a distinguished son of 
Kentucky, Col. Richard M. Johnson, who was the vice-president of 
the United States during the presidency' of Martin Van Buren. 
The county is bounded on the north by Morgan and Lawrence, 
on the east by Martin, on the south by Floyd, and on the west by 
Magoffin. The county is well watered and well drained. The Big 
Sandy river flows through the eastern part of the county, and 
Paint creek flows in a southeastern direction through the central 
part of the countj^ and empties into the Big Sandy. Paint, Tom's 
and John's creeks are the principal creeks in the county, though 
there are numerous others. 

The soil of Johnson county is probably as good, if not better, 
than that of any other county in Eastern Kentucky. It is of a 
sandy character and underlaid with a splendid clay subsoil, and is 
very strong and productive. The bottom lands along the numer- 
ous streams are very productive and as fertile land can be found 
along them as anywhere. 

The timber supply of Johnson is still very great, though great 
quantities of valuable timber have been cut and marketed. Porta- 
ble saw mills are found all over the county in the great timber 
belts, but fifty per cent, of the fine timber of -this county still re- 
mains. Poplar, ash, hickory, beech, oak, pine, locust, chestnut 



FoiirtC())ih Biennial Report Biircdii of A(jricuUnrc. 159 

and s^Tamore can be found in large tracts and inaj be had at very 
cheap prices pei; acre. 

Diversified farming- is not engaged in in this county, though 
fruit grows well here. Timber is the principal product of the 
county. This county is well underlaid with coal, both cannel and 
bituminous, and the supply is practically inexhaustible. Veins of 
bituminous coal eight feet in thickness are found. 

A cannel coal mine is in operation about four miles south of 
Paintsville, the county seat, on the Sandy river. Iron ore of a 
superior quality is also found in some portions of the county. This 
county is rich in mineral and timber. 

The Big Sandy river is navigable for steamers for about two- 
thirds of the year. There are no turnpike roads in the county, and 
our county roads, which are the common dirt roads of the country, 
Are kept in reasonably good repair under a local road law we have 
for the county, and are traA^eled by buggies even in the winter 
time, and by stage coaches. 

There are only about four miles of complete railroad in fKis 
county, which is an extension of the O. «Sc B. S. railroad to Myrtle, 
in Johnson, and is located in the eastern part of the county. There 
have been other surveys made and roads talked of. Railroad fa- 
cilities are what we need to develop the coal and minerals of this 
county, and to carry out our timber after it is converted into 
lumber. 

Corn, wheat, oats, hay, potatoes, tobacco and sorghum are all 
raised, but onh' in quantities sufficient for home consumption, ex- 
cepting tobacco and sorghum, and especially is the latter raised in 
large quantities for market elsewhere. The labor of the county is 
performed mostly by native whites, farm hands being paid from 
$10 to .fl5 per month and board, while hands for timbering receive 
from |18 to .f20. 

Good churches are found throughout the county everywhere, 
and our common schools are in good condition. All the districts 
have good and comfortable school houses in them and the conven- 
ient modern appliances .for teaching have been furnished each 
school, and good teachers have been supplied, and the schools are 
under exceptionally good management. 

Paintsville is the county seat of Johnson county, and is situated 
on Paint creek, just a little southeast of the center of the county. 
It is a flourishing town with enterprising merchants, good church 
buildings, and live congregations; have as good graded schools 



160 F()\iiii'V)iili Bieiiiiidi licport linrcini of Afiriciiltiire. 

and good new school buildings, with ample accommodations for all 
who see fit to attend. Hotel accommodations are good, and the- 
citizens are quiet and law-abiding and hospitable to strangers. 

This county is in the Tenth Congressional, Seventh Appellate,. 
Twenty-fourth Judicial, Thirty-third Senatorial and Mnet} -sixth 
Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Asa, Barnett's Creek, Boon's Camp, Coal, Den- 
ver, Eastpoint, Eliza, Flanery, Flatgap, Fuget, Galen, Jarvy, Kea- 
ton, Kerz, Laurel Hill, Lowmanville, Manilla, Mingo, Myrtle, Odds, 
Oil Springs, Paintsville, Redbush, Riceville, River, Saintmaur, 
Sampson, Sip, Soto, Straffordsville, Toms, Winifred. 



Kenton County. 

Kenton County was separated from Campbell in 1840. It lies in 
the extreme northern part of the State, at the mouth of the Lick- 
ing river. It is bounded on the north by the Ohio river; east, by 
Campbell, the Licking being the boundary between the mother 
county and Kenton; south, by Pendleton and Grant, the west by 
Boone. It is a narrow county, being about six to twelve miles 
wide and about twenty-five miles long 

The land is broken and hilly in many parts. The scenery ap- 
proaches the grand. The bluffs overlooking the Licking present 
one of the finest views in the State, and the heights back of Cov- 
ington, the metropolis, look dowm on half a dozen cities, a number 
of towns and five monster bridges spanning the Ohio and two over 
the Licking. 

Kenton bears no small part in suj)i)lying the wants of this great 
aggregation of human beings. From this point of view stretch 
out before the observer as if one city, Cincinnati and suburbs, 
Newport, Bellevue, Dayton, Covington, Milldale, Ludlow, West 
Covington, Central Covington, MuUingsville, Crescent Spring, the 
Latonia Agricultural grounds and buildings and "The Lagoon,"^ 
a summer resort which attracts large numbers of visitors during 
the summer. 

The fertile valleys of Kenton are market gardens for this popu- 
lation and this industry, together with the growing of small fruits 
and berries, gives employment to a large part of the population. 
Tomatoes and pickles are grown to supply the immense factories 
of Cincinnati, Covington, Milldale, Visalia and Walton. The facil- 



Fourfcoitli Biriniial Report BHrcaii of Agrh'uUure. 161 

ities for (lausportutioii are excellent, especially since the turnpike 
law changed all the dirt roads into pikes. 

The K. C. railroad runs the full length of the county on the east- 
ern border and the Cincinnati Southern on the Avestern. The L. & 
N. Short Line runs through the county about twenty miles, from 
northeast to southwest. The Lexington pike runs the full western 
boundary, and the* Bank Lick & Independence & Colemansville 
pike runs through the center. There are fifty-one miles of turn- 
pike on which toll is taken at moderate rates. And there are 
152 miles of free turnpikes in this county. It will be seen at a 
glance that there is a perfect net work of good roads, making it 
practicable at all seasons of the year to market products. 

The cities and towns on the Kentucky side of the Ohio river 
south of Cincinnati have exceptionally fine street ear facilities. 
From Fountain Square in Cincinnati the cars run to Fort Thomas, 
four miles east of Newport, to Bellevue, Dayton, Newport, Coving- 
ton, Milldale, Kosedale (one mile and a half south of Milldale;) La- 
tonia Jockey Club race course. West Covington, Ludlow ,The La- 
goon and intermediate points at a five cent fare from and to Foun- 
tain Square. The enterprising and liberal management of the 
electric line of street railway is fast populating the suburbs of 
Covington and Newport. A company has been incorporated to ex- 
tend the line to Krlauger and it Avill probably be completed and 
running Avithin the next eighteen months. 

Bank Lick creek is the principal affluent of ihe Licking. There 
are numerous other small streams that give an excellent natural 
water supjdy for stock. 

Wheat, corn and tobacco are extensively grown on the highlands 
and rich hillsides. The soil is excellent and the famous bluegrass 
thrives on it. Butter and milk dairies are numbered by the lum- 
dred and a large acreage of land is devoted to grass in order to sup- 
ply this demand and also to ship sweet and buttermilk and butter 
to the cities. All kinds of fruit do well, especially pears, which 
seldom fail. Much attention is paid to growing strawberries, 
dewberries, raspberries, gooseberries, currants and blackberries. 
With the immense population at its door to be supplied, there 
is a great future for a county so well located and that has such 
land facilities for market. An effort has been made to find gas 
and oil, but so far only a limited amount of gas has been found, 
which supplies light in a brewery located near the western bliitf 
of the city. 

6 



162 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

Kentou has no extensive timber tracts left. The woodmen and 
the civil war of the past generation did not spare the trees. 

The Ohio skirting the northern boundary for six or eight miles 
and the Licking in fair water form all the navigable water courses. 
The latter, however, with a sj'stem of locks and dams could Be 
made navigable all the year. A government appropriation has 
been made for a survey of the Licking with the object in view of 
building a dam which will afford navigation to Falmouth in Pen- 
dleton county. 

The roads are under the care of supervisors, one for each road 
district, and they are appointed by the fiscal court. This court 
•consists of the county judge and five magistrates. A tax of fif- 
teen cents on the |1()0 is levied for the purpose of keeping the 
bridges and turnpikes in repair, and persons in the various districts 
are required to w^ork six days in the year. The road supervisors 
have charge of the county dirt roads as well as the pikes. 

There are about fifty-three miles of complete railroad in the 
county. ''Keomezer,'' mineral springs on the Southern railroad 
about nine miles from Covington, are attracting great notice. 
Tliey were discovered only a few years ago and under good man- 
agement are becoming rapidly well known and patronized. 

Lands in the river bottoms near the city are moderate in price, 
but vary greatly on account of locality and altitude. Probably 
|60 an acre for improved land and |25 for unimproved land would 
be an average price. 

The laboring class is composed of Americans, Irish, Germans 
and negroes. The negro population is not as numerous as in the 
counties of Central Kentucky'. There is no distinct colony of 
foreigners in the county. The German population of Covington 
and Newport is large. Laborers on the farms receive an average 
price of .fl5 per month and board. The hands in the various fac- 
tories, mills, etc., in our city population receive the usual wages 
varying with the general laws of supply and demand. There is 
an opening for a creamery and cheese factory, as we liaA'e nothing 
of the kind in the county. A great deal of butter is made by the 
, small dairies. 

The county seat is the town of Independence. This is a village 
'^of about 200 inhabitants. The city of Covington is the metrop- 
olis and there are virtually two seats of government. Double 
sessions of all the courts are held. All the business of the first 
district is transacted at Independence. There are two court 



Fuitrtcciith Biennial Report Bureau of AyricuUure. 163 

houses and two clerks' oflices. The rest of the business, that 
within the city corporation, is transacted at Covington. The county 
judge, circuit clerk and county clerk appoint a deputy who takes 
charge of the Independence clerk's office. There are likewise two 
jails, the deputy serving at lndei)endence. 

The public schools in the county are in average condition and 
the houses very good. Covington is noted for its excellent school 
system. Ludlow, Milldale, West Covington, Central Covington and. 
Erlanger have ten months' school, graded and supported by addi- 
tional taxation. Covington and Ludlow support free high schools 
likewise. At Independence there is conducted for five months a free 
school W'ith two teachers. There is also located at Independence u 
private institution of considerable merit known as the ''Independ- 
ence High School." It has prepared many pupils for entering col- 
lege and receiving certificates to teach in the public schools. 

L. E. Casey. 

Kenton county is in the Sixth Congressional, Sixth Appellate, 
Sixteenth Judicial, Twenty-fourth Senatorial and Eightieth, Eigh- 
f^^-first and Eighty-second Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Atwood, Banklick, Buffington, Covington, Cres- 
cent Springs, Erlanger, Fiskburg, Independence, Kenton, Keywest, 
Latonia, Ludlow, INIorgansville, ^Nlorningview, Mullinsville, Nichol- 
son, Finer, Pruett, Sanfordtown, Scott, Springlake, Staff ordsburg, 
Towers, Yisalia. 



Knott County. 

Knott County was formed in 1884, and named in honor of Gov. 
Knott. It was formed out of parts of Perry, Floyd, Letcher and 
r.reathitt counties. It is situated in the extreme eastern portion 
of the State and is bounded on the north by Breathitt and Floyd 
counties, on the east by Floyd, on the south by Letcher, and on the 
west by Perry and Breathitt. Its area is probably three hundred 
fjquare miles or nearly so. 

That section of the county formed from Floyd is drained by the 
Big Sandy river and its tributaries and the portion taken from the 
counties of Perry, Letcher and Breathitt is drained by the north 
fork of the Kentucky river and its tributaries. The character of 
soil is rich sandy loam, and the bottom lands along the many 
streams which traverse the county are peculiarly productive, rais- 



164 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of AgrienJturc. 

ing magnificent corn, oats, and vegetables. Wheat is grown on 
the nplands and also fine pasture are produced there. Minerals, 
iron and coal, also oil and gas are known to exist in the county, 
but have not been developed. The county is in the oil an(l gas 
belt and on the line of the fine producing oil and gas wells on 
Beaver creek in Floj'd county, which creek also tlows through 
Knott county and the best wells in Floyd on that creek are but 
three miles from the county line. 

We have abundant forest of the finest and most valuable 
hardwood timber. The splendid poplar timber has about all been 
bought up and now is in the hands of a timber company but other 
good timbered land in great quantities can be bought at an aver- 
age price of |5 per acre. 

Diversified farming is not engaged in further than to meet do- 
mestic uses. There are no navigable streams in Knott county, 
about forty miles, however, being available to float or raft logs. 
We have no water courses capable of being made navigable by a 
system of locks and dams. There are no turnpikes in the county, 
the public roads being the country dirt roads and are kept in re- 
pair — bad repair — by the system provided for under the statutes 
of the State, being under the supervision of overseers or surveyors 
appointed by the county court. There are no railroads in the 
county; about forty miles of a proposed road through the county 
were surveyed some years ago but nothing has come of it further. 
Improved farm lands range in price from |3 to |5 per acre, and un- 
improved can be bought for |2. The character of labor employed 
in the county is mostly native white, farm hands getting |i;i a 
month, and hands for timbering from seventy-five cents to one dol- 
lar per day. 

There is one good college in the county, situated at Hindman, 
known as Hindman College; other educational facilities are afl;ord- 
ed solely through the common schools of the county, which are in 
good condition and well attended. While immigration to the 
county has not been appreciably large there has been a steady 
increase in the population of the county. 

Hindman, the county seat of Knott county, a nice little village, 
named after Lieutenant-Governor James K. Hindman, is situated 
a little southwest of the center of the county on Troublesome 
creek. 

Knott county is situated in the Tenth Congressional, Seventh 



FourteentJi Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 165 

Appellate, Twenty-fourth Judicial, Thirty-third Senatorial and 
Ninety-seventh Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — Bath, Brinkley, Buncombe, Cody, Cordia, Dema, 
Dillon, Emmalena, Hall, Hemlock, Hindman, Kezer, Mallie, Omaha, 
Pinetop, Puncheon, Raven, Republican, Ritchie, Sassafras, Smiths- 
boro, Sylvester, Vest, Witch. 



Knox County. 

Geographically, Knox county is well up in the mountains of 
Southeastern Kentuck}-. Socially she is on the border land be- 
tween the mountain country and the Bluegrass. Intellectually, 
she is the peer of the best counties in the State; this is evidently 
due to the fact that the original settlers of this county were made 
up of an unusually large number of the better class of Virginian 
people, who, in their turn, were drawn from the better class of 
English people who settled Virginia. 

Knox (named in honor of Major-General Henry Knox, of Revo- 
lutionary fame) became a county in 1799, being in that year carved 
out of Lincoln, one of the largest counties then composing the State 
of Kentucky. Knox has since lost enough of her territory to make 
up the whole of the later established counties of Bell and Harlan, 
and large parts of Whitley and Laurel, yet it is a large county. 
The village of Flat Lick in the southeastern part of the county is 
the oldest settlement in Kentucky, having been peopled by the first 
of the emigrants from Virginia, who came through Cumberland 
Gap; the first house ever built in Kentucky was erected by Dr. 
Walker within the present limits of Knox on the Cumberland 
river, about three miles below Barboursville. 

Knox lies on both sides of the divide separating the waters of 
the Kentucky river from those of the Cumberland, at least nine- 
tenths of the county lying on the latter waters. The topography 
of almost the whole county is a series of mountain ridges winding 
in all sorts of fantastic curves, and separated by long, narrow 
and winding creek valleys. More than three-fourth of the terri- 
tory is steep mountain sides thickly covered with forests. 

The soil is disintegrated sandstone (in many places micaceous), 
except new ground where the timber has lately been cleared away, 
which is loose, black soil, very productive. Agriculturally Knox 
produces enough to feed her own people, no more; but under care- 



166 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

ful cultivation, fruits might be produced in almost endless quanti- 
ties, especially on the higher lands on the south side of the Cumber- 
land river. Wool growing is one of the principal sources of the 
farmer's income, which might be greatly extended by choosing the 
proper grasses to clothe such of the mountain sides as have been 
cleared. 

The forest have been stripped of the larger part of the more 
readily marketable timber, such as poplar and walnut, but a vast 
amount of timber is still left, such as oak, in all of its varieties 
(white oak, black oak, chestnut oak, Spanish oak, post oak, spotted 
oak, etc.), hickory, beech, chestnut, ash, dogwood, sourwood, gum, 
maple, sugar tree, elm, sycamore, lynn, ironwood, birch, cucumber,, 
buckeye, service, willow, redbud, cedar, holly, etc. The chestnut 
oak (the tanbark tree) furnishes the Knox county land owners with,, 
perhaps, his principal source of revenue, so far as ready money 
is concerned. Thousands of cords of this bark are annually ship- 
ped, in so much that in a few years the supply will be exhausted. 
But the great resources of Knox county are in her coal and oil 
fields, in which she may be fairly said to be unsurpassed by any 
county in the State. All grades of bituminous and cannel coals 
are found in this county in great profusion. The writer has gone 
into some of the openings and measured cannel coal veins forty- 
eight inches in thickness, and from the height of the mountain 
above the opening the amount of coal in these veins evidently is 
practically inexhaustible. Nearly every farmer has a vein of coal 
opened on his place, which he works to supply his own fuel. In 
1888, a. coal company began mining on a considerable scale within 
the limits of the county, since with time this company has contin- 
uously worked its mines, shipping large amounts of fine coal each 
year, and gives employment at present to several hundred miners. 
Within the last three years several other smaller companies have 
been operating coal mines with satisfactory results. 

Several oil wells have been latel.^ bored in nearly all of which 
petroleum has been found mor or less abundantly. In nearly all 
parts of the county a bright colored, greasy fluid appears on the 
surface, indicating the existence of fluid minerals beneath the sur- 
face. Sulphur springs are numerous throughout the county, 
while bored wells generally strike water impregnated with iron. 
A number of small mineral springs in the county are used to a 
limited extent as health resorts. 

The rock, both sandstone and slate, is laid down usually in level 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 167 

strata, but in some places the stratas are tilted at various angles; 
the rock of a considerable part of the county lying on the Kentucky 
river waters, presents a curious system of anticlinals and syn- 
clinals. 

There are few rapid mountain streams in the county, nearly all 
the creeks having a very slight rise towards their heads, and wind- 
ing very slowly to their confluences and finding their way into the 
Cumberland, which itself meanders slowly and tortuously through 
the county, probably having at least forty miles of its own length 
within the limits of Knox. This section of the river offers fine in- 
ducements to fishermen at certain seasons of the year; fish weigh- 
ing more than forty pounds have been taken from this favored lo- 
cality, the varieties being catfish, bass, suckers, new-lights, perch, 
etc. 

All of the Cumberland lying within Knox is capable of being 
made navigable for steamboats, by about two locks and dams. 

Knox was entirely without railroad facilities until 1888, when 
the Cumberland Valley branch of the Louisville & Nashville rail- 
way was built through the county, and soon afterwards completed 
through the famous Cumberland Gap, which is twenty-five miles 
southeast of Knox county, to Norton, Va., where connection is made 
with the seaboard by the way of the Norfolk & Western railroad. 

Knox county is in the Eleventh Congressional, Fifth Appellate, 
"Twenty-seventh Judicial, Seventeenth Senatorial and Sixty-ninth 
Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — Artemus, Bailey's Switch, Barboursville, Bertha, 
Bimble, Birdseye, Bryant's Store, Campbell, Clate, Coalport, Crane- 
nest, Dewitt, Emanuel, Flatlick, Girdler, Gray, Hammond, Holden, 
Hopper, Indiancreek, Jarvis' Store, Knoxfork, Lindsay, Lunsford, 
Hesser, Mills, Place, Scalf, Trosper, Walker. 



Larue County. 

Larue County was once a portion of Hardin county, and was cut 
off from the mother county by an act of the Legislature in 1842. 
Larue county is below the average in size, but, in point of fertility 
of soil, the enterprise of its citizens and its educational progress, 
it is above the average of Kentucky counties. 

The principal crops of Larue county are corn, wheat, hay and 
tobacco. Through the county runs three branches of Nolin creek, 



168 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

and the farms along all of these branches are fertile and produce 
abundantly. The remainder of our farm land is comparatively 
thin, but, with the use of fertilizers, it produces wheat almost as 
well as the better land, and since commercial fertilizers have come 
into general use it has increased in value. The live stock raised 
consists of horses, cattle, hogs, mules and sheep. 

Larue county has access to two railroads — the Illinois Central, 
which has a branch road running from Cecilian Junction and term- 
inating at Hodgenville, the county seat. The main stem of the 
Louisville & Nashville runs through the west end of the county 
and the Knoxville branch of the same road crosses the eastern 
border. The competition existing between these two roads gives 
the farmers very reasonable rates of freight on their products. 

The Bardstown and Green river Turnpike runs through the 
county from north to south and a pike connects Hodgensville and 
Buffalo, on both of which toll gates are yet maintained. We have 
had no toll gate raiding nor any disposition to raid them. 

The factories of the county consist of distilleries of J. M. 
Atherton «& Co., at Athertonville, which are now the property of the- 
Kentucky Distilleries and Warehouse Company and are the largest 
in the State, five or six other distilleries of smaller capacity, the 
Hodgensville Spoke and Lumber Company, at Hodgensville, which 
turns out two million spokes a year, and the planing mills of the 
Daugherty Brothers, also at Hodgensville. 

Hodgensville is the county seat. It is a town of 1,300 inhab- 
itants, and is a clean, healthful live country town with increasing 
business. The other towns of the county are: Buffalo 500 popula- 
tion and a brisk village in point of business ; Athertonville, whose 
life is the large distilleries there; Magnolia, Mt. Sherman and Roa- 
noke, all small villages. 

Larue county is making greater improvements in the educational 
line than a majority of the counties of the State, if she does not 
hold first place in that respect. There are two splendid colleges in 
the county — Kenton College, at Hodgensville, and East Lynn Col- 
lege, at Buffalo, both of which are prosperous and had an enrollment 
of over 300 pupils each year. Magnolia has a good high school and 
the district schools of the county are in good condition. 

Farm lands in the county vary in price, according to location and 
improvement. Fair land, with good improvements, may be bought 
for ten dollars per acre, while some farms are sold as high as sixty 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 169 

dollars. The bill lands of the county have very little yaluation — a 
dollar or two an acre. 

Larue county contains the farm that is now noted as being the 
birth place of Abraham Lincoln. It is situated three miles south 
of Hodgensville, and is now the property of New York capitalists. 
The cabin in which Lincoln was born has been moved to New York 
and is in Central Park, though it has been promised that the cabin 
would be finally returned to the old farm. It is hoped by our cit- 
izens that the government will some day make a national park of 
the farm. Such a measure was once introduced in Congress but 
it was squeezed out of notice by other legislation. 

C. C. Howard. 

Larue county is situated in the Fourth Congressional, Third Ap- 
pellate, Tenth Judicial, Thirteenth Senatorial and Thirty-second 
Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Athertonville, Attilla, Buffalo, Eagle Mills, Foote, 
Gibson, Ginseng, Gleanings, Hibernia, Hodgensville, Lyons Station, 
Magnolia, Malt, Mount Sherman, Otter, Parkers Grove, Roanoke, 
Silva, Tanner, Touieville. ^Vilkins. 



Laurel County. 

Laurel County is situated in the southeasten part of the State, 
and was formed in 1826, and was named after the Laurel river 
which flows through the southern portion of the county, the river 
having been given its name from the laurel shrub and evergreen, 
which lines the shores of that stream. It is bounded on the north 
by the counties of Rockcastle and Jackson, on the east by Clay, 
on the south by Whitley and Knox, and on the west by Pulaski. 
The county is watered and drained by the Rockcastle river and its 
tributaries. The soil of Laurel county may be said, in a general way, 
lo be neither good nor bad.it strikes rather ahappy medium, though 
it is excellent, much of it, for tobacco, and grows very well all the 
vegetables grown in the State, and produces good grass. The sur- 
face of the county is very broken and rolling. It contains possi- 
bly the best coal field in Kentucky, and many mines are now in 
active operation within the borders of the county. Iron ore. too. 
has been discovered though the iron industry has not been develop- 
ed yet. Diversified farming is engaged in by the Swiss colonies 
in this county to a considerable extent; grapes and fruits of all 



170 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

kinds grown in Kentucky are raised in great abundance. Fine cheese 
is made by them and many minor manufacturing industries en- 
gaged in. 

Good timber is still to be had in the county; about one-fourth of 
the original area of woodland is still here. The walnut and best 
poplar are gone, but white and black oak, black pine, beech, chest- 
nut, ash, and maple are still abundant. There are no water courses 
in or bordering on the county that are navigable only for the pur- 
pose of floating or rafting logs. There are no turnpikes in the 
county. The public or county roads are the ordinary dirt roads^ 
and kept up under the supervision of overseers, appointed by the 
county court, under the road laws of the State. There are twenty- 
nine miles of railroad in the county, the Knoxville branch of the 
Louisville & Nashville road running entirely through the county 
nearly from north to south. 

There are no minerals or medicinal springs in the county resorted 
to as health or pleasure resorts, though there are several very 
fine chalybeate springs which could be developed and made popu- 
lar, and no doubt profitable, as such. Nearly any or all of the 
streams of Laurel county can be easily used for the purpose of 
propelling machinery; no county has water power more available 
than this one. The labor on farms is mostly performed by native 
whites, and good hands can be had for |10 to $15 per month with 
board. There are four flourishing Swiss colonies in Laurel county; 
Bernstadt, East Bernstadt, Langnau and Strasburg, as referrea 
to above. The school facilities are furnished by the common 
schools of the county. 

London, the county seat of Laurel county, is a flourishing little 
town, with enterprising business men, good hotels, schools and 
churches, and is situated nearly in the exact center of the county 
on the Knoxville branch of the Louisville & Nashville road. 

Laurel county is situated in the Eleventh Congressional, Fifth 
Appellate, Twenty-seventh Judicial, Seventeenth Legislative Dis- 
tricts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — Abel, Abington, Add, Altamont, Andrews, Bald- 
rock, Bernstadt, Blackwater, Boreing, Bush, Canecreek, Congo, 
Crawford, Cruise East Bernstadt, Fariston, Fletcher, Greenmount, 
Grit, Hazelpatch, Ionia, Keavy, Lake, Langnau, Lily, London, Lynn 
Camp, McWhorter, Maplesville, Marydell-, Mershons, Oakley, Pitts- 
burg, Piatt, Eaccoon, The Glades, Tilus, Topton, Tuttle, Viva, Vose, 
Vox, Weaver. 



Foiiiifviith I'iciniial Rcpurt Burcdii of A(/ricnltiirc. 171 



Lawrence County. 

Lawrence eoimty was formed iu 1821, from the portions of Flojd 
and Greenup counties, the dividing lines of tliose counties at the 
time being Main street of Louisa. It is located in the northeast- 
ern part of the State, bounded on the south by the counties of 
Martin and Johnson; on the north by the counties of Boyd and 
Carter; on the east by West Virginia and on the west by Elliott 
and Morgan counties. 

The surface of the county is largely hilly and broken, but not 
mountainous. There is, however, a large acreage of bottom land, 
-owing to the numerous water courses. 

The county is well watered. The Big Sandy river flows along 
its eastern boundary from its northern limit to Louisa, where it 
forks. The main fork, known as the Louisa Fork, flows tnrough the 
county to the Johnson .county line, the Tug Fork from Louisa to 
the Martin county line and is the dividing line between the county 
and West AMrginia, between those points. 

The river and its forks are navigable for steamboats for a large 
portion of the year. There is one lock and dam completed by the 
general government, just below the forks, near Louisa, which furn- 
ishes a pool of water for a distance of eight miles up each fork 
which enables the people living along or near it a cheap way of mar- 
keting their products. There is an appropriation for two addi- 
tional dams that are now being located, which, when completed, 
will furnish water at a depth of not less than six feet at the shal- 
lowest places, from the head of the navigable water in the dam 
now completed to the Ohio river at Catlettsburg, a distance of 
about thirty miles. 

The principal streams, flowing into the Big Sandy and its tribu- 
taries and through and in the county, are Blaine, Bear, Rove, Rush, 
Two Mile, Lick Three Mile, Griffith's Contrary', George's, Nat's, 
Donathan and Rock Castle creeks. None of them are navigable for 
■steamboats and only one (Blaine) has any water falls, which, at the 
thriving little town of Fallsburg, has a water power running only 
a saw mill and grist mill, but which, if properly harnessed, would 
furnish power to run dynamos of sufficient power to run all the rail- 
way trains and all the machinery in the valley of Big Sandy. 

The soil in its virgin state, is fertile and the bottom lands still 



172 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

remain so, but the hill lauds, owing to im^jroper cultivation, have 
become badly worn. 

All kinds of crops that can be grown successfully in the central 
States, can be grown here, and with as good returns, provided they 
receive the same care and attention as elsewhere. The principal 
crops are corn, oats, wheat, potatoes, sorghum, tobacco, apples, 
peaches, pears, plums, and small fruits, some attention being given 
of late to the cow peas and tufa bean, not only as a pay crop, but as 
an improver of the soil. The sowing of grass seed has increased 
five hundred fold during the past five years, of which red clover, 
mammoth and alsike take the lead, with orchard grass, bluegrass, 
timothy, tall meadow, oat grass, Italian rye grass, all of which have 
been found w'ell adapted to our soils. Crimson clover has not been 
a success. The adaptability of our lands for grazing purposes has 
stimulated the extraordinary sowing of grass seed. The northwest- 
ern portion of the county embraces the head waters of the east- 
fork of Little Sandy, a large portion of Bear creek and a number 
of the tributaries of Blaine, has a large number of farmers who 
graze from one to ten hundred cattle each year and most of them 
have been very successful. This section is known as the "Blue- 
grass" section of the valley. 

One silo was built in the county and that one of about four hun- 
dred tons capacity and which has proven a success for the four 
years it has been used, a success, not only from the standpoint of 
feed, but of economy in harvesting of crops in the dry weather 
of September instead of the wet cold weather of December. 

The timber suitable, for making first-class lumber is being ex- 
hausted at a rapid rate, but we are to be congratulated that nearly 
all of it at the present time is being worked up into lumber instead 
of being floated to the market in saw logs. There has never been a 
time wiien there were so many mills in operation in the county and 
it looks as though what hass been considered worthless w^ould, in the 
end, nearly equal in value the choice timber, viz.: Hickory and dog- 
wood poles, none over tw^o inches in diameter, are shipped for man- 
ufacture into smoking pipes. And sour wood and maple sprouts 
not over one-half inch in diameter for stems for same. The re- 
moval of so much of the smaller growth for which pay is obtained, 
makes the clearing and preparing our hill lands for grass much 
cheaper. The average value of timber on lands at the present 
time is ten to fifteen dollars per acre, if within reasonable distance 
of the river or railroad. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 173 

L, 

There is au u'oundanee of good caniiel and bituminous coal for 

domestic and steam purposes, and now that tlie Big Sandy river is 

certain to be improved, Ave have every reason to believe ihat many 

new mines will be opened in the near future. 

There are also large quantities of iron ore, much of it lying 
near the railroad and river. The quality is excellent, running 
from thirty-five to sixty per cent, metallic iron. It does not, how- 
ever, lie in such large veins as to make the mining of it cheaj). 
There are also large quantities of fireclay available. 

Oil so far found is at the depth of about three hundred and fifty 
feet, and is pronounced one of the best lubricating oils ever found, 
having a specific gravity of twenty to twenty-two degrees and 
equal to the best sperm oil and in point of endurance two and one- 
half times greater. We have no building stones but our sandstone, 
much of which is of a superior quality, free from impurities. 

There has never been any gas well found yet of sufficient rock 
pressure to nuike them commercially valuable. The piping of nat- 
ural gas from the wells in Martin count}^ through the whole length 
of our county, into Louisa, Catlettsburg and Ashland, in our own 
State, and Huntington, W. Va., and Ironton, Ohio, during the last 
ten months, has been of inestimable value, and assures them of an 
opportunity of the cheai)est of fuels to assist them in the develop- 
ment of our resources, and capitalists are becoming numerous in 
their visits to our county, looking for opportunities to invest and 
we can confidently hope that the resources of this and adjoining 
counties have been so fully explored as to satisfy every one of their 
prominence, as to warrant rapid development 

There is one first-class flouring mill in the county, and now that 
we have the fuel brought to our doors, we expect there will be a 
great increase in manufacturing industries, especially in wood 
working. 

There are two railroads in the county, one of which is the Big 
Sandy division of the Chesapeake & Ohio, running through the entire 
length of its eastern boundary and furnishing good transportation 
facilities for the coal mines at Peach Orchard and Torchlight and 
the numerous saw mills which are now in operation and the cannel 
coal mines at White House and Eliza, in Johnson county. The 
other is the Eastern Kentucky, running into the western portion 
of the county as far as Webbville. The oil development going on 
about ten miles south warrants the expectation of the people of that 
section, that it will be soon extended to those fields. The present 



174 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Afiricultnre. 

means of transportation and the general favorable outlook for the 
immediate development of part of our resources, is inducing cap- 
italists to look favorabl3^ upon them, believing with our citizens 
that investments made in the near future must result in large 
pecuniary gain. 

There are no turnpikes or macadam roads in the couutv. There 
is a growing sentiment in the county in favor of good roads. The 
county owns a road machine which is working to great satisfaction 
and by persistent effort we hope to see a steady improvement in 
our roads. 

The labor of the county is largely white, for the most part good 
when properly directed, and improving each year. There need be 
no idle hands in this county at the present time, unless their 
owners so desire. Farm hands are scarce at thirteen dollars per 
month and board. Very ordinary hands can readily obtain that 
price. Where they board themselves, seventy-five cents per day 
for general work. We feel that one of the reasons for the increas- 
ed demands for labor is that our farmers by the purchase and use 
of improved farm machinery have thereby largely increased the 
acreage which is tilled. The largest increase in improved farm 
machinery for farm purposes has doubtless been in mowers and 
horse rakes. 

There are no colleges or academies in the county-, but there is a 
great interest in the public schools being manifested and increas- 
ing every year. After the public schools close, subscription schools 
are opened in most of the thickly settled districts. 

The county now has a population exceeding twenty thousand. 

Louisa is the county seat, situated on the eastern boundary of 
the State and on the Big Sandy river at the confluence of the 
Levisa and Tug forks. It is a thriving town of a little over one 
thousand inhabitants. Has two Methodist and one Baptist church, 
and two Methodist and one Baptist church for the colored popu- 
lation, one graded school of five rooms, besides the colored school. 

Other thriving little villages at each of which are prosperous 
stores, good schools and postoflfices are: Buchanan, Busseyville, 
Charley, Fallsburg, Glenwood, Lawmansville, Peach Orchard, 
Richardson, and Webbville. Other postoffices in the county are: 
Adams, Cherokee, Clifford, Cordell, Derifield, Estop. Gallup, 
vGeorge's Creek, Irad, Jean, Kinner, Madge, Martha, Olioville. Ossie, 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 175 

Patrick, Patter, Prosperity, Eatclift'e. Skaggs, Yessie, Walbridge 
and Wilbur. Jay H. Northup. 

Lawrence county is in the Ninth Congressional, Seventh Appel- 
late, Twentieth Judicial, Thirty-second Senatorial and Ninty-eighth 
Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — ^Adams, Blaine, Brig, Buchanan, Busseyville, Cas- 
per, Charley, Cherokee, Clifford, Cordell, Davisville, Estep, Falls- 
burg, Gallup, George's Creek, Glenwood, Hicksville, Hulette, Irad, 
Ivory, Jean, Kinner, Louisa, Madge, ^lazie, Martha, Mattie, Olio- 
ville, Osie, Patrick, Peach Orchard, Potter, Prosperity, Katcliff, 
Richardson, Skaggs, Ulysses, Yessie, Walbridge, Watterson, 
Webbville, Wilber^ Yatesville, Zelda. 



Lee County. 

Lee County was formed in 1860, and named for Gen. Robert E. 
Lee. It is situated in the eastern part of the State, at the 
junction of the Three Forks of the Kentucky river, and is bounded 
on the north by Wolfe, on the east by Breathitt, on the south by 
Owsley, and on the west by Estill. The county is mountainous 
and is traversed by many streams. Besides the North, Middle 
and South Forks of the Kentucky river, and the main river, it 
contains many large creeks, which are used to some extent and 
could be largely used, as water power for various kinds of mill 
and factories. The Kentucky river is navigable to Beattyville 
for steamboats during six months in the year. The river and 
creek bottoms and corn land, of which there is a great deal, are 
very productive. Many river bottoms have been in corn for fifty 
years, consecutively, and produce on an average of one hundred 
bushels every ^ear and the soil is as strong now as when it first 
went under the plow. The upland is thin, but loose and level 
and pleasant to cultivate. The soil has a clay foundation, which 
retains manure, fertilizers, etc., when once applied, so that intel- 
ligent farming is profitable. The soil is adapted to all the grains, 
grasses and other crops grown anywhere in Kentucky, but corn 
is almost the only crop grown in any quantities. The uplands 
are wonderfully adapted to the orchard. Apples, peaches, pears, 
grapes and all the small fruits, berries and melons, grow to per- 
fection when properly cultivated. The demand for all farm pro- 
ducts is greater than the supply, and prices are good. 



17G Foiirtaiitlt Jtiennial l^cl)0|■t liiireau of A{/ricultitre. 

About two-tliii'dfc; of the area of the county is covered with tim- 
ber, the best and most abundant for lumber being pine, oak and 
pophir, whicli reaches the market, some after being cut by the 
saw mills in this county, some by floating down the Kentucky 
river in the form of saw logs in rafts and some goes out by rail 
in the form of railroad ties, staves, tan bark, etc., etc. 

About one-third of the county is limestone land. Four miles 
below Beattyville, the limestone comes to the surface, and the 
remainder of the county is underlaid with sandstone. Both classes 
of the stone are suitable for building purposes. In the northern 
part of the county is found a very rich ore, similar to the noted 
Bed river iron ore. said to make the best car wheels in the world. 
In the same part of the county .is found a very fine cannel coal, 
but neither has been developed. In all parts of the county 
abundant bituminous coal in veins of from three to four feet 
abounds, some of M'hich veins are being successfully mined. Near 
the eastern border of the count}', abundant surface oil is found. 
There are several large tracts of fine timbered land in the county 
averaging some six thousand acres to the tract. In the coal fields, 
which have been developed, this land is worth about ten dollars 
per acre; in remote portions of the county the land is worth from 
$3 to |5 per acre. 

No turnpikes in the county. The dirt roads are maintained by 
the road militia, but the sentiment of the county now is in favor 
of building and maintaining roads by taxation. A good road club 
has been organized in the county and the indications are the roads 
of the county will be very much improved in the near future. The 
greatest natural curiosities in the county are the saltpetre caves, 
and. the bear tracks, implanted in a huge flat rock in the north- 
ern part of the county, which seem to be of very ancient origin. 
The saltpetre caves at a very early day were extensively operated. 
What is called the Big Ash Cave is a curiosity. It is filled to the 
depth of ten or twelve feet with ashes, which seem to be as strong 
as when first put there. No one has ever been able to go to the 
botUmi on account of the strangulation produced by the ashes. 
The principal character of labor employed is miners and laborers 
at saw mills and in timber cutting. The average price of farm 
labor is about thirteen dollars per month. We have no foreign 
colonies, but would offer great inducement to get them to locate 
licrc. The field is inviting for lumber mills of all kinds, chair, 
fiiiiiiture. spoke, ax and broom factories. 



Fourteoith Biennial Ncpoii Bureau of Agriculture. Ill 

The countj seat is Beattyville, located immediately on the Ken- 
tucky river, at the junction of the North, South and Middle Forks. 
It was named for Samuel Beatty, the original founder, and owner 
of the land on which the town is built. There is a handsome 
court house, situated in a beautiful maple grove, surrounded by 
a neat iron fence. Population about 1,000. In addition to 
flourishing public schools all over the county, there is a graded 
school in Beattyville, also an academy under the supervision of 
the Episcopal church. 

There is no bonded indebtedness in the county. The Lexing- 
ton & Eastern railway traverses the northern and eastern 
parts of the county for a distance of twenty miles. The Beatty- 
ville & Cumberland (Jap railroad connects the Lexington &: East- 
ern with the county seat, a distance of six miles. The Louisville 
& Atlantic has purchased the Richmond, Nicholasville, Irvine 
& Beattyville railroad, and also the Beattyville & Cumber- 
land Gap. The hiatus of thirty-five miles between these two roads 
is to be completed in the spring of 1900, which will connect Irvine 
and Beattyville by rail. The Louisville & Atlantic proposes to build 
its line on to the Atlantic seaboard. The United States Govern- 
ment has located locks and dams on the Kentucky'' river up to 
Beattyville. At present locks Nos. 8 and 9 are being built and 
as soon as three more locks are completed, Beattyville will have 
steamboat navigation all the year round. So at this time Lee 
county is an inviting field for capital and labor. 

Theo. B. Blakey. 

Lee county is situated in the Tenth Congressional, Seventh Ap- 
pellate, Twenty-third Judicial, Twenty-ninth Senatorial and 
Ninety-second Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFPioEs: — Beattyville, Brown, Delvinta, Donnelly. Fillmore, 
Fincastle. Monica, Primrose, Proctor, Radical, St. Helens. Tallega, 
Whvnot. 



Leslie County. 

Leslie County was formed out of parts of Clay, Perry and Har- 
lan counties, in April, 1878, the one hundred and seventeenth in 
the order of formation and was named in honor of Governor 
Preston H. Leslie, then governor of Kentucky. The county is 
hilly, the soil on the river bottoms is very fertile, the hillside lands 



178 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau uf Agriculture. 

are rough and steep; farming machinery can not be used success- 
fully on the hillsides. 

The middle fork of Kentucky river runs the whole length of 
the county from north to south. Cutshin, Greasy Fork and Beech 
Fork are its largest confluents. All of them are navigable for 
rafts and flats boats, and afford ample water power facilities for 
proj)elling machinery. The whole county is well timbered, and 
a large per cent, of the timber is suitable for lumber and other 
merchantable uses. 

Like most of the mountain counties its greatest wealth lies in 
its timber lands and its minerals, which are coal and iron, is yet 
undeveloped, the coal veins ranging from three to six feet thick 
and of fine quality of cannel coal found in many localities in the 
county in veins ranging from two to three feet thick. The timber 
consists chiefly of poplar, ash, white oak, chestnut oak hickory, 
beech, maple and yellow pine; the poplar and white oak is exported 
from the county in large quantities, floated down the river to 
the markets on the Kentucky river. At least ninety per cent. 
*)f the total area of the county is well timbered. Land ranges 
in price from three to five dollars per acre. This being a mineral 
and mountainous region, the agricultural products of Leslie are 
consumed within the county, there being no surplus for export. 

The grasses best adapted to the soil are clover, timothy, red top 
and orchard grass. The farming lands in the county are not im- 
proving as the farmers have not as yet taken much interest in 
fertilizing either by grasses or otherwise. The population of 
the county is gradually increasing. There are eight saw and 
grist mills in the county, which supply the local market with lum- 
ber. There are as yet no railroads in the county. The county 
roads are in bad condition, and there is not much promptness in 
keeping them up. 

T. G. Lewis. 

Leslie county is situated in the Eleventh Congressional, Seventh 
Appellate, Twenty-seventh Judicial, Thirty-third Senatorial, and 
ISfinety-third Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Asher, Chappell, Confluence, Cutshin, Dryhill, 
Helton, Hoskinston, Hyden, Imlay, Maddog, Sandyfork, Shoal, 
Tracefork, Wooten. 



Fourteenth Bieuiikil Report Bureau of Agrieiilture. 179 



Letcher County. 

Letcher County is situated in the extreme southeastern part of 
the State. It was formed in 1812 out of territory taken from 
Perry and Harh^n counties, and was named in honor of Gov. Robert 
P. Letcher. It is bounded on the north by Knott and Pike 
counties, on the east by the State of Virginia, on the south by 
Harlan, and on the west by Perry county. 

The surface of the county is mountainous, with narrow, fertile 
valleys between. Pine and Black mountains form part of the 
eastern and southern boundary, and these ranges jjresent some 
of the grandest scenery on earth. 

The north fork of the Kentucky river finds its source in the 
northeast and traverses the county to the southwest, a distance 
of some thirty-five miles. Other important streams are Rock- 
-house, twenty-six miles in length, and Live Oak, tributaries of 
the North Foi-k, and Poor Fork of Cumberland river. These 
streams, while not navigable for boats, furnish ample means for 
carrying away the millions of saw logs that this region holds for 
the markets, large numbers of which are now being moved away. 

The soil of the narrow valleys, coves, and, in fact, most of the 
uplands, is very rich, producinj» good yields of corn, oats, etc. 
Tobacco, grown only in small quantities for home consumption, 
does well on most of the lands. Clover, timothy, red top and other 
gra'sses grow to perfection. The various vegetables suited to this 
climate are successfully cultivated, potatoes, turnips, cabbage, 
etc., being produced abundantly with little eft'ort. This section 
is especially adapted to apple orchards. There are few places 
where the apple grows to such perfection in point of yield and 
flavor. 

The forests of Letcher county seem almost inexhaustible in 
their supply of fine timber. Thousands of poplar trees are annual- 
ly being converted into saw logs and drifted out of the streams 
to market. There is practically no limit to the oak and other 
timbers that are yet unsought by capital. A few trees are now 
being bought for fifty cents to one dollar per tree for oak in the 
woods by speculators who see in such investment good returns 
in the near future. The forests abound in oak, chestnut, ash, 
hickory, poplar, maple, etc. The best walnut has generally been 
taken awav. 



180 Fourteenth Blenniul Report Bureau of Af/riciiltiire. 

The higher hills of this county contain five distinct, workable 
veins of coal, ranging in thickness from three to eight feet, in- 
cluding veins of the finest cannel and coking coals on earth, while 
under the lowest valleys are still other coal beds. Oil has not 
been prospected for but indications point to its presence. Beds 
of iron lie within a stone's throw of these coal beds. Fine build- 
ing stone abounds. In some sections there are indications of 
lead and other minerals. 

The natural curiosities, peculiar geological arrangement and 
formations in Pine mountain, are most attractive. Some wonder- 
ful caves have been discovered, but not extensively explored. The 
water is pure freestone, with the exception of an occasional miner- 
al spring, none of whose waters have been analyzed. 

Farming, stock raising and ^'logging" employ the people of the 
county. The logging industrj'- is the most important source of 
money at present, though a considerable number of cattle and 
some sheep go to market annually from the county. These are 
generally driven to the bluegrass counties. Lands sell for two 
dollars and a half to ten dollars per acre. Perhaps no region of- 
fers greater inducements for the investment of capital than this 
section. The undeveloped wealth of the county is incomprehen- 
sible. 

The county has no railroad connection with the outside world — 
the nearest point being Stonega, Va., twenty miles from the 
county seat. The nearest railroad point in Kentucky is Jackson, 
sixty-five miles from the county seat, the terminus of the Lex- 
ington & Eastern. This road has a line surveyed through the 
county. 

There are no turnpike or macadamized roads in the county. 
The common dirt roads are maintained under the general road 
laws of the State and are not in the best condition. The road 
system of the county as a whole has not improved, but has rather 
declined for a few years. A change in our road system or in its 
application, is much needed. 

The character of labor in the county is exclusively native white, 
farm hands receiving fifty to seventy-five cents per day, 
ten to thirteen dollars per month, and at timbering fifty cents 
to one dollar per day, including board. 

Educational facilities are afiforded principally by the public 
schools, which are well attended. Perhaps, no better exempli- 
fication of the utility of our common school system can be found 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 181 

than in Letcher count}'. There is probably no county in the State 
where the general mass of children are as well up in the way of 
a common education. If a rival is to be found it must be in one of 
the neighboring mountain counties. Good school houses are 
being built in the various districts not previously well provided 
and good teachers are employed. There are sixty school districts 
in the county. Other good schools are usually maintained at 
Whitesburg and Kockhouse. There are some twenty churches in 
the county, including Methodist, Presbyterian, Baptist, Christian- 
and one Mormon church. 

Whitesburg, on the north fork of the Kentucky river, near the 
center, is the county seat. 

John Collins. 

Letcher county is situated in the Eleventh Congressional, Sev- 
enth Appellate, Twenty-sixth Judicial, Thirty-third Senatorial 
and Ninety-seventh Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — Alice, Baker, Banks, Bently, Billville, Burdine, 
Chestnuthill, Colly, Colson, Craftsville, Crowne, Deane, Democrat, 
Eolia, Evans, Fremont, Gordon, Gourd, Ice, Indian Bottom, 
Jeremiah, Joseph, King's Creek, Lester, Linefork, Maggard, Mar- 
garet, Mandrake, Maykin, Millstone, Oscaloosa, Ola, Ovenfork,. 
Partridge, Potter's Fork, Kockhouse, Eoxana, Sergeant, Smoot- 
creek, Tillie, Vada, Whitesburg, Wright. 



Lewis County. 

Lewis County was organized April 27, 1807, being then a part of 
Mason count}'. The boundary line on the east leaves the Ohio 
river about six miles below Portsmouth, Ohio, in a curve south- 
west along the range of hills separating the waters of Kinnicon- 
nick creek (Lewis county) and Tygart creek in Greenup county, 
until, in reach of the watersheds of Fox and Fleming creeks and 
the head waters of ''Kinney" and North Fork of Licking where 
the line turns west and leaves the ridge and comes down to the 
North Fork, following that stream to the southwest corner of the 
county, thence a little east of north to the Ohio river and thence 
with said river forty miles to the beginning. 

Lewis county lies in the form of a "watershed," about one-half 
lying toward the southwest and the other half toward the north- 
east, the "Poplar Flat," section being table land and is in a higb 



182 Fourteenth Biennial L'cport Bureau of AgricuUure. 

state of cultivation, especially as to fruit, which grows in abundan- 
ce and of the finest quality. The eastern portion is somewhat hilly 
and broken, but in the many small coves and on the hillsides 
grows the finest of tobacco and millet and sugar cane. Along the 
water courses and that portion lying on the Ohio river (forty miles 
front) is to be found the very choicest and best lands, producing 
from forty to sixty bushels of corn per acre and every other grain 
and vegetable in the same proportion. Melons and "truck" grow 
to perfection in all the river bottoms, the soil being as rich as 
c-ream and always ready for the plough. The same may truth- 
fully be said of the Salt Lick, Quick's Run and Cabin creek valleys, 
the latter being strictly limestone and is included in the blue- 
grass belt. 

The water courses, as indicated, run north and east and to the 
northwest, Kinney being the largest stream, and is over one 
hundred miles in length. Petersville, a very lively and prosperous 
little village, is situated near or about its source, thence it flows 
in a northeastern direction and empties into the Ohio river, about 
two miles below the town of Quincy. It has been declared 
navigable. Its bottoms are quite fertile. Cabin- creek is next 
largest in length and size and is in a very rich valley, broad bot- 
toms with some of the best improved farms in the State and a fine 
macadamized road running the entire length of the stream. Salt 
Lick is next and is a beautiful valley, equally well improved and a 
good pike (free of toll and the first built in the county) running 
also the entire length, having its terminus at Vanceburg, the coun- 
ty seat. Quick's Run, next largest, and along its banks sonie .n' 
the very best farms and farmers. Tobacco and corn gru-.va in 
abundance and of the very best quality and a good pike, newly 
built, and free to everybody, runs parallel with it and from its 
source to its mouth, a distance of twelve miles, and a constant 
stream and line of teams are to be seen every day bearing and 
hauling the timber (ties and staves) and large crops to the rail- 
road station and steamboat landings at its mouth and at Vance- 
burg also. Crooked creek and Sycamore are smaller streams, 
but there is to be found some good farming land, being limestone, 
and along the banks of each is to be found quarries and ledges of 
pure limestone rock and very fine for building purposes. 

The soils consist of clay, sand and strong deposits of limestone. 
The limestone in the Cabin creek valley mentioned shows all the 
fossils usually found iu the upper sihuian stratum, and the soil ly- 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 18S 

ing above (the limestone deposit) is rich enough and strong enough 
to produce anytliiug that grows. The principal crops are corn, to- 
bacco, wheat and Chinese sugar cane and millet (especially in the 
"Kinney" valley and coves), and oats do well. Clover and timothy 
meadows grow to perfection as well as all classes of vegetables 
that grow in a like climate. 

Timber is not so plentiful as it once was, but remains in suffi- 
cient quantities to meet all home demands so far as building and 
for post fence is concerned, while we ship out and send away 
railroad ties, lumber and posts in large quantities. The principal 
varieties are oak and chestnut in the eastern half or the "Kinney" 
section, and a fair supply of poplar, sugartree, buckeye and lynn, 
or basswood, in the western half or the "Poplar Flat" section. 

That there are valuable mineral deposits and fine stone quarries 
and workable clays now remains without a doubt, as already there 
is a number of excellent quarries opened and are yielding the 
finest and very best of flagging stone and for fronts and founda- 
tions and seem to be lying in unlimited quantities. Natural gas 
is to be found in from forty to sixty feet, and already some of our 
enterprising citizens are lighting their rooms and parlors and us- 
ing it alone for fuel and from wells only a few feet from their 
doors. 

Natural curiosities and some strange formations are to be found 
and seen on our hill tops and a few caves along our hill sides and 
some \ev\ prominent cliffs and large rock ledges, notably the "alum 
rock," at Vanceburg. For mineral springs, both as beautiful 
health resorts and for the very best of medicinal qualities, Lewis 
county is pro.bably unequaled in the State, and one visit by the 
tourist or stranger to either Esculapia or Glen Springs will fully 
justify all that has been said of these two famous health resorts. 
JJimdreds of guests flock to both of these springs — about fourteen 
miles south of Vanceburg and a fine macadamized road all the 
way — and always return happy, well pleased and in better health. 
One visit to either Esculapia or Glen Springs is sure to so im- 
press the visitor as to insure his or her return. 

The industrial development of Lewis county is in rapid pro- 
gress, as is evidenced by the number of portable saw and grist 
mills that have lately come in, as well as other steam machinery, 
a large steam saw and planing machine mill having just been put 
in operation at Vanceburg, and looking at the large amount of 
timber in the county that has been waiting these years back for 



184 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

the saw and "bucker" (there is one of these '^bucking" machines 
also in Vanceburg and doing a line business), this county most cer- 
tainly affords the very best place and opportunity for the employ- 
ment of capital and promising the very best of returns. 

The railroad and transportation facilities are of the very best. 
The great Chesapeake <fc Ohio railroad passes along the northern 
border of the entire river front of the Ohio, a distance of forty 
miles, besides a branch road from Stone City to Carter City (in 
Carter county), of tif teen more miles, and then the beautiful Ohio 
for the same distance, navigable for ten months of the year, with 
good macadamized roads leading in from the timbered and pro- 
ductive sections, it is readily seen that there is no lack of trans- 
portation facilities. 

Of public roads it can also be said as truthfully that this most 
important prerequisite to good farming and prosperity generally, 
viz., good roads, are being given the closest attention and interest 
by our fiscal court (which body has charge of the road system), and 
of all our enterprising citizens as well. There are now over a hun- 
dred and five miles of macadamized roads, all free of toll, and are 
maintained about equally, by taxation and compulsory labor, five 
cents on the one hundred dollars being now levied. The dirt roads 
are much improved being ditched and drained under the recommen- 
dation of the court officials and adopted in 1895. There are about 
three hundred and sixty miles of road so maintained and some im- 
provements suggested and carried out each year. 

The character of labor employed is principally white and native 
to this county and farm hands get from twelve to sixteen dollars 
per month, and day laborers from seventy-five cents to a dollar. 

Lewis county has been keeping step with her wealthiest neigh- 
bors for a number of 3'ears. The school houses of the county 
will compare favorably with those of any of our surrounding 
counties. We now have eighty-five white and three colored 
schools, in which we have at least five months' free schools each 
year. We have rebuilt about fifty-five school houses in the past 
ten 3^ears and remodeled about fifteen more. We have also about 
one hundred resident teachers, more than enough to supply all our 
schools. We also have the Riverside Seminary located in our 
town, which has an annual enrollment of from seventy-five to one 
hundred pupils, and have about five teachers employed. We also 
have a normal school during the spring and summer for about ten 
weeks, which has an attendance of about eighty to a hundred 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of AgriciiUure. 18& 

pupils. We have an enroriment of thirty-six male teachers and 
fifty-two female teachers. 

Vanceburg is the county seat and has in the last few years made 
remarkable progress not only in the increase in population, but in 
permanent and valuable improvements as well. The court house 
is a substantial brick, built at a cost of |25,000. Vanceburg has 
grown from a small village and two stores to a thriving city of 
the fifth class and has as fine hotels with all the modern improve- 
ments and accommmodations as can be found on the Ohio river, 
and five church buildings, all large, roomy and beautiful edifices, 
that of the Christian church being the most modern and cost 
(nearly) |10,000. There are twenty stores of all kinds, a lodge each 
of the Masonic, Odd Fellows and Knights of Pythias; two large 
flouring and feed mills; three complete wagon and blacksmith 
shops that turn out one and two wagons, all "home made," each 
week and of the very best quality. 

Quincy and Concord are thriving towns and besides these are 
the villages of Petersville, Burtonville, Tollsboro, Poplar Flat, 
Cottageville, Trinity, Cave Dale, Valley and Martinsville, all 
having postofiflces, stores, etc. 

The financial condition of Lewis county is of the very best, and 
the rate of taxation being but seventy-two cents for county pur- 
poses and in a few years, this indebtedness (incurred in the build- 
ing of macadamized roads and iron bridges) will be wiped out and 
taxation greatly reduced. 

S. a. HiLLIS. 

Lewis county is situated in the Ninth Congressional, Sixth 
Appellate, Nineteenth Judicial, Thirty-first Senatorial and Eighty- 
ninth Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFicBs: — Alburn, Awe, Burtonville, Carrs, Clarksburg, 
Concord, Cottageville, Covedale, Crum, Emerson, Epworth, Escu- 
lapia, Fearis, Firebrick, Garrison, Glenmont, Harris, Head of 
Grassy, Heselton,Hoyt, Kinney, Kinniconick,Libbie, Martin, Mouth 
of Laurel, Noah, Petersville, Poplar Flat, Pugh, Quincy, Randville, 
Records, Ribolt, Rugless, Saintpaul, Stricklett, Tannery, Tharp, 
Thor, Tolesboro, Trinity, Trotter, Valley, Vanceburg. 



186 FoKifcciitli Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



Lincoln County. 

Lincoln County is one of tlie three original counties of the State, 
was made a county by an act of the Legislature of Virginia, in 
the year 1780. It is located in Central Kentucky one hundred 
miles southeast of Louisville and about the same distance north- 
west of Cumberland Gap, lying at the foothills of the Cumberland 
mountains, bounded by Pulaski, Rockcastle, Garrard, Boyle and 
Casey counties, all of which were included in the original county. 
The lands are high rolling table lands, fertile and productive, and 
splendidly watered, Dick's river bounding and traversing the 
entire eastern i)ortion and the Hanging Fork of Dick's river the 
western portion. Buck creek and Green river both rise near the 
center of the county and flow Buck creek south and Green river 
southwest. There are many smaller streams flowing from never- 
failing springs all through the count}'. About two-thirds or three- 
fourths of the land in the county is of the best quality of lime- 
stone land,bluegrass growing spontaneously. The principal crops 
are hemp, tobacco, corn, wheat, rye and oats, yielding on an 
average: Hemp, 1,200 pounds; Tobacco, 1,600 pounds; Wheat, 
14 bushels; rye 12 bushels; oats, 35 bushels; corn, 30 bushels and 
the cultivated grasses, clover, timothy, etc., from 1 to 2 tons of hay 
per acre. 

Live stock of all kinds, horses, mules, cattle, sheep and hogs are 
raised extensively and fed for market, while the traffic in poultry 
and eggs has become very great, thousands of dollars being 
brought into the county by this industry alone annually. 

The southern or mountainous portion of the county was origi- 
nall}' covered with finest timber of oaks, hickory, locust, walnut 
and poplar. When cleared up was only second rate land, but is 
well adapted to growth of fruit, apples, peaches, pears, and, in 
fact, all varieties of fruit, both large and small. There is much 
of the timber of the county converted into spokes, staves, ties and 
building lumber. 

There is found in the county building stone of the best quality. 
The gra.v limestone is the general formation which is easily 
buined into lime of the best quality and in many parts of the 
county is found a sandstone mixed with iron of very superior 
quality, withstanding the action of heat and cold to almost any 
extreme. In the extreme southeastern portion of the county 



Fouitcciitli Biennial Ripoit Bureau of Ayriculturc. 18T 

near the Kookcastle line is found u very fine ledge, quite extensive, 
of marble or granite, which takes a polish almost equal to the Ital- 
ian marble; it is a mottled gray in color and is tine for fireplaces, 
lasting in a fireplace for years. 

There is every indication of oil in the county; in fact, wells have 
been sunk that have gave promise of an abundance. Near Stan- 
ford is found a fine workable clay and years ago it was extensively 
used in making various kinds of potter}-. There is no doubt that 
it could be profitably used and would prove a profitable invest- 
ment for capital. 

Gas is frequently found in almost all portions of the county, ex- 
cept in the cavernous sections, Avliere we have several caves of con- 
siderable size. Mineral water of every kind is found generally 
near the foot of the knobs ,but sulphur and chalybeate are found 
in various places in the county. Around Crab Orchard, the seat 
of the famous Crab Orchard Springs, is found almost all kinds of 
mineral water. Crab Orchard Springs is visited by seekers of 
health from all portions of tlie Union. Here is where the cele- 
brated Crab Orchard salts are nmnufactured and shipped to all 
countries of Europe. In the same section is located Dripping 
Springs and Green Briar, each having a crowd of visitors during 
the spring season. 

Some natural curiosities are found in the county, such as CTiv- 
erns and licks; the licks are frequented by live stock and at an 
early date wild animals frequented them regularly. Indian« 
mounds are quite numerous; some of them have been explored 
and some very fine archaeological specimens found. 

The educational advantages are good. The Stanford Femah;- 
College at Stanford has an attendance of one hundred pupils and 
Christian College at Hustonville of nearly as many. There are in 
the county sixty-one school districts for whites and seventeen dis- 
tricts for colored children. 

There are in the county 162 miles of macadam and gravel roads, 
maintained by a direct tax of twenty-five cents on the one hundred 
dollars of the taxable property. There are 375 miles of county 
dirt roads maintained partly by taxation and partly under militia 
system. There are two railroads through the county, the Louis- 
ville & Nashville running east and west, a distance of twenty- 
three miles in the county and the Cincinnati Southern running 
north and south a distance of twenty-two miles and the Kentucky 
Central from Stanford eastward, a distance of five miles. 



188 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

The labor is plentiful, but not as reliable as it could be. Wages 
for farm laborers, fifty to sixty cents and board, or seventy-five 
cents per day without board. 

There are in the county over forty churches of the different de- 
nominations, with as many established Sunda.y schools; six fine 
flouring mills with a capacity of twenty-five to seventy-five barrels 
of flour per day, with railroad facilities for shipping; two canning 
factories, one at Kingsville with a capacit}^ of ten thousand cans 
per day and the other at McKinney not quite so extensive. 

Incorporated towns are Stanford, Rowland, Crab Orchard and 
Hustonville. 

Stanford, the county seat, is situated on the Knoxville branch of 
the Louisville & Nashville railroad. In 1786, Benjamin Logan, for 
a considerable sum of money deeded to the justices of the peace of 
Lincoln county a tract of twenty-six acres of land for a town site. 
In 1803, trustees of the town of Stanford having been elected or 
appointed, had the tract laid off into thirty-eight town lots. The 
corporate limits having been extended from time to time, now 
being three-quarters mile square from the court house. 

The town is watered by a good system of water works from the 
Old Fort springs and other good springs, less than one-half mile 
from the town. It is also lighted by electricity, generated by the 
machinery of the water works and ice plant. Stanford contains 
five dry goods stores, ten hardware and grocery stores, three drug 
stores, two banks of a capital of one hundred thousand dollars 
each, two excellent flouring mills, and many other businesses. 
There are four Avhite churches and three colored churches in the 
town. 

Hustonville, a thriving town, situated in the western part of the 
county contains three churches. Christian College, seven stores 
and one bank with a capital of fifty thousand dollars. 

Crab Orchard, in the eastern part of the county, has seven 
stores, four churches and famous Crab Orchard Springs. 

John Bright. 

Lincoln county is situated in the Eighth Congressional, Fifth 
Appellate, Thirteenth Judicial, Eighteenth Senatorial and Sixty- 
sixth Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFncEs: — Crab Orchard, Ewell, Gilberts Creek, Highland, 
Hubble, Hustonville, Jumbo, Kingsville, Krigger, Lytle, McKinn- 
ey, Maywood, Milledgeville, Moreland, Mt. Salem, Ottenheim, 
Pleasant Point, Preachersville, Rowland, Saufley, Stanford, Turn- 
ersville, Walnutflat, Waynesburg. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 189 



Livingston County, 

Livingston County is situated in the western part of Kentucky 
•on the Ohio river, and was organized in the year 1798, and named 
in honor of Kobert R. Livingston, one of the committee which 
drafted the Declaration of Independence. It is bounded on the 
north and west by the Ohio river, on the east by Lyon and Crit- 
tenden counties, and on the soutli and west by the Tennessee river. 
The county has an area of about 325 square miles. Beautiful hills 
and valleys make up the surface of the county. The Cumberland 
river flows across the county from east to west, and empties in- 
to the Ohio at Smithland, the county seat, giving the county about 
118 miles of navigable streams in and bordering on it. There are 
a large number of creeks in the county, which empty into the 
Ohio, Cumberland and Tennessee rivers, giving the county the most 
perfect water supply and drainage. The soil of the uplands is 
limestone and sandstone, the former being much more fertile 
than the latter. The bottom lands of the numerous rivers and 
creeks are very rich and productive, more particularly those which 
are subject to overflow. The second bottoms, which are not sub- 
ject to overflow, are not so fertile, though they produce well and 
raise good crops of small grain, grasses and fruits. 

The county is believed to be rich in superior iron ore, also lead 
and zinc, but the same has not been developed. There is found 
in the county baryta, native alum, kaolin, potter's and fire clay 
and marl in abundance, besides the clays known as ochre. Back 
in the interior of the county, awaj^ from the rivers, are to be found 
tracts of good timbered land, several varieties of oak, hickory, pop- 
lar, elm, gum, ash and walnut. Agricultural lands are very cheap 
and can be readily had; the labor performed on same is principally 
by native white and colored hands, whose services can be obtained 
for |10 to |15 per month and board. The staple products of the 
Livingston county farm are corn, wheat, oats, rye, tobacco, hay, 
sweet and Irish potatoes, sorghum, melons, turnips and fruits. 
Orchards along the Ohio riA^er netted owners about |200 per acre 
in 1901, w^here they were well cared for by modern methods. All 
of our grasses grow well. This is a fine county for stock raising 
and the raising and shipping of fine cattle is a leading industry 
in the county. There are no turnpikes in this county, but the pub- 
lic roads are kept in good condition and are worked under the road 



190 Fourteenth Biennial Bvport Bureau of AyricuUure. 

laws of the State. Sev'eral good irou bridges have been construct- 
ed over the streams in the county, and the many other streams are 
furnished with good wooden bridges. There are fortj'-eight com- 
mon schools in the couirt}^ for white children, six for blacks, and 
one academy and two graded schools, making a total of fifty-seven. 
The greater number of the school houses in the several districts- 
are good buildings, and furnished with all modern appliances 
for teaching. Thirty-eight churches furnish places of worship^ 
The county is out of debt and and on the high road to prosperity, 
and is withal a good county to live in. 

A county farmers' club was organized in 11)01 and a successful 
institute held. 

Smithland is the county seat of Livingston county, and is sit- 
uated on the Ohio river in the southern part of the county at the 
mouth of the Cumberland. It is an enterprising town, with 
good churches and school houses. 

Livingston county is situated in the First Congressional, First 
Appellate, Fourth Judicial, Third Senatorial and Seventh Legis- 
lative Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — Bayou, Berry Ferry, Birdsville, Carrsville, Grand 
Rivers, Hampton, Hillsville, luka, Joy, Ledbetter, Lola, Mulliken, 
Newbern, Pinckneyville, Salem, Smithland, Vicksburg. 



Logan County. 

Logan County was one of the first seven counties organized im- 
mediately after the admission of Kentucky into the LTnion as a 
State, being named in honor of Gen. Benjamin Logan, a Revolu- 
tionary officer and distinguished pioneer and companon of Daniel 
Boone. It is bounded on the north by Butler and Muhlenberg 
counties, on the west by Todd county, on the south by Tennessee; 
and on the east b}' Simpson and Warren counties. Its principal 
streams are Clearfork, Mud river and AYolf Lick creek, whose 
waters find their way into Green river and Whippoorwill creek^ 
Spring creek and Red river, which are tributaries of Cumber- 
land river. The watershed of these streams is near the central 
part of the county. There is a diversity of soils within its confines; 
the southern portion known as the "barrens" having a red clay 
subsoil foundation with limestone rock underneath, which portion 
is well adapted to wheat and other cereals, and is particularly 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 191 

adapted to that type of tobacco known as the "Clarksville leaf:" 
the northern portion, often designated as the "coonrange," 
does not present the same uniformity in its subsoils, its clays 
being varied with limestone underneath for the most part. Much 
of the land in this part is rather thin and broken, except the bot- 
tom lands of Mud river and Wolf Lick creek and their tributaries, 
whioh produce fine crops of corn, and also, where not too low, 
both wheat and oats. 

The only minerals of the county are asphalt and coal. The as- 
phalt beds lying between Russeilville and Homer, north of the 
central portion of the county, are very rich and are being develop- 
ed to some extent by the Standard Asphalt Company, composed 
chiefly of local capitalists, and by Theo. Becker, Esq., New York 
capitalist. The coal bed lies north and west of Lewisburg and ap- 
pears to be a pocket having a thickness of about four feet. The 
<3oal is of a superior quality. The bed has not been developed 
to any great extent. 

The northern portion of the county was at one time very heavily 
timbered, but most of the finest has been cut and floated down 
Wolf Lick and Mud river or shipped by rail. However, some nice 
logs are still being gotten out in that part, the timber business 
being confined mostly to cross ties and tan bark. The southern 
portion of the county contains but little timber, which is of com- 
paratively recent growth, having grown up since the county was 
first settled. The district, being at an early date destitute of 
timber except along its rivers and creeks, was formely called the 
"barrens," and for this reason was avoided by the early settlers 
of Southern Kentucky. It embraces the best farming lands in the 
county. 

There are thirty miles of turnpike in Logan county, all free of 
toll and well worked. The public roads are kept up by overseers 
appointed by the county court, to whom hands are allotted to keep 
-them in repair, which is oftentimes sadly neglected. However, 
the roads of the county are comparatively good for about nine 
months in the year. 

The county has eighty-five miles of railroad completed and in 
operation within its borders, composed of sections of the Memphis 
branch of the Louisville & Nashville railroad and the Owensboro 
& Nashville, which crosses at Russeilville, the county seat. 
Another line, the Cairo & Tennessee River railroad, is projected. 

The mineral springs in the county used as health resorts are 



192 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

Buena Vista Springs, about six miles west of Russellville, and 
Diamond Springs, in the nortliern portion of tlie county, near the 
Oweusboro & Nashville railroad, which is becoming quite a resort 
to health seekers of Southern Kentucky and Tennessee. 

Nearly all the streams in the county can be, and are to some 
extent utilized in operating machinery, such as for furnishing 
power for mills, etc. 

Oak timber is yet abundant, with some poplar, beech and wal- 
nut. The principal agricultural products, of which there is a 
surplus produced for market, are wheat, tobacco, corn, oats, hogs, 
cattle, mules, horses, sheep and vegetables of all kinds. The 
grasses best adapted to the diversified soils of this territory 
are clover, timothy, red top, millet, bluegrass and orchard grass. 
Our farmers make use of the latest improved farming implements 
and machinery. 

No effort has been made to check the wanton and unnecessary 
destruction of the forests; none to check or control the indis- 
criminate cutting of timber, and none to renew the forests where 
they have been entirely or partially destroyed. 

The county is well supplied with flouring mills and has one plan- 
ing mill. 

There are within the county two colleges, both located at Rus- 
sellville; one, Bethel College, is for boys and is under the control 
of the Baptist denomination: the other Logan Female College, 
is under the control of the Methodist, both of which have an ex- 
cellent faculty. The public schools of the county are for the most 
part in good condition some of which are supplemented by district 
taxation in addition to the amounts received from the State. 

Russellville, named in honor of Gen. Wm. Russell, a Revolution- 
ary officer, is the county seat, being situated near the center of 
the county. Other towns and villages are Auburn, South Union, 
a Shaker Community, Homer, Lewisburg, Edwards, Epley Station, 
Ferguson, Olmstead, Keysburg, Oakville, Adairville and Schochoh, 

C. R. Reid. 

Logan county is situated in the Third Congressional, Second Ap- 
pellate, Seventh Judicial, Ninth Senatorial and Twentieth Legis- 
lative Districts. 

PosTOPFiGEs: — Adairville, Anderson, Auburn, Baugh, Cave 
Spring, Cooperstown, Costelow, Dallam's Creek, Deer Lick, Dot, 
Edwards, Epley Station, Everett, Ferguson, Gasper, Gordonville, 
Homer, Justice, Keel, Keysburg, Lewisburg, McLeod's Station, 
Mortimer, Oakville, Olmstead, Ray, Richelieu, Russellville, Schley^ 
Schochoh, South Union, Spa. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 193 

Lyon County. 

(Revised 1901 by Judge W. L, Crunibaugh.) 

Lyon County was formed in 1854 out of the southwestern half 
of Caldwell. Bounded north by Livingston and Crittenden, east 
by Caldwell, south by Trigg, west by Marshall. 

In the river bottoms there is a large amount of level land, of 
very fine soil, where it has not been run down by haphazard farm- 
ing. Some of it has been in corn every year for a generation or 
two, the owners • depending upon the silt to keep up the fertility, 
A very little tobacco or other products is planted on it, but it is 
capable of ftroducing many other crops. Some move is now being 
made toward planting stock peas. 

A large amount of the land is rolling in character, and while 
not producing as heavy crops as the river bottoms, yet, under high 
cultivation, produces 50 or 60 bushels of corn, 800 to 1,200 pounds 
of tobacco, 15 to 30 bushels of wheat, and other crops in propor- 
tion. But these figures are considerably above the average of 
the average farmers' production. Other crops grown are oats, 
sorghum, millet, timothy, redtop, clover, peas, potatoes, all of which 
are grown only in limited quantities, tobacco and corn being the 
principal and almost only exports of farm products. Possibly 
half of the land between the rivers is hilly. Some of these hills, 
however, are made to produce fair crops of tobacco, corn and small 
grain. The whole county is well adapted to the growth of apples, 
peaches, pears, plums, all kinds of small fruits of this latitude, 
including grapes, some very fine specimens of the latter being 
grown. 

This county has long been noted for its fine timber, much of 
which is still on hand, notwithstanding the fact that many thousand 
logs have been rafted and hundreds of thousand railroad ties sent 
out, and millions of feet sawed into lumber, used for building or 
shipped out. It consists of oak of all kinds, gum of two kinds, 
fjoplar, white and yellow elm, linn, black and honey locust, black 
and white walnut, sycamore, and several smaller kinds. Average 
price of timber lands is very low, probably not over |8 or |10 per 
acre. 

Some of the finest iron ore known can be found in this county, 
including blue hematite. On the Illinois Central railroad is a 



194 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

cut of a thousand feet long- and a liuudred feet deep which was cut 
through a solid bed of it. There have been several blast furnaces, 
but the ore was mined by slaves principally, and they were not 
allowed to use pow^der, consequently, much of it was not worked. 
Even since the war only surface veins were worked and untold 
wealth of it lies deeper, as has been proven by prospectors. There 
was also a rolling mill, in which some of the finest finished iron 
ever known was made. Ho boiler was ever known to explode that 
was made of its product, when run by D. Hillman & Sons, the 
famous iron kings, who made charcoal iron almost exclusively. 
In so doing they denuded many thousand acres of land, which, 
however, in tw^enty years grew up so it was "coaled" again, the 
second growth of timber sometimes growing to a diameter of 
fifteen and twent^^ inches in that length of time, when in favored 
situations. There are 40,000 acres of this land in this and Trigg 
counties, which can be bought for |1.25 per acre, three-fourths of 
which would make from good to fine farms and orchards. It 
now forms fine grazing lands, and, as it is not under fence, it is 
used by many stockmen for that purpose ''free gratis." With 
proper effort vast wealth could be obtained from this and other 
iron lands in this county. Nothing is being done now in this di- 
rection. Very fine limestone, much of it suitable for building, 
is found along the railroad and rivers. There is now- a quarry 
running where the stone is wheelbarrowed directly into barges. 
Much of it is being made into lime, there being eight lime kilns, 
five of them on the Tennessee and three on the Cumberland. Only 
three or four in operation, which, during the spring and fall, make 
and ship 200 to 300 barrels a week. Very good potter's clay is 
found in almost unlimited quantities, but nothing is now being 
done with it. All of these are capable of immense development 
if the proper energy were used and capital could be obtained. 
The Tennessee flows along our w^estern border, and is navigable 

the year around. EA^en when other streams are ice bound its 

• 

southern dip allows it to be warmed by the genial sun of Alabama, 
and boats can and do run all the time. Besides it so warms the 
atmosphere that strawberries will ripen earlier on its shores than 
further inland; and the early frosts of autumn are sometimes so 
warded off that we can save late crops, which a mile off are killed. 
1 hav«^ received its benefit that way this week. The Cumberland 
(lows through the country, and is navigable at all times except 
^•"ing long continued drouths, and during freezes. Livingston 



FoinlfCHtJi Jiiiiinial Rvport Btn-cau of ApiicttJturc. 195 

creek, along the northei'ii boiindaiy, is a Imndred miles long, and 
conld be made navigable with slight expense. 

P^ddy creek, a few miles above Eddyville, has in time supported 
three flouring mills, only one of which is now running. It affords 
a fine stream of water during the dryest seasons, being fed by a 
fine spring at Princeton, and numerous other springs below it, 
one of which has volume and fall enough to run a small grist 
mill of itself. Tower enough here going to waste to manufacture 
thousands of dollars' Avorth of woolen or cotton goods every year, 

Eddyville has a tine spring flowing out of a cave which has been 
explored for a half a mile. Kuttawa has a very fine mineral 
spring used as a health resort, but not extensively. 

Industrial development has been on the decline, no doubt on .ac- 
count of the heavy railroad bond debt we have been burdened with 
for many years, which debt has hindered investments, especially 
in good roads, of Avhich we stand sadly in need, but which are now 
perceptibly improving as a whole. Even between our two princi- 
pal towns, which are within two miles of each other, the roads are 
a mere makeshift. AVe expect to start a new era of prosperity, as 
doubtless our idle iron mines, quarries and clay pits will be in- 
vestigated by capitalists, who win find them a good place to put 
money to reap large returns. Our unnumbered cubic yards of road, 
building material, consisting of fine cement, gravel and "natural 
ballast" — stone which appears to have been run through a crusher 
— all will att'ord a handsome return for capital invested. :N^o doubt 
we will also have the good roads' movement pushed along for all 
it is worth, as our farmers are seeing the immense amount of taxes 
that are vanishing through the mud, and will soon be clamoring 
for State aid. Having two rivers and a railroad of fourteen or 
fifteen miles we need only good roads and plenty of capital to make 
our county one of the foremost in this end of the State. 

In Ihe last ten years, we have paid oif our railroad debt of |oOO,- 
000, built a commodious county clerk's office, with fireproof vault 
room suflicient to hold the records for one hundred years, erected 
fireproof jail large enough to accommodate all the criminals that 
we can be possibly afflicted with, put up eight steel bridges, 
expended large sums in opening and improving public roads, 
and the county levy for 1001, of 30 cents on the one hundred 
dollars of property and one dollar and fifty cents poll tax, will 
pay all county expenses to June, 1002, and the county not owe a 
dollar. 



196 Fmorteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

A railroad is being surveyed through the county for the purpose 
of developing the iron and spar industry; in several places coal 
oil is found in small quantities on or near the surface of the 
ground. The Hillman Land and Mining Co., a St. Louis concern, 
has recently bought 25,000 acres of mineral timber and farming 
lands in Lyon and expect to make iron at the Grand River fur 
naces, also to conduct a cattle ranch on their immense tract. 

The Ewald Iron Co. of Louisville, owns 6,000 acres of iron tim- 
ber and farming land in another body. 

Good farm labor can be had for |1.3 or |14 per month and board 
■ — the more inferior and unreliable are less — the average being 
about 111. Without board the average is about |16 or less. 

We have some of the best county schools, most of the buildings 
being of the most modern type, with seats, charts, blackboards, 
maps; etc., each occupied by live, w^ell trained teachers, all mov- 
ing upward and onward. At many places where twenty' years ago, 
a fourtl' rate or "licensed'' teacher was thought to be good enough, 
we now have only the highest class obtainable. In many districts 
a "pay" school is conducted for three or five months after the 
public school is out, it holding five months. In each town is a 
high school ten months each year. 

Eddyville, the county seat, was founded in 1799, on the north 
bank of Cumberland river, forty-five miles from its mouth, one 
hundred and ninety miles from Louisville by the Illinois Central 
railroad, is a flourishing town, and seat of the branch penitentiary, 
with a large brick roller mill, a bank, newspaper, tobacco factory, 
two blacksmith shops, a full line of churches, ministers, lawyers, 
physicians, stores and hotels. 

Lamasco, ten miles southeast of Eddyville, founded in 1861, 
has two hundred inhabitants, two churches, Methodist E. South, 
and Baptist, three physicians, two stores two tobacco factories, 
two blacksmith shops, and a flourishing school. 

Kuttawa, one and one-half miles below Eddyville, founded in 
1880, or '81, by Chas. Anlerson, ex-governor of Ohio, lies on the 
Illinois Central railroad and Cumberland river — a live wideaw'ake 
town of 1,000 inhabitants. Has three churches, three lawyers, 
three physicians, five dry goods stores, seven groceries, three gen- 
eral stores, two hardware stores, one tobacco factory, one large 
spoke factory, four blacksmith shops, one jeweler and watchmaker, 
one large roller flouring mill, two hotels, two saloons and one bank, 
and a fine high school. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 197 

Star Lime Works, though not a town, has three stores, five lime 
kilns, one grist mill, two blacksmith and woodwork shops and the 
best country school in the county. 

Mont, Carmack, and Eureka, are country stores, the latter hav- 
ing three or four houses. 

Also, that a high grade of silver ore has been mined in the north- 
w^est corner of the county, at a spring, known as Silver Spring. 
Not only was it stated that the ore was mined, but also smelted 
and a fine article produced; but want of capital hindered further 
developments. 

Lj-on county is situated in the First Congressional, First Appel- 
late, Third Judicial, Third Senatorial and Sixth Legislative Dis- 
tricts. 

PosTOFFiGEs: — Carmaclv, Confederate, Eddyville, Eureka, Hugh- 
ey, Knome, Kuttawa, Lamasco, Mont, Poe, Rinaldo, Saratoga, 
Star Lime Works. 

Madison County. 

Madison County was organized in 178G, and taken wholly from 
Lincoln county, one of the three original counties, and only six 
years after the subdivision of Kentucky county Into the three 
counties aforesaid. It lies on the south fork of the Kentucky 
river and is opposite Jesamine, Fayette and Clark. Estill, -lack- 
son, Rockcastle and Garrard bound the other side. Drowning creek 
forming the line on the east next to Estill, and Paint Lick on the 
west next to Garrard. The other creeks of importance are Muddy, 
Otter. Tates and Silver, all named by Daniel and Squire Boone 
during their sojourn in the county in 1770. 

Boonesborough, the headquarters of the Transylvania Colony 
Co., or Henderson & Co., who bought all the lands embraced by 
the Kentucky, Ohio and Cumberland rivers from the Cherokee 
Indians in 1775, and built the first fort in the State, is in Madison 
county, and consequently, the permanent settlement of the county 
dates back a century and a quarter ago nearly. It has now^ an 
area of a little less than 400 square miles. 

Its soil is a greater variety than any other county in the State. 
No finer bluegrass pastures can anywhere be found; native cane 
brake; walnut, ash and maple trees. And there are the slashes 
with craw-fish and black-jack bushes, all intermediate grades of 
soil exist. 



198 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

A great diversity of soil gives a wide range to prices of farm 
lands, the same varying from |8 to |80 per acre, fine bluegrass 
lands near Richmond having recently sold for $75 to $100 per acre. 
The labor employed is mostly native white and colored, at |13 to 
.fl8 a month and board, or |18 to |20, and the hands board them- 
selves. Much improved farm machinery is now in use in this 
county. 

Timber of good quality is scarce. Some walnut and poplar 
remain and there is a limited quantity' of oak in various sections 
of the county, but it is fast being cut into lumber by portable 
mills. 

The Kentucky river touches the county on the eastern edge and 
takes a general semi-circular course around the north side to 
the western edge, and at any point is from ten to twelve miles from 
Richmond. It is navigable in winter for small steamers. Logs 
and coal are brought down the river from the mountains and sup- 
ply the mills and trade along the river. Slack water from the lock 
and dam at High Bridge reaches the lower edge of the county. 

While there are no present indications of finding any of the pre- 
cious metals in the county, there is certainly an immense deposit 
of valuable products needing development. Elegant building 
stone in numerous places and in large quantities, near Clay's 
Ferry, on river and railroad; owing to the fine quality, it is locally 
termed Kentucky marble. On Browning creek, accessible by rail,, 
there is a large deposit of fire-proof building stone that has been 
extensiA'ely used for years throughout the county, and it with- 
stands the hottest fire without crumbling. Coal is found near Big 
Hill and a railroad has been projected thither to render mining 
profitable. In the eastern portion of the county near Waco, is an 
inexhaustible deposit of valuable clays, very rich in aluminum, 
and an immense deposit of white sand. The white clay, or kaolin, 
is but two or three feet under the surface, veins running from two- 
to seven feet thick. It has been repeatedly tested by experts and 
manufacturers, and received medals for excellency from the 
United States Government. If developed it will make queensware 
and works of art, while from the other valuable clays pottery 
and good brick and innumerable articles of profit can be made. 
There is a large demand from local builders for the sand which has 
the quality of being sharp and clear from dirt, will make good- 
glass uvd could be used extensively in the cities by concrete manu- 
facturers, lithographers, and in hundreds of other industries. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 199 

In and about Waco, which is a peculiarly favored section in 
these respects, salt was also manufactured at an early date. Every 
indication points to the presence of oil and gas in this section of 
the county. Oil oozes out of the ground in hundreds of places, 
the surface rock is full of black oil, having the appearance of 
asphalt rock. A local company struck black oil in sinking wells 
from 20 to 35 feet in a number of places. The black oil is a natur- 
al printer's ink of the best quality just as it comes from the 
.ground. From a broken-down well considerable gas escapes for 
weeks until drowned out by water Mineral springs are numerous 
in the county, while at the sulphur spring at Muddy creek are tons 
of sulphate iron, or fool's gold, embedded in the rocks on the sur- 
face. These vast deposits of undeveloped wealth only await the 
touch of enterprise and capital to draw thence untold wealth and 
give employment to thousands. 

Mallory and Slate Lick Springs are local resorts. Each is situ- 
ated in the mountainous parts of the county and on the edge of 
the mountains. 

In the better portion of Madison county, where the bluegrass, 
hemp, etc., flourish, the natives are too busy looking after their pro- 
ducts and herds of fine cattle to start manufactories, and in the 
eastern part of the county where the lands are thin, and formerly 
unproductive, the people are not able to erect much needed plants 
to develop the hidden treasures without the aid of outside capital 
and energy. Less than a decade since, this thin soil was thought 
to be too poor to sprout blackeyed peas, but as if by magic this poor 
sandy Clay soil has changed in a few years to a blooming and fer- 
tile garden. The land, when properly tiled and fertilized, is adapt- 
ed to the growth of small fruits and vegetables, and to-day there 
are not less than one hundred small farms profitable raising fruits 
and vegetables, where formerly ten farmers barely made a living. 
Hence, there is not as much interest taken in the industrial de- 
velopment as the possibilities demand, but all waiting for out- 
side capital to reap the profits. 

Richmond, the county seat, has two good modern flouring mills, 
two planing mills, ice factory, laundry, telephone, electricity, gas, 
water, but could make it profitable for dozens of manufactories 
and should have them. 

Waco, Berea, Centerville and Kirksville are thriving smaller 
lowns. 

There is a large distillery at Silver Creek and five or six smaller 



200 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

ones in the county, and quite a number of good mills. For a 
century tliere have been three or four stoneware manufactories 
and two good flouring mills at Waco. The pottery clay there is 
the richest deposit in the world and received the highest award 
at the Centennial Exposition in 1876. Recentlj^ there has been 
erected near Waco, on the Louisville & Atlantic railroad, a large 
drain tile and brick plant, and the demands for the products are 
excellent, disposing of all they can make. There is room for more 
manufactories of the vast clay deposit, and a modern pottery 
would reap a rich harvest. 

Mills and factories are needed to develop the varied resources 
of the county. A good class of emigrants would be cordially 
welcomed. Already several Englishmen have settled here and 
are conducting a thriving farming business and making excellent 
citizens. 

There are about 200 miles of turnpike roads, and recently all 
have been made free. The county is well supplied with dirt 
roads, maintained by paying persons along the lines of same for 
work thereon. This costs the county from |6,000 to |12,000 a year. 
We have five railroads in the- county, all of them entering Rich- 
mond, one from Cincinnati, two from Louisville, one from Knox- 
ville and one from Eastern Kentucky. 

The public schools in the county are in good condition and grad- 
ually improving. In many districts the public money is supple- 
mented by subscriptions and local taxation. The Caldwell High 
School, which receives the public money of the Richmond district, 
is mainly supported b}' taxation. 

C. L. Searcy. 

Madison county is situated in the Eighth Congressional, Fifth 
Appellate, Twenty-fifth Judicial, Twenty-ninth Senatorial and Sev- 
enty-second Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Asbury, Baldwin, Berea, Bighill. Bluegrass, 
Brassfield, Caleast, College Hill, Combs, Cottonburg, Delpha, 
Doylesville, Dreyfus, Edenton, Estill, Hockaday, Kingston, Kirks- 
vjjlo, Million, Moberly, Mote, Newby, Panola, Peytontown, Port- 
wood, Redhouse, Richmond, Ruthon, Silvercreek, Speedwell, Ter- 
ril, L'nion City, Yalleyview, Waco, Wallaceton, Whitehall, Whites 
Station. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 201 



Magoffin County. 

The County of Magoffin was created in the winter of 1859-60, 
under a Democratic governor by the name of Magoffin — hence its 
name. 

It is located in the southeastern portion of Kentucky, in a very 
desirable position. The county is, for the most part, mountainous 
or hilly, but there are many wide and fertile bottom lands in the 
vallej^ of the Licking. 

The principal water courses of the county are the Licking river 
and its tributaries. These streams are maiul}' used in the running 
of both water and steam mills. 

The soil of the county is of a sandy loam, which is very fertile 
and productive, being adapted to the raising of corn, wheat, oats, 
and tobacco, which are the principal crops now grown. 

The timber of the county is very extensive and of many varie- 
ties such as 3'ellow poplar, black walnut, maple, oak, beech, pine, 
lynn, ash and chestnut. This timber is taken to market in the 
form of rafts, cross ties and staves. 

Anthracite and bituminous coal is found and mined in all parts 
of the county. 

The best quality of sandstone is quarried for building purposes. 
There have been borings for oil, with some success, but it has not 
yet been found in paying quantities. However, the prospects in 
this line are good. Three are wells and minerals springs in the 
county, which are said to be healthful. The public roads of the 
county are rapidly improving, and are maintained by the county. 

Most of the labor in the county is agricultural, and the average 
price per month is |13, with board. There have been several im- 
portant developments among which is the construction of a beauti- 
ful court house, at a cost of |15,000, and one of the most magnifi- 
cent school buildings in Eastern Kentucky. The leading source 
of education in our county is the Salyersville Graded and Normal 
School which is situated at the county seat. 

Salyersville, the county seat, is situated on the left bank of the 
Licking as you ascend the river, and is a beautiful little town of 
some 300 or 400 inhabitants. It takes its name from Samuel Sal- 
yer, who was a member of the Kentucky Legislature 



202 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

Magoffin county is situated in the Tenth Congressional Seventh 
Appellate, Twentj'-third Judicial, Thirty-fourth Senatorial, and 
Ninety-second Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Bloomington, Bradley, Carver, Conley, Cyrus, 
Elm, Eugene, Falcon, Gapville, Gilford, Gypsy, Hager, Haleburg, 
Hendricks, Ivyton, Lakeville, Lickburg, Lykins, Mountain, Nehe- 
miah, Netty, Orchard, Patton, Perlie, Salyersville, Sertz, Sublett, 
Swamptou, Telia, Wireman. 



Marion County. 

Marion County was carved out of the territory of Washington 
county in the year 1834, and lies near the geographical center of the 
State. It is bounded on the north by Washington county, on the 
east by Boyd and Casey, on the south by Taylor and on the west 
by Larue and Nelson counties. 

The surface of the county is gently undulating, with the excep- 
tion of a chain of "knobs," a part of the Muldraugh Hill system,, 
which runs entirely through the county from east to west. The 
surface of this portion of the county is quite rugged, the "knobs" 
in some cases rising in peaks several hundred feet above the sur- 
face of the surrounding country. The principal water sources arty 
Rolling Fork, including the main stream, and North Fork and 
South Fork of same, Hardin's creek, Cartwright's creek, Pleas- 
antrun and Little Beech Fork. These streams form two distinct 
water sheds, the knobs being the divide. Rolling Fork draining 
the southern portion of the county and Hardin's creek, Cart- 
wright's creek, Pleasantrun and Little Beech Fork draining the 
northern. The drainage from the county, however, converges 
and enters the Ohio through Salt river. 

Four distinct geological formations are present in Marion coun- 
ty, the lower silurian, upper Silurian, sub-carboniferous and de- 
vonian. The soil in consequence is varied in character. The 
county is generally considered as lying on the line separating the 
Bluegrass from the "Pennerile." The valleys of all the water 
courses are extremely fertile. The bottoms are broad, especially 
on the Rolling Fork and the section known as the Rolling Fork 
bottoms comprises many thousand acres of land that can not be 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 203 

-excelled in the State for productiveness. The northeastern por- 
tion is gently undulating and belongs to that class of soil denomi- 
nated bluegrass. The western and north eastern sections, when 
not cut up with knobs, are quite level, but are generally of a 
lighter character, but are susceptible of great improvement under 
R proper system of agriculture. The knobs which were heavily 
timbered are now almost denuded of this timber growth. While 
there are many fertile coves among these hills the soil is in the 
main thin, and on account of its rough contour is little A'alued for 
agricultural purposes, being frequenth' sold for one to five dollars 
per acre. This same formation is utilized in other counties for 
fruit growing, to which it seems to be peculiarly adapted. Its 
low price offers a rare opportunity for investment of capital for 
this or sheep range purposes, and it is not improbable that a few 
years hence will see great changes b}' utilizing these cheap lands. 

The county was once heavily timbered with oak, poplar, beech, 
hickory, interspersed with walnut. Little of this now remains 
"in its virgin state, although there is considerable timber in the 
knobs and in the southwestern portion of the county. The re- 
mainder of the county is cleared, with the exception of small 
bodies kept for ornamental purposes or to supply home demands. 
Farmers have in the past fifteen or twenty jears given much atten- 
tion to growing locusts for posts and few farms are to be found 
without groves of this valuable wood. The county is adapted to 
growing corn, wheat, oats, hay and tobacco, and a large surplus 
of these staples is produced. The feed staples are marketed in 
the form of live stock rather than in their raw state, thereby con- 
tributing to the improvement of the farms. 

The live stock interest of the county is great, large numbers of 
cattle, hogs, spring lambs and mules, being sent to the market 
annually. The county ranks among the first in the State in num- 
ber of mules. The finest sugar mules received in the New Orleans 
market are the product of Marion county feeders. The toppiest 
and the best fatted cotton mules go from Marion county barns. 

The principal manufacturing establishments in the county are 
a number of distilleries. These are among the best equipped in 
the country and the reputation of their brands is co-extensive 
with those portions of the world where Kentucky whisky is used 
as a beverage. Next in importance are the flouring mills of the 
county, of which there is a considerable number conveniently lo- 
cated throughout the county. These, with saw and planing mills, 



^04 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau, of Agriculture. 

a wheel and spoke factory, two cigars aud oue tobacco factory^ 
sum up the industrial developments of the county. The opportuni- 
ties for enlarging on these is excellent. The county is favorably 
located for manufacturing anything in the wood work line as well 
as for manufacturing tobacco, and any additional factories Avould 
receive substantial encouragement. 

The Louisville & Nashville railroad runs the full length of the 
county from east to west, in addition to which there is a branch 
road under the same management running from Lebanon to Greens- 
burg in Green county, so that no portion of the county is remote 
from a shipping j)oint. 

The roads of the county are free of toll to the public, the oue 
hundred miles or more of turnpike having passed under the con- 
trol of the county without an evidence of the mob spirit. The 
county roads (not macadamized) are maintained in better condi- 
tion than is usually the case under the warning in system, many 
of them being graveled and nearly equal in condition to the macad- 
aniized roads. 

Labor on the farm is performed by native whites and colored 
hands and the average price with board is about twelve dollars 
per month. 

A system quite in favor is the tenant system, under which the 
farmers furnishes all teams and implements, etc., to tenant, who 
performs the work and receives one-third of the corn, one-third, 
of the wheat and one-half of the tobacco produced. 

The educational facilities of the county furnished by the i)ublic 
schools are first-class. There are high schools at Lebanon and 
Bradfordsville and the district schools are under charge of com- 
petent teachers and are housed in comfortable buildings furnished 
with the latest improvements in furniture and appliances for in- 
struction. There are two colleges in the county under the manage- 
ment of the Catholic Church, viz., St. Mary's for young gentle- 
men and Loretto for the young ladies. Both of these institutions 
are old established seats of learning and have always enjoyed 
a liberal patronage. 

The county has no bonded or floating debt of any kind and the 
tax rate for county purposes is low. 

Lebanon, the county seat, is a thriving city of about 4,000 inhab- 
itants, situated on the Knoxville division of the L. & N. railroad 
and is an up-to-date city in every particular, being the only city 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 205 

of importance in a wide surrounding area. The growtli of the city 
has been steadily maintained and the prosperity is of that char- 
acter that may be depended upon to last. Its manufactories con- 
sist of two flouring mills, two planing mills, one wheel and spoke 
factory, two cigar factories, one tobacco factory, besides the dis- 
tilleries in and adjacent to the city. Other manufactories are de- 
sired, and liberal inducements will be offered for their location 
here. 

Bradfordsville is a thriving town of three hundred inhabitants 
and situated ten miles southeast of Lebanon at the confluence of 
the north and the south forks of Rolling Fork. The surrounding 
country is one of the best agricultural sections to be found in the 
State. 

Raywick, situated in the southwestern portion of the county, 
is another good town. Its population is about two hundred and 
fifty. It is also one of the oldest settlements of this part of the 
State. 

Loretto, Riley, Gravel Switch, Penick and New Market are thriv- 
ing villages, enjoying a good trade with their respective neighbor- 
hoods. Lucas Moore. 

Marion county is situated in the Fourth Congressional, Third Ap- 
pellate, Eleventh Judicial, Fifteenth Senatorial and Fortieth Leg- 
islative Districts. 

PosTOPFicEs: — Bradfordsville, Calvary, Chicago, Dant, Gravel 
Switch, Holycross, Lebanon, Loretto, Nerinx, New Market, Pen- 
ick, Raywick, Riley, Rushbranch, Saint Mary. 



Marshall County. 

(Revised 1901 by W. M. Oliver.) 

Prior to June 1, 1842, all of the territory now composing the 
counties of both Calloway and Marshall formed the single county 
of Calloway, with Wadesboro as the county seat. Pursuant to 
an act of the Legislature all that part of Calloway lying north 
of Wadesboro was on June 1, 1842, formed into a new county, 
named Marshall county in honor of John Marshall, then Chief 
Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Wadesboro was 
no longer a county seat. Murray became the county seat of the 
remainder of Calloway county, and the present site of Benton 
was selected as the county seat of the new county of Marshall, 



206 Fourteenth Biennial lieport Bureau of Aijricitlture. 

and named Benton, in honor of Thomas Hart Benton, then a 
prominent member of the U. S. Senate from Missouri. 

Marshall county- has an area of 824.5 square miles, is bounded 
on the south b}' Calloway count}, on the west by Graves, and 
McCracken counties, and on the north and east by Tennessee 
river, which forms the boundary line between the counties of 
Livingston, Lyon, Trigg and the county of ilarshall. 

Both the east and west forks of Clark's river liow through Mar- 
shall county from the southeast to the n()rthwest. The topog- 
ra})hy of the county is undulating. Threi' nice belts of rich 
valley land varying from one to three miles in width extend from 
the southern to the northern border of the county. The rich 
belt of valley land lying along the bank of the Tennessee river 
from Aurora to Stiles is a gray sandy loam, and very fertile. The 
valleys along Clark's river is a black loam with much less sand 
than the Tennessee river valley land. It is extremely doubtful 
if there is any land in the State more productive than these val- 
leys. Between Tennessee river and Clarks river, from Hamlet 
to Sharpe, is a beautiful belt of level table land, ranging from 
two to five miles in width. There is also a beautiful belt of 
level table lands from Wadesboro to Symsonia, in Graves county. 
This belt of table land is called the 'Tlatwoods." 

Besides these principal streams there are numerous small 
branches and creeks which drain the country, all of which are 
tributaries of the principal streams above named. 

We have a clay subsoil to a depth ranging from two to eight 
and ten feet, which is underlaid with a strata of gravel. As a 
rule, the farming land of Marshall county has been badly man- 
aged. Until very recently rotation of crops was never so much 
as dreamed of. The lauds by being cultivated for many success- 
ive years in corn were greatly impoverished, but recently many 
of the most progressive farmers have begun to improve their 
worn out lands, and the yield has been greatly increased, and the 
price of lands thus reclaimed is rapidly enhancing in value. The 
market price of land is more than double what it was ten years 
ago, and will more than double again during the next ten years. 

The Illinois Central railroad runs through the northern part of 
the county for a distance of about twelve miles, while the Louis- 
ville t^' Nashville, operated by the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. 
L<»uis Railway, runs through the central i)art of the county for a 
distance of about seventeen miles. ^Plie road question and no 



Fottrtccntli Uioiiiial Fcport Bureau of Agriculture. 207 

fence law lias beeu agitated considerably during the last few 
years. 

Hard roads can be made cheaper in Marshall county, than per- 
haps any county in the State, on account of the immense quantity 
of fine gravel which can be found in abundance in every section of 
the counts'. It is confidently expected that the roads will be 
maintained by taxation in the near future. 

Immigration to this county from Northern states, from Virginia 
and parts of central Kentucky has been rather heavy for the last 
few 3^ears. This is the prime cause for the increase in the value 
of farm lands. Rural free mail delivery is now agitating the 
minds of the people in this count3^ 

The bulk of the white oak, poplar, and green timber has been 
manufactured, but there is yet an immense quantity of red oak 
and black oak of a fine quality in this county. 

The population of Marshall county is 13,092. The population 
of Benton, the county seat, is 644. The population of Hardin, a 
new town on the N., C. & St. L. Ry., eight miles south of Benton 
is 240. Birmingham, one of the oldest towns in the count}', on the 
Tennessee river has a population of 291. 

The county is Democratic in politics, the vote being in 1900, 
1,571 Democratic, and 997 Republican. There are G4 white public 
schools in the count}^ and two colored. There are over fifty 
churches in the county. Until recently it was believed that the 
soil in this county was not adapted to the growth of blue grass> 
but it is now apparent that land can be sodded with blue grass 
in this county. Marshall county is rapidly coming to the front 
as a grower of dark tobacco. Wheat, coru, timothy, red top,, 
clover, rye, and oats all grow well on the soil in this county. 

Marshall county is situated in the First Congressional, First 
Appellate, Second Judicial, Second Senatorial and Sixth Legis- 
lative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Altona, Aurora, Benton, Birmington, Brewers^ 
Briensburg, Brittain, Calvert City, Coy, Elva, Fairdealing, Fris- 
toe, Gilbertsville, Glade, Hamlet, Hardin, Harvy, Kobe, Little 
Cypress, Lowry, McEuen, Magness, Mahon, Oaklevel, Olive, Ozan^ 
Palma, Paul, Scale, Sharp, Stringer, Tatumsville, Wiley.. 



208 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



Martin County. 

Martin County was created by an act of the General Assembly 
or Legislature of Kentucky, at its session of 1869-70, and was taken 
from the fractional parts of the counties of Lawrence, Pike, Floj^d 
and Johnson. 

Martin county fronts on the Tug Fork of Big Sandy river, the 
boundary between Kentucky and West Virginia for about forty 
miles, and is bounded on its back lines by Lawrence, Pike, Floyd 
and Johnson, and contains 235 square miles. Character of land is 
quite mountainous, in fact, too much so to be adapted to farm" 
ing. 

The main creeks running into the Tug river are Rockcastle creek. 
Calf creek, Turkey creek. Big Elk and Little Elk creeks. Buck creek, 
Collin's creek, Wolfe creek. Long Branch and Big creek. 

The timber resources of Martin county are valuable and consist 
of great varieties, such as yellow and white poplar, lynn or Bass- 
wood, white oak, black oak, chestnut oak, black walnut, white 
walnut, ash, elm, sycamore and beech in abundance. The most 
accessible timber along the river and main creeks has been mark- 
eted for saw logs or saw timber, but back from these streams 
and from railroads, the timber is yet abundant and only about 
30 to 40 per cent, of it has been used or exhausted from the county. 
The average price of timber lands is three to five dollars per acre, 
according to locality. 

The soil is sandy and adapted to the raising of Indian corn, sugar 
cane, melons and grasses suited to the sandy soil. The sugar 
cane grows especially fine here and the Big Sandy sorghum mo- 
lasses always commands a premium in all markets of the United 
States. The red top is the indigenous grass of the county and 
when cut early is a most valuable hay; if let cure too ripe it be- 
comes tough or wiry. Other grasses, such as timothy, clover, etc., 
do well for a time, but are soon superseded by the red top. 

The mineral deposits of the county are very valuable and they 
can scarcely be exaggerated. The coal encircles the mountains 
like the hoops on a barrel ; at Warfield five workable veins can be 
seen above water level varying in thickness from three to six feet, 
including a five and a half foot vein of a good bituminous coal, 
identical with the Old Peach Orchard or Prestonburg coal and 
marked by Professor Shaler as the A No. 1 vein of the State, and 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 209 

very uniform, its variation being less than six inches in thickness 
in passing through a mountain near a thousand feet. A goSd 
coking coal and twenty inches of best cannel coal are found up 
near the top of the hills in the same veins around Warfield. 

Iron ore seems to be in abundance, but has not been developed, 
but nearly all the springs show chalybeate of iron to such an ex- 
tent as to nearly ruin the water. In this connection will say that 
the water is nof as good as most mountain countries ; there is no 
lime near the surface and a dearth of good springs found in the 
mountainous districts elsewhere; the purest water we get is from 
our sandy bedded streams, which is good except in extreme low wa- 
ter. We have some fine coal showings all through this county on 
the line from Warfield to Prestonburg in Floyd county. We have 
here a fine building sandstone, easily quarried and that becomes 
quite hard and durable after exposure. 

We are the center of a gas belt that is well known to all intelli- 
gent readers, and all the cities along the Ohio from Huntington to 
Cincinnati will soon be boomed from our product in this line. 
Natural gas in abundance has been known here since the days of 
Washington, who speaks of the burning spring on the Tug Fork 
5r Sand}', just opposite to Warfield on the West Virginia side, 
and on a line with this burning spring and the famous Mannington 
gas fields in West Virginia, called the "forty-five line," is found 
gas in great quantities. In drilling for oil the big Warfield gas 
well was struck in December, 1883. The Triple State Natural 
Gas & Oil Company, a company, composed of Pennsylvania capi- 
talists, is operating in this section. The company owns nearly all 
the gas territory in the county and pays a rental per acre on the 
same. They own nine wells in Martin county and one or two in 
West Virginia. They find gas, and sometimes small quantities 
of oil in the lime, at from 1,300 to 1,500 feet, depending upon the 
location. Their object is to pipe this gas to the nearest Ohio river 
towns, where they have a pipe line already laid, and Ironton, Ohio, 
Ashland, Catlettsburg, and Louisa, Ky., and Huntington, W. Va., 
are now supplied from this field with all the gas they want. 

They have in Martin county alone fourteen or fifteen miles of 
ten-inch line, five miles of eight-inch line, three miles of six-inch 
line pipe. The only "dry hole," or well that has not proven a good 
•^'gasser" was one drilled on Collin's branch, a tributary of Kock- 
castle creek. From what I personally knew of these wells will 
state that this company has from 150,000,000 to 200,000,000 cubic 



210 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

feet of gas per twenty-four hours for the supply of their customers 
and has three or four sets of drillers at work all the time. They 
have an office at Huntington, W. Va., connected by telephone with 
all wells here. They employ a deal of high-priced labor at all 
times, such as drillers, four to five dollars per day; tool dressers, 
two and a half to three dollars per day; pipe linemen, two dollars 
and a quarter per day; caulkers, two dollars to two dollars and a 
half per day and ditchers, one dollar and a quarter per day with- 
out board. 

Under the head of industrial development will say that W. J. 
Fell, of Huntington, W. Va., who has stave mills in many different 
counties and States, is putting plants in Martin county for the 
manufacture of staves. He has one a few miles above Eden on 
Kockcastle creek in full blast, with an output of 10,000 staves per 
day and will put in two or three more of these plants soon in Mar- 
tin county, and also a finishing mill, which will give work to a 
large number of men. The wages in their mills run from a dollar 
and a quarter to four dollars and a half per da.y, and stave bolts 
ready for the saw cost them from dollar to a dollar and a half per 
cord at the mills. 

C. C. Fanin and H. C. Wigel, doing business under the name of 
C. C. Fanin & Co., at Pilgrim, Ky., are carrying on a general mer- 
chandise business and putting in 200,000 cross ties on Wolfe creek 
and Long Branch in Martin county. These railroad ties are quite 
abundant and accessible, and are intended for the Eastern mar- 
kets, principally Buffalo, N. Y. They pay twenty cents apiece for 
ties when delivered and culled on the bank on the Tug river, or 
some navigable river, or some navigable creek, such as Wolfe 
creek, and get their average labor done at one dollar per day with- 
out board, which is about the average price of farm labor. 

Martin county is not blessed with railroad facilities, but is near- 
ly surrounded by them. 

Small steamboats ply the Tug river from six to eight months 
in the year and the Government has the slacking of the Big Sandy 
and its tributaries well in hand now. 

Our roads are not good. We have no macadam, but have 135 
of dirt roads maintained by the people and county which we can 
say as a whole are improving. 

Our educational facilities are improving under our common 
school system. No colleges nor academies. 

Eden (Inez postoffice) is our county seat, since 1874, when if- 



Foiotccnth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 211 

was removed from Warfield, by a close vote of the people. Eden 
is situated uear the geographical center of the county at the forts 
of Rockcastle creek and is a thriving little citj- of the sixth class. 

Warfield is the only villaoe of mention in the county, formerly 
the county seat. It is situated on the Tug Fork of Big Sandy, 
thirty miles above Louisa and seven miles below the moutu of 
Pigeon creek, W. Va., on said river, where the Norfolk & Western 
railroad leaves Tug River for the Twelve Pole valley. 

J. D. Barret. 

Martin county is situated in the Tenth Congressional, Seventh 
Appellate, Twenty-fourth Judicial, Thirty-third Senatorial and 
Ninety-sixth Legislative Districts. 

PosTOPFiCEs: — Calf Creek, Inez, Milo, Pilgrim, Pleasant, Toma- 
hawk, Warfield, Wendle. 



Mason County. 

Mason County is situated in the northern part of the t?fate on 
the Ohio river. It is one of the nine counties formed before the 
State was admitted into the Union, having been organized in 1788. 
by the Legislature of Virginia. It is bounded on the north by the 
Ohio river, having a river boundary for eighteen miles ; on the east 
by the county of Lewis; on the south by the counties of Fleming 
and Robertson, and on the west by Robertson and Bracken. The 
county is well watered and drained by its numerous streams and 
tributaries, the principal streams being Cabin, Bull, Limestone, 
Lawrence, Kennedy's, Beasly and Lee's creeks, which all drain the 
county on the north into the Ohio river, and the North Fork o7 
Licking and its tributaries. Mill, Pummel, Bracken, Wells and 
Lee's creeks, drain the central, western and southern portions of 
the county. This county has an area of about 220 square miles. 
The surface of the county along its water courses is hilly and as 
you approach the Ohio river this feature of the topography of the 
county becomes very pronounced. Back from the streams, how- 
ever, widen out wonderful tracts of level and very fertile lands. 
In the southern part of the county the most fertile land is found; 
none probably in the State better. 

The geological formation of this county is of the lower Silurian 
and of that character recognized as the blue limestone, which is 



212 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

» 
also composed of marine fossils, showing later life than those of 
Central Kentucky. 

Most of the original unexcelled supply of timber has been taken 
from the lands of Mason county. The easy means for transporting 
it to market, the demands for domestic use and the great value of 
our lands have all contributed to denude the county of its timber, 
which at one time covered it so entirely. Diversified farming is 
engaged in to a considerable extent, especially in that section of 
the county in ready reach of the city of Maysville, which affords 
a good market for such productions, and also the city of Cincinnati 
is in ready reach of much of the county for the marketing of the 
produce from the truck farm. The Ohio river bordering on this 
county for eighteen miles gives it good water transportation. 
The turnpikes in Mason county are unexcelled by those anywhere, 
and there are about 300 miles of free pikes in this county kept up 
and maintained by taxation and free turnpike law of the State. 
The county is also well traversed by railroads. The Chesapeake & 
Ohio railroad runs along the entire length of its northern boun- 
dary and the Kentucky Central, now owned and controlled by the 
Louisville & Nashville system, runs through the central portion of 
the county from south to north, giving the county the very bes't 
of facilities for transportation. Good farm lands can be purchased 
at reasonable prices in Mason, depending upon the location more 
than on the quality of the soil, good farm lands ranging from 
twenty to one hundred dollars per acre. The labor on the farm 
is mostly performed by native white and colored laborers, and they 
can be had for ten to fifteen dollars per month and board. The 
staples of the farm here are corn, wheat, oats, hay and tobacco. 
The very finest white Burley tobacco is grown in this county, this 
in fact being the home of that most magnificent species of tobacco, 
and that staple is produced in vf ry large quantities. All the pro- 
ducts of the farm are largely raised and Mason county has an 
abundant surplus for market. 

The educational facilities of this county are not surpassed by 
those of any other county in the State. The common schools are 
very superior in this county and well supported, the regular school 
fund provided by the State is supplemented by a like sum raised 
by local taxation, thereby giving the county in each schooT^dis- 
trict from seven to ten months of free school each year. New and 
good school houses have been provided in each school district 
within the past few years and all the modern appliances for teach- 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of A(jrieuJture. 213 

ing supplied. The county also abounds with churches, about all 
of the regular orthodox denominations being represented. 

Maj^sville is the county seat of Mason county. It is situated on 
the Ohio river, sixty-four miles above Cincinnati, and sixty-seven 
niiles northeast of Frankfort. It is also on the Chesapeake & Ohio 
and the Kentucky Central railroads. Its population now is esti- 
mated to be about 8,000. Maysville has all the conveniences of 
modern times and is a delightful little city to reside in. It has 
many miles of niced paved streets, and elegant sidewalks. Has 
a line of electric street railway, fine system of water works, gas 
and electric light plants, telephone exchange and also connected 
by long distance telephones with all parts of the country. Large 
manufacturing establishments of various kinds, fine hotels, elegant 
churches and magnificent schools. 

]Mason county is situated in the Ninth Congressional, Sixth Ap- 
pellate, Nineteenth Judicial, Thirty-first Senatorial and Eighty- 
seventh Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Bernard, Dover, Fernleaf, Helena, Helena Sta- 
tion, Howard, Kennard, Mays Lick, Maysville, Mill Creek, Minerva, 
Moranburg, ^Nfount Gilead, Murphysville, Needmore, Northfork, 
Orangeburg, Peed, Plumbville; Kectorville, Sardis, Shannon, 
Springdale, Tangletown, Tuckahoe, Washington, W(Mlonia. 



McCracken County. 

McCracken County is situated in the extreme western part ot 
the State, only one count}' — Ballard — lying between it and the 
Mississippi river. It is bounded on the north by the Ohio river, 
on the east by the Ohio and Tennessee rivers, on the south by 
Marshall and Graves counties and on the west by Ballard county. 
It was organized in 1825 and named in honor of Captain Virgil 
McCracken, who was killed at the battle of River Raisin in 1813. 
The first county site was Wilmington, but was changed from there 
to Paducah in the early 50's. The Legislature during the winter 
of 1841 and '42 created the county of Ballard, from portions of 
McCracken and Hickman counties, reducing the area of the former 
nearly or quite half. 

The county is generally level or rolling, there being no hills of 
any magnitude, although in the southern central portion the 
surface is somewhat broken and not very fertile. The county is 



214 Fourtconlh Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

nearly equally divided between bottom and upland. The bottoms, 
especially the river bottoms, are very fertile, producing from 50 
to 100 bushels of corn per acre, and from two to three tons of hay. 
The creek bottoms are well adapted to the growing of any of the' 
crops that are raised in this section of the State, producing the 
finest quality of tobacco, that often yields from twelve to eightee]! 
hundred pounds per acre. The soil in the bottoms is black, sandy 
loam, underlaid with a blue clay foundation, while the uplands 
consist of a dark porous surface with a reddish-yellow subsoil of 
clay. The staple crops are, corn, wheat, tobacco, oats, clover, 
timothy and stock "peas.'' Large quantities of the last named are 
being grown, the vine and peas being mowed and cured for forage 
and the ground then fallowed and sown to wheat. By many farm- 
ers, the stock pea is considered a much better plant for enriching 
the soil and for renovating worn out and run down lands than 
clover. Wheat almost invariably makes a good yield when sown 
after peas. 

The county is well watered by the rivers that wash its shores, 
and the numerous creeks that flow through its borders. In addi- 
tion to these there are several lakes in the river bottoms that 
furnish fine stock water and abound in fish, among the varieties 
being found cat, buffalo, croppies, black bass, striped bass, etc. 
There are no navigable streams flowing through the county. 

Probablj^ one-fourth of the area of the county still remains un- 
cleared, but within the last few years the bulk of the valuable 
timber foi; building and mechanical purposes has been cut and 
made into lumber and cross-ties for railroads. There still re- 
mains an abundance for fuel and fencing purposes. 

There are no mineral deposits in the county but a good quality 
of clay for fire-brick and coarse pottery is found in several 
localities. 

The county has no natural curiosities, mineral wells or springs, 
and no building stone, except a few small quarries of sandstone. 
Gas and oil have been bored for, but none found; nor is there 
likely to be, as the county is entirely out of the coal belt. 

The county has four railroads, all terminating at Paducah, the 
Paducah & Louisville branch of the Illinois Central, the Paducah 
& Memphis branch of the same system, the Paducah & North Ala- 
bama and the Paducah, St. Louis & Chicago. These with the 
Ohio and Tennessee rivers, with the Cumberland river only twelve 
miles from the junction of the Ohio and Tennessee and the great 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 21& 

Mississippi only fifty miles below Taducah, gives the county the 
very best of shipping facilities, and competition between river 
and rail at all times insures low rates of transportation, both for 
freight and passenger traffic. There is considerable talk at pres- 
ent over additional lines of railroad, both over the river and 
through the county. Their building is simply a matter of time 
and the general opinion of those best in a position to know is, that 
they will be built in the near future. 

McCracken has about sixty miles of free gravel roads owned and 
kept up by the countj^ The dirt roads, 300 miles, are all worked 
by taxation, and under judicious management are constantly im- 
proving. 

The hired labor of the county is principally native white and 
negro. The price ranges from |13.00 to |15.00 per month with 
board, with |5.00 pen- month added where hands board themselves. 
The labor system is not the best and might be greatly improved, 
both to the benefit of the farmer and laborer, if the farmers would 
organize. 

The public schools of the county are in a flourishing condition 
and the average attendance of pupils is large. In nearly every 
school district a good modern school building has been erected, 
showing that people are awake to the importance of educating the 
rising generation. The teachers will compare favorably with the 
teachers of any section of the State, many of them holding 
diplomas from colleges 'and normal schools. The colored schools 
are also in a flourishing condition and through the efforts of com- 
petent white superintendents are being constantly improved. 
Churches are numerous and nearly all denominations, common to 
a rural population are represented; the Methodist, Baptist, and 
Christian or Disciples predominating, in the order named. There 
is hardly a neighborhood in the county distant more than three 
miles from some house of w'orship. 

Paducah, the seat of justice for the county, is situated on the 
left or west banks of the Ohio and Tennessee rivers, twelve miles- 
below the mouth of the Cumberland river and fifty miles above 
the junction of the Ohio with the Mississippi. By a census just 
completed it has a population of 23.000. It is the fourth city in 
the State in population and the second in manufacturing and com- 
mercial enterprises. Its wholesale grocery trade is probably the 
largest of any city in the State and its lumber plants and wood- 
working establishments are, some of them, among the largest in 
the country. The railroads have large shops located here that em- 



216 Fourteentli Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

ploy hundreds of skilled and unskilled mechanics and their 
monthly pay-rolls run up into tens of thousands of dollars. As 
an evidence of Paducah's solid business standing there has not 
been a single failure of any magnitude among its merchants or 
manufacturers for the last ten years. There is no finer location 
for the erection of manufactories of almost any kind in the whole 
State than Paducah, and its hospitable citizens extend a hearty 
welcome to all good people who wish to come and make a home 
among them. It is a good town, beautifully located, with fine 
streets, elegant church buildings, a splendid public school system, 
and a warm-hearted, generous and sociable people. The Paducah 
University, which is completed, cost |75,000, and is one of the 
handsomest and best equipped school buildings in the State. 

McCracken county has a population of between 50,000 and 60,- 
0t)0. The assessed value of all property, exemptions not included, 
is about 19,000,000. The rate of taxation for all purposes is 
11.291/0 on each |100 worth of property. 

Our people have many things to be thankful for and few of which 
to complain. Our citizens are moral and law-abiding. Crime is 
rare outside of the city of Paducah. Our location is healthy, 
severe epidemics being almost unknown, and local option prevails 
throughout the county except in Paducah. We extend a hearty 
welcome to all good people who wish to locate among us; and 
those seeking new homes might go far and fare worse than to 
"pitch their tents" in old McCracken. Increase in manufacturing 
is steady. 

Land ranges in value from |10.00 to |75.00 per acre, owing to 
improvements and location to market. Unimproved from |8.00 
to 140.00 per acre. 

Roads are kept up by taxation under a road commissioner. 
There are 300 miles of dirt roads, and 250 of gravel, all in fine 
condition. 

Woodville is a flourishing village of about 150 inhabitants. Has 
four general stores, one roller flour mill, fifty barrel capacity, and 
blacksmithing and wood working shops. Maxon Mills has three 
general stores, a large roller flour mill, one hundred and fifty bar- 
rel capacity, large tobacco barns, and a large lumber mill. Melber 
has a good roller mill and several general stores and a saw mill. 

C. W. Emery. 
County Judge. 

McCracken county is situated in the First Congressional, First 



FoiirtecntJi Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 217 

Appellate, Second Judicial, Second Senatorial and Fourth Legisla- 
tive Districts. 

PosTOFFiGEs: — Adrian, Epperson, Florence Station, Graham- 
ville, Heatli, Lamont, Loneoak, Massac, Maxon Mills, Melber, 
Paducah, Kaglaud, Rossington, Stiles, Tyler, Woodville. 



McLean County. 

McLean County was organized in 1853-54, and named in honor of 
Alney McLean, circuit judge, who resided in the adjacent county 
of Muhlenberg. It was formed out of parts of Daviess, Ohio and 
Muhlenberg counties. 

McLean is bounded on the north by Daviess, on the east by Ohio, 
on the south by Muhlenberg, and on the west by Hopkins, Web- 
ster and Henderson counties. 

The soil is fine, deep, rich loam of grayish color, very fertile, 
which is well adapted to tobacco as well as to all the cereals, 
grasses and fruits. 

The surface is undulating for the most part, the remainder level, 
with large and occasionally overflowing bottoms along Green, 
Kough and Pond rivers, all of which are rich and very productive. 

The geological formations of the county are somewhat varied; 
some sections have gravel beds, others sandstone, while some have 
a small amount of limestone; portions are based on the subcar- 
boniferous, but perhaps the greater part of the county on the true 
coal measure. 

Below the surface of ]\IcLean is in many places richly imbedded 
with superior veins of stone coal and fire cla3'. The former is 
taken out in large quantities, a part of the same is applied to home 
use, the remainder is shipped to other States and counties. 

Some forty years since, a number of wells were bored near Cal- 
houn, prospecting for oil, but little was found. However, there 
is one well open yet, from which a small amount of oil flows now. 

There remains scattered over the county large bodies of choice 
timber; its general character is hardwood; much of the timber 
suitable for sawing into lumber has been cut. The white oak, pop- 
lar and walnut are mostly cut, yet there remains an abundance 
of very fine timber. There are vast bodies of beech, hickory, syca- 
more, elm, maple and black oak along the numerous streams, 
all of the finest quality. 



218 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

Saw mills are engaged in converting the timber into lumber for 
shipment or home use; also large rafts of saw logs are run and an 
immense number of railroad cross-ties are being put on the banks 
of Green and Rough rivers for shipment. These shipments add 
materially to the circulating medium. 

Now, as the timber is removed, the lands are put in cultivation 
and the products prove to be more valuable than the timber. The 
timbered lands range in value from $10 to |30 per acre, according 
to the desirability of land and quality of the timber. 

The county is in a high state Of cultivation. In this county, as 
in many others, the advantages that accrue to the farming interest, 
from a thorough cultivation of its people, who have the advantage 
that a liberal education always gives, is plainly manifest, not only 
in their successful cultivation of farms, but in their careful busi- 
ness methods, practical in all their undertakings. 

These "lands are cultivated with the most improved implements, 
at the season of the year most advantageous to their crops and 
land, and many of them keep their accounts with the exactness of 
a merchant. The people of McLean are of that type of Kentuck- 
ians who have rendered the name Kentucky famous throughout 
the civilized world. They are generous, broad-minded, thrifty en- 
terprising people. They have introduced the best garden and field 
seeds, best fertilizer and the result in the quality and quantity ot 
the crops grown is plainly discernible. Perhaps all the gram, 
fruits and grasses, as well as the products of good truck patches 
grown in Kentucky are grown here in abundance. The dark tj^e 
of tobacco which is well known as the "Green river fillers and 
wrappers," that rank high in the markets of the world, are the 
classes commonly grown in large crops, and the farmers take great 
pride with it. McLean has made much improvement in all kinds 
of stock and fow^s in the last two years, so now she is beginning to 
rank with the best counties in the State in her improved breeds 
of all kinds. McLean is supplied with railway and well supplied 
with waterway transportation for reaching the best markets. It 
has railroad connection with the whole outside world by means of 
the Owensboro & Nashville railroad, while Green river with 268 
miles, and Rough river with thirty miles of navigable water the 
whole year around. Green river runs through the greatest length 
of the county, while Rough river forms part of the eastern bound- 
ary; this affords an outlet for freight of various kinds, to all sec- 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 21& 

tions of the great valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers and 
their numerous tributaries. 

There are about eighteen miles of railroad completed and in oper- 
ation in this county, it being a section of the Owensboro & Nashville 
railroad. The "Henderson State Line Railroad," is a projected 
line, which is to connect Henderson city with Bowling Green, from 
west to east, crossing the O. & N, railroad near Livermore. If 
built will double the present railroad mileage of the county. 
Green river thus runs through the county from southeast to 
northwest and forms part of both its eastern and western bound- 
ary. Rough river forms part of its eastern and Pond river part 
of its western boundary, all these forming a river frontage of six- 
ty miles. Green and Rough rivers are slack watered by locks 
and dams, owned and operated by the United States Government. 
Pond river could be made navigable for a number of miles by a 
system of locks and dams. 

The condition of the county roads is reasonably good, consider- 
ing the vast amount of heavy hauling done over them. They are 
kept up by the county appropriations and road hands; with every 
voting precinct in the county is furnished a road machine. The 
road beds are mostly well built of dirt or clay, and the remainder 
are on natural gravel beds. The large streams have ferries and the 
smaller are spanned with wooden or steel bridges, while the 
branches and smaller streams are supplied with wooden culverts 
covered with dirt or gravel. The people are fast inculcating the idea 
that, to induce trade and capital to come to the county, the best 
way is to keep the roads in as good condition for the traveling public 
as possible. 

McLean is noted for its wells of pure drinking water. In the 
southern part of the county near the town of Sacramento there 
are two wells of chalybeate and one of sulphur of the purest quali- 
ties. 

The dam across Green river at Calhoun affords unusual water 
power; there are two flouring mills and one saw mill driven by it; 
the rest runs to waste. Just below the dam are shoals and rapids; 
this is one of the finest fishing points in the State. 

The improved lands of McLean are valued on the average at $30 
per acre and the unimproved at |15. Good district and graded 
schools are being taught in the county. Nice, comfortable frame 
buildings with patent desks. The education of the masses is 
rapidly advancing. All religious denominations flourish in the 



220 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

county. Tiie linaneial condition of McLean county is first-class. 
She has neat public buildings, all paid for and she is not in debt 
otherwise. Fiscal court makes liberal appropriations to keep a 
comfortable home for the i)oor and also a physician to attend the 
same. A poll tax of $1.50 and a property tax of forty cents on the 
$100 was levied for county purposes. Though there are bottoms 
in the county it is considered healthful. 

There has been a steady immigration to the county from all 
quarters in the past two years. An industrious, hardy class are 
pouring into the fertile bottoms and opening out large productive 
farms. The citizens are generous and kind; they welcome immi- 
gration and are anxious to have this portion of the State devel- 
oped. 

There are vast acres of unimproved lands in the county to which 
inspection is invited by those who are looking for homes. 

Calhoun, the county seat, is located near the center of the county, 
on the northern bank of Green river, a healthful location and one 
of the largest shipping points on the river. The citizens are 
very anxious and willing to lend a helping hand to any good man 
or men who will start manufactories. 

F. A. LOCHRY. 

McLean county is situated in the Second Congressional. Second 
Appellate. Sixth Judicial, Eighth Senatorial and Seventeenth Leg- 
islative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Beechgrove, Buel, Calhoun, Cleopatra, Comer, 
Congleton, Elba. Faith, Glenville, Guffie, Island, Lemon, Livermore, 
Livia, McKinley. Nuckols, Rumsey, Sacramento, Semiway. 



Meade County. 

Meade County is situated among the counties known as the 
central section of the State. It was formed in 1823, from the 
territorj- of Breckenridge and Hardin counties, and named after 
one of the old Revolutionary heroes, Capt. Meade. The Ohio river 
on the northeast and southwest gives it a coast line of about seven- 
ty miles, with Breckenridge county on the south and Hardin on 
the east. It lies as it were in the bend of the river, as it is only 
about fifteen miles wide and only thirty miles long, as the crow 
flies. The county is well drained and watered by numerous creeks 
which empty into the Ohio river. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 221 

The soil along the river and creeks is as rich and productive as 
any in the State and embraces about one-tenth of its area; but bor- 
dering on these streams for several miles the land is hilly and 
somewhat rough; the remainder is undulating only enough to 
drain it, making it a splendid farming laud. The hilly portion of 
the county is well adapted to the raising of all kinds of fruit, and 
abounds in the finest orchards of the Ben Davis and Maiden Blush 
apples to be found anywhere. Buyers from Chicago and New 
York by their eagerness to buy up the solid red Ben Davis testily 
that it is one of the best export apples grown in the United States. 
There are several large evaporating establishments in the county 
besides several apple distilleries. Diversified farming is generally 
carried on, as the soil responds generously to the various grain 
and tobacco crops, making farmers independent and good livers. 
Stock raising and feeding is becoming a great industry. All kinds 
of grasses grow well on the rich limestone. Several silos have 
been in use for years both for fattening cattle as well as wintering 
stock cattle. The poultry business, quietly as it has been kept in 
the past, is looming uj) to be one of the factors in the general 
thrift of the wideawake farmers, as the various shipping points 
show that this industry, mainly carried on by the good wives and 
daughters, amounts to as much as the wheat and apple crop, and 
more than the tobacco crop. It is no rare sight to see one hundred 
head of mammoth bronze or white Holland turkeys on the farm. 

The population of the county is about 10,000, and its citizens 
are noted for their liberality and morality. Churches of all de- 
nominations abound and good, commodious school houses are in 
easy reach of every family. 

About one-fifth of the timber still remains and it embraces the 
various oaks, walnut, hickory and beech. There are two railroads 
running through the county, atfording every facility, with the Ohio 
river, as an easy and quick market. Petroleum, natural gas and 
salt were discovered years ago, but only the two latter have been 
utilized. Several salt manufactories above Brandenburg were 
operated for years, but the gas being more profitable for heating 
and manufacturing, a pipe line now carries it to Louisville. 

There are several mineral springs on Doe Run creek that are 
improved and used as health resorts. 

The river and creek hills abound in immense ledges of fine stone 
for either building or artistic uses. Sand, oolite, granite, cement 
and lithograph stones are found and easily quarried. The latter 



222 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

stone is now being quarried and dressed near Brandenburg by 
steam machinery and shipped in large quantities. It is pro- 
nounced the finest in the world. 

Telephone wires are now run along the public highways, con- 
necting the- many little towns to each other and many farmers' 
homes as well. H. Ditto. 

]Meade county is situated in the Fourth Congressional, Second 
Appellate, Ninth Judicial, Tenth Senatorial and Thirtieth Legis- 
lative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Andyville, Ashcraft, Battletown, Big Spring, 
Brandenburg, Concordia, Crecelius, Dick, Ekron, Flaherty, Gar- 
nettsville, Garrett, Grahamton, Groverland, Guston, Hillgrove,. 
Longbranch, Milan, Muldraugh, Payneville, Peckenpaugh, Rho- 
delia, Eichardson's Landing, Rockhaven, Singleton, Sirocco, Twin, 
Cave, WeldoUj Wolfcreek, Woodland. 



Menifee County. 

Menifee County was named in honor of Richard Menifee,, 
a famous orator and statesman, was formed from the 
counties of Powell, Bath and Montgomery in 1869, and is now 
bounded on the south b}- Red river and Powell county, and on the 
north by Bath and Rowan counties and partially Licking river, on 
the west by Montgomery county, and on the east by Morgan and 
Wolfe counties. We have several streams flowing in every direc- 
tion through the county, the largest of which are Beaver, Slate,. 
Gladj', Indian and Blackwater creeks. In a large portion of the 
county we have the finest of water, what is generally known as^ 
limestone springs, and a good many wells, which are excellent. 
We have some mineral waters that have curative properties, one 
well in Frenchburg, belonging to C. D. Slocum, which is highly 
recommended. 

Menifee county has all kinds of soil, rich cove land, limestone 
benches, river and creek bottoms, smooth uplands, all of which 
produce well most any kind of chop that a man wants to cultivate. 

The county is rich in minerals, coal, iron and some lead. Vari- 
ous coal banks are n'ow opened throughout the county, running 
in thickness from twenty to thirty inches. The hills are full of 
iron ore. The famous old Beaver furnace was located in what is 
now Menifee county, built back in the thirties. Menifee county is 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 223 

thought to be in the center of the oil belt; a few wells have been 
opened and some of them have plenty of fine lubricating oil, which 
is used on machinery in its crude state. 

Timber, yes, we have a good deal yet, consisting of white oak, 
chestnut oak, poplar, white and yellow pine, hemlock, lynn, chest- 
nut, ash, beech, hickory, black gum and sycamore. The timber 
land is priced at from |3.00 to $5.00 per acre, and the cleared land 
on an average of about |4.00 per acre. 

Farming is carried on to a fair extent, the people raise corn, 
wheat, oats, cane, rye and sow timothy, red top, clover, orchard 
grass, millet and a few cow peas. Pretty fair county for fruit, 
•such as apples, peaches, pears and grapes. 

Beaver creek is navigable from Frenchburg to Licking river, a 
distance of eighteen miles. The valley of Red river, on the south, 
and Licking, on the north, are very rich and productive. A good 
deal of said land overflows. 

The question of better roads is now being agitated very much, 
and the present system is incomplete, which is the old system of 
warning out the hands. 

Railroads, yes we have them ; the C. & O. runs to Rothwell, Ky., 
a distance through this county of nbout six miles. The Red River 
Valley railroad (narrow gauge) has a line in this county of abo.ut 
twenty miles. The Scrantou Railroad Co. has a line of about 
twenty miles, narrow gauge, and Lembord & Clay have a line about 
ten miles in this county, narrow gauge, all of which are large ship- 
pers of lumber, ties and staves. About ten miles of these roads 
have been built in the last two years. 

The character of labor in this county is white and the average 
price paid is about |15.00 per month. 

Frenchburg is the county seat, and is located in about the center 
of the countv. The county is about twenty miles square and con- 
tains about 125,000 acres of land. The town contains about 300 
inhabitants, with three churches, Methodist, Christian and Pres- 
byterian. One college building, now owned by the Masonic 
Order (cost about |2,000), who have a membership of about sixty 
members. One brick Odd Fellows' Hall that cost to build about 
$3,000, and owned by them, who have a membership of about 
fifty-five members. Four merchants, two blacksmiths, six school 
teachers, one doctor, and four attorneys-at-law, two hotels. 

The public schools in the county are in splendid condition. We 
have in the countv fifty teachers, thirty-seven school districts and 



224 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

twenty-ftve hundred children. The schools are taught for the 
public monej'^ drawn from the State. 

The county is in good financial condition, has due her above all 
debts and liabilities, |1,000. Taxes are low; ad valorem, twenty- 
five cents on each |100 and fifty cents poll tax. 

J. F. OSBON. 

Menifee county is situated in the Tenth Congressional, Seventh 
Appellate, Twenty-first Judicial, Thirty-fifth Senatorial and Nine- 
teenth Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCBs:^Corrington, Cedar Grove, Dan, Frenchburg, 
Kent, Lonesome, Means, Meraba, McCausey, Pomeroyton, Roth- 
w^ell. Strong, Tabor, Wellington. 



Mercer County. 

Mercer County was named iii honor of Gen. Hugh Mercer, a 
Revolutionary oflicer who fell at the head of his' brigade at the 
battle of I'rinccton, and is one of the nine counties created by an 
act of the Virginia Legislature before Kentucky became a State. 
It was carved out of Lincoln county in 1785, being the sixth county 
in order of creation. It has an area of 149,238 acres, with a pop- 
ulation of 15,0.34. It is situated in the central part of the State, 
and forms a portion of the famous bluegrass region. The exact- 
geographical center of the State is within its borders, about six 
miles west of the county seat. Its eastern and northeastern 
boundary follows the center of Kentucky and Dix rivers, which 
wind their tortuous way through deep canons several hundred 
feet deep. Along the banks of these rivers is to be witnessed some 
of the grandest scenery on our continent. Away from the canons 
extending westward, the general topography of the county is 
level or slightly undulating, till it reaches Salt river, which, flowing 
in a northwestern course, divides the county nearly equally. Pro- 
ceeding westward, the count3' becomes more and more rolling, and 
before Chaplin river, six miles west and nearly parallel, is reached, 
it is very hilly. The extreme western portion is rugged. 

Mercer presents a great variety in the character and produc- 
tiveness of her soils, as well as in topography. Over the greater 
portion of the area between Salt river and the eastern boundary, 
the rocks are those termed the "'Bluegrass Beds,"' whose decom- 
position gives the soils of the bluegrass region. The soils of the 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 225 

western portion are of a warm, quick nature which produces well 
when seasonable, and much of the land is little inferior to that 
of the eastern portion. 

The lands of this section are peculiarly adapted to the raising 
of fruits and vegetables. Much of it is in grass and is well suited 
for sheep raising, j which is a very important industry of the 
country, i The greater portion of the timber laud of the county, 
comprising' about 15 per cent, of its area, is to be found in this 
section, and here are located several saw mills. The best farm- 
ing lands of the county are equal in productiveness and adaptabil- 
ity to a variety of crops to those of any county of this or any other 
State. Often on the same farm can be seen the largest corn, the 
heaviest wheat and oats, the tallest hemp, the linest tobacco, the 
most luxuriant meadows of clover and timothy, the most splendid 
bluegrass pastures, with winding streams of crystal water, fed 
by never failing springs. ^Miile wheat, oats, corn, hemp and 
tobacco, clover and timothy hay are the great staple products of 
the county, rye, broom corn, buckwheat, potatoes, orchard grass, 
millet and hungarian grass are also grown. 

No county in the State is better watered. In addition to the 
streams mentioned, comprising about seventy-five miles in the 
county, it has numerous otlier streams, such as Thompson's creek, 
Big Indian, Brush, Glen's Lick, Deep creek, Shawnee Run, Cedar 
Run, Cheese Lick, Potomac, etc. It is also watered by innumerable 
springs. Nearly every farm has one or more sources of never- 
failing water. A number of the streams of the county furnish 
excellent water power, and some are made available for flour 
mills and other industries. Being so well watered, the county is 
peculiarly fitted for stock raising. V A number of our farmers are 
interested in raising short-horns. Some of its fine farms are de- 
voted to raising thoroughbred or trotting and saddle horses, and 
are furnished with commodious stables. A very prominent train- 
ing stable is located at the county seat. 

Mercer has a variety of timbers, oak, ash, hickory, walnut, sugar, 
tree, cherry, beech, poplar, linn, pine, etc. It has many varieties 
of oak, which is most abundant. Walnut, ash, hickory and beech 
are common. The ])rice of the laud of Mercer varies from |10 to 
|85 per acre. 

The manufacturing interest outside of Harrodsburg is repre- 
sented by eight grist mills, two distilleries and several saw mills. 

The county enjoys excellent transportation facilities for its 
8 



226 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

agricultural and mechanical products. A complete net work of 
macadamized roads, comprising two hundred miles in all, traverse 
everA' section. A dozen or more lead into Harrodsburg, the county 
seat. Every mile of turnpike is free and maintained by the 
county. The Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railroad 
(Cincinnati Southern Railroad) runs through the eastern portion of 
the county for a distance of eight miles, and the Louisville Sou- 
thern Railroad (now part of the Southern Railway), entering it 
from the north, it follows the general course of Salt river to 
Harrodsburg, thence to Burgin, a distance of eighteen miles, and 
there connects with the Cincinnati Southern Railroad. The Sou- 
thern Railway Company has recently determined to extend this 
line to Jellico and have their corps of engineers at work surveying 
different routes, and it is expected that the w^ork of construction 
will begin within a few months. Since the completion of the 
lock at High Bridge, large steamers now navigate the Kenitucky 
river, a Hording cheap transportation. 

A number of springs and wells of fine mineral waters of differ- 
ent kinds, such as sulphur and chalybeate, are distributed through 
the county. The old Graham Springs at Harrodsburg are famous 
and are still a resort for the citizens of this place. Mercer has 
numerous quarries of the finest building stone, much of w^hich is 
susceptible of a high polish. 

By proper rotation of crops and the use of fertilizers by some, 
the productiveness of the soil is maintained. The best seeds are, as a 
rule, sown, and improved machinery is in general use. Most of the 
farmers are up to date. 

Harrodsburg, the county seat, has the honor of being the oldest 
town in the State. Here "the first house" was built in 1774 by a 
company of thirty-one men under Capt. James Harrod, for whom 
it was named. However, its business houses and most of its 
dwellings give no evidence of its age, being of modern construc- 
tion and including many handsome buildings and beautiful homes. 
Fifty per cent, of its dwelling and all of its business houses are 
brick, metal roof buildings. It has a population of 4,000. It has 
six white and three colored churches and enjoys fine educational 
facilities. In addition to its white public schools with an enroll- 
ment of three hundred pupils and the colored public schools, it 
has Beaumont College (formerly Daughter's College) for young 
ladies, the Harrodsburg Academy for young men and young ladies, 
and Wavman College, the latter being an institution of the colored 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 227 

Methodist church. It has two telephone systems, electric light 
plant and a fine system of water works. It has a large grain 
elevator, two planing mills, an ice manufactory, two large flour 
mills, a laundry, a carding factory, a large distillery, a turkey 
slaughter pen, two coal and lumber yards, a brick yard, one whole- 
sale grocery store, two banks with a capital of $100,000 each, four 
blacksmith shops and fifty business houses. It has two w^eekly 
newspapers, the Harrodsburg Democrat and the Harrodsburg Say- 
ings. 

Burgiu, four miles east of Harrodsburg, has a population of 
near 1,000, and has three substantial churches, a fine public school 
building, one bank, one newspaper, the Burgin Messenger, and a 
number of prosperous business houses. 

Pleasant Hill, or Union Village, is situated in the eastern part 
of the county, seven miles from Harrodsburg, and one and a half 
miles from ''High Bridge," which spans the Kentucky river as a 
part of the Cincinnati Southern Railroad. - This Shaker community 
is remarkable for its beauty and neatness and contains about four 
hundred members of that orderly religious society. It was 
founded near the beginning of the century, and some of the large 
stone buildings constructed of birdseye limestone have stood for 
nearly a hundred years. A portion of the lands of the society 
including one of the buildings was recently sold to Gen. Jno. B. 
Castleman, of Louisville. The unique neatness of the place, the 
beauty of the surrounding country and especially of the Ken- 
tucky river at High Bridge, charm the visitor, and of recent years 
it has become a summer resort for a number of Louisville people. 
Salvisa and Mc.Vfee are flourishing villages amidst a fine agri- 
cultural country. ^ 

There are thirty-five churches in the county. Thirty-three Sun- 
day-schools haA-e an enrollment of 2,000 pupils. The county has a 
good common school system. 

Mercer county is situated in the Eighth Congressional, Fifth Ap- 
pellate, Thirtieth Judicial, Twentieth Senatorial and Sixtieth 
Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Alford, Bac, Bestonia, Bohon, Bondville, Braxton, 
Burgin, Cornish ville, DugauAille, Duncan, Harrodsburg, Kirkwood, 
McAfee, Mayo, Nevada, Pleasanthill, Rosehill, Salvisa, Stewart, 
Tablow, Ta Image, Vanarsdell. 



228 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



Metcalfe County. 

(Revised 1901 by Judge J. W. Kinnard.) 
Metcalfe County was formed iu 18(50, the greater part of it be- 
jiig cut from the eastei'u portion of Barren count}', the counties of 
JMonroe, Cumberhmd, Hart and Green furnishing small additions 
lo sa)ne. It is bounded on tlie north by Green county, on the 
east by Adair, on the south by Monroe and Cumberland and on the 
west by B;irren and is situated near tlie center of Ihe southern 
border of the State. It was, wheu organized, the one hundred 
and sixth county in the State, and named in honor of Thomas Met- 
calfe, the tenth governor of the State. 

It is drained by the Little Barren river, which flows along its 
entire eastern boundary, and the principal tributary of same, the 
south fork, which flows through the central part of the county. 
Tlie best soil in the county is our limestone lands; have also red 
clay and slate rock soils. In fertility, the soils of the county may 
be classed in a general way as on an average with the best in 
this section of the State. 

There has ])een no gas or oil developed in this county, but it is 
considered as being within the limits of the vast oil field which has 
been worked with such success in adjoining counties. The county 
is well timbered, oak and beech preijonderating; there are ash, 
hickory and other hard woods and also some poplar. Large tracts 
of oak and beech timber abound in the county, trees growing to a 
very large size. The average price of good timbered land is |6 
per acre. 

Diversified farming is not engaged in, and the principal products 
of the Metcalfe county farm are corn, wheat, oats and tobacco, 
of which there is a surplus produced for market outside of the 
county. There are no navigable streams within the county, and 
no turnpike roads nor macadam. The public roads are the ordinary 
dirt roads under the su})ervision of surveyors, and are kept in re- 
pair, very bad repair, by ^'calling out" such persons as are liable to 
jToad duty to work on same under the laws of the State. There are 
no railroads in the county and none proposed. 

The water of the county is good, generall}' freestone in its char- 
acter. There are several sulphur springs, or wells, the most noted 
of these is Suli)liur Well, situated on Little Barren river, in the 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 229 

extreme northern part of the county, and is quite popuhir as a 
health resort. Sulphur Gum, near the center of the county, is 
also popular as such. There are no other mineral springs in the 
county of merit as such. 

The average price of farm lauds is |6 per acre. The farms of 
the county are cultivated mostly by native white labor, some as- 
sistance being rendered by the colored laborers of the county, and 
the average price ^ paid such laborers being $S per month with 
board. Our methods of farming are improving steadily, and the 
best and most improved field and garden seeds are used; our far- 
mers are wide awake and progressive. 

The population of the county in 1890, according to the eleventh 
census was 9,871, and there has been no immigration into the 
county and no marked increase in our population since then. The 
educational facilities of the county are such as are supplied by the 
common school system and the Edmonton Male and Female Acad- 
emy. The public schools are well attended and conducted and are 
in good condition. Taxation for county jmrposes is ten cents on 
the flOO. Poll tax |1.25. 

Edmonton, the county seat of Metcalfe county, is situated near 
the center of the county on the south fork of Little Barren river; 
it is a small town, has a nice public square and good courthouse, 
a church, public school house, a private school house, several gen- 
eral stores, two drug stores and a splendid hotel. Also one first- 
class roller mill and one bank. 

IMetcalfe county is situated in the Third Congressional, Third 
Appellate, Twenty-ninth Judicial, ^Nineteenth Senatorial and 
Thirty-fifth Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Alone, Beechville, Center, P]astfork, Echo, Ed- 
monton, Goodluck, Knoblick, Randolph, Redlick, Savoyard, Sul- 
phur Well, Summershade, Sweeza, Toledo, Willowshade, Wisdom, 
Hensonville, Hubbard, Curtis. 



Monroe County. 

Monroe is the eighty-fifth in the alphabetical order of counties 
and is bounded its entire length on the south by Tennessee. The 
county was organized in 1820, from parts of Cumberland and Bar- 
ren, and is bounded on the east by Cumberland, on the north by 
Barren and Metcalfe, and west by Allen; it is very irregular in 



230 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

outline, having live sides of unequal lengths, no two of which are 
parallel; the greatest length, east and west, about forty miles j 
greatest width, north and south, about twenty miles. A w^ater- 
shed traA^erses the county in a northerly direction, separating the 
Cumberland and Big Barren river systems. The Cumberland runs 
through the eastern part of tlie county, and its tributaries are few, 
notably, Meshack, Little and Big Sulphur, Big and Little McFar- 
land. Barren river and its tributaries drain more than three-fourths 
of the county, the entire northern, central and western part. Bar- 
ren is formed by the junction of East Fork and Line creek, near 
Gamaliel, a thriving village, in the southern part of the county. 

Creeks, brooks, rivulets and never-failing springs are numerous. 
No county in the State has a more equally distributed supply of 
water than this. The soil is generally of a limestone formation 
with red clay bottom, especialh^ the ridges and uplands, while the 
creek and river bottoms are rich alluvial. The soil, by reason of 
its clay bottom, is susceptible of the highest degree of improve- 
ment. Fields that have been barren and abandoned for many years 
have been rer'ently refenced and are producing abundant crops by 
the judicious use of fertilizer. About forty per cent, of the acreage 
of the county is in its primeval state and covered with luxuriant 
forest trees — such as oak, poplar, hickory, chestnut, beech, ash, etc. 
Timber lauds are usually cheap, from |5 to |10 per acre. Farming 
is mainly confined to the culture of cereals, but of recent years 
farmers are adorning their farms with elegant orchards, and de- 
voting some attention to fruit growing. Cellars are dug in the 
ground, and apples and pears are kept fresh from year to year. 

The climate is well suited to the growth and development of all 
staple fruits, viz.: apples, pears, peaches, cherries, grapes and 
plums, M'hile the forest usually abounds with wild fruits, such as 
papaws, black haws, persimmons, black walnuts, hazel nuts, hick- 
ory nuts, chestnuts, thorn apples and beechnuts, and all kinds of 
small fruits grow in abundance in the fields without cultivation, 
such as blackberries, raspberries, etc. The Cumberland is the 
only navigable stream in the county, and it is only in common 
years navigable from November till May; the Big Barren is not 
navigable, but serves a useful purpose to farmers; it affords them 
a means of shipping their timber to market in rafts during the sea- 
son of high water. The Cumberland could be made navigable the 
entire year by locks and dams, which would be of inestimable 
value to this county. The public roads are far from being satis- 



Fourteenth Biemiial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 231 

factory; however their condition has vastly impioved in the past 
two years. They are maintained solely by the old-style of ''warn- 
ing in" the hands (all able-bodied male citizens, between the ages 
of eighteen and fifty), to keep the roads in repair. A lack of good 
roads is keenly felt and lamented by our people; the only relief to 
which we can look is a road tax. There is not a single toll gate 
or foot of turnpike in the county. The L. & N. and its terminal 
at Glasgow is our nearest railroad; in the autumn of 1896, the 
Cairo, Hopkinsville & Cumberland Gap railroad made a prelimi- 
nary survey through this county. Quite a number of saw and 
grist mills are run by water power; the creeks are generally short, 
not exceeeding twenty miles in length, and often flow with great 
vapidity, thus afl'ording ample water power for all kinds of machiii- 
ery; many valuable mill sites near the county seat are now for sale. 

Farm lands vary in price according to condition; unimproved 
old farms, worn out and covered with sedge grass and penny- 
royal, sell from |1.50 to |6 per acre, while improved' farms sell 
for |10 per acre very readily; river bottom lands sell at |50 per 
acre very often. Wage earners and those who depend upon their 
daily labor for their support find employment upon the farms gen- 
erally, while many get work at the saw mills and stave and axe- 
handle mills. Farm laborers get from |7 to |12 per month, owing 
to age and experience. A very large percentage of the citizens of 
this county own their own farms and are not hirelings. 

Tompkinsville, the county seat, was named for Vice-President 
Tompkins. It is located near the center of the county, on a beauti- 
ful plateau, between the Cumberland and Big Barren, exactly on 
the meridian of Louisville, and seven miles from the State line. 
It is practically a new town, as it was almost entirely destroyed 
by fire some ten years ago. It has two churches— M. E. South 
and Christian — a third, the Baptist, is now in course of construc- 
tion, having been burned down the second time about a year ago. 

There are four large dry goods stores, three drug stores, two 
fine roller mills, shops, etc., four newspapers. The mail from 
Glasgow reaches us twice a day, giving us the city daily papers, 
the day of publication; the business houses are mostly of brick 
and many fine and costly residences add to the beauty of this 
splendid inland town. The ^Monroe County Deposit Bank is a well 
established banking house and is doing a thriving business. The 
public buildings, court house and county jail are handsome struc- 
tures, each being constructed on modern plans. The people are 



232 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

all native Kentuckians or nearly so, not a man of foreign birth, 
within the corporate limits. 

The Tompkinsville Normal School, a chartered institution, is lo- 
cated here. Other colleges are located in the county, ^'The Di- 
datic High School" at Gamaliel. The Monroe Normal School is 
located at Flippin. The public schools are exceedingly prosper- 
ous, far above the average, and are in the hands of an able corps 
of teachers, many of whom hold State certificates, and quite a 
large percentage hold first-class county certificates. No supple- 
mentary aid is given by the county. The county is in a gilt-edged 
condition financially, no bonded indebtedness, no obligations 
other than current expenses. Tax rate for county purposes, $1.25 
per capita and 15 cents ad valorem. 

W. Scott Smith'. 

Monroe county is in the Third Congressional, Second Appellate, 
Twenty-ninth Judicial, Nineteenth Senatorial and Thirty-fifth Leg- 
islative Districts. 

PosTOFPiCEs: — Akersville, Black's Ferry, Boles, Center Point, 
C^'clone, Emberton, Flippin, Forkton, Fountainrun, Gamaliel, 
Hestand, Lamb, Martinsburg, Meshack, Mount Hermon, Mudlick, 
Otia, Persimmon, Rockbridge, Short, Strode, Sulphurlick, Tompkins- 
ville, Vernon. 



Montgomery County. 

(Revised 1901.) 

Montgomery County, was formed in the year 1796, out of Clark 
and was the twenty-second in the history of the State. It was 
named in honor of Gen. Richard Montgomery. At the date of its 
formation, it comprised a very large territory, but at various dates 
since then, portions of it have been repeatedly taken to form other 
counties, no less than eighteen counties having been either wholly 
or partly made from the original county. The county now is small 
in area, and lies east of the central portion of the State, and is 
bounded by Bourbon, Bath, Menifee, Powell and Clark. 

The land for the greater part is gently rolling and well adapted 
for agricultural pursuits. In the southeast portion of the county, 
it is more broken and hilly. 

While there are no large streams of water, there are many 
creeks and small streams, which furnish an abundant supply dur- 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 233 

ing tlie driest of seasons. The principal creeks are Slate, Hink- 
stou, Spencer, Grassy Lick, Somerset, Lulbegrud, Brusli, Sycamore 
and Aaron's Run. None of these are available for navigation, 
though several of them furnish power to grist mills. 

The county is all bluegrass, except the extreme southern and 
southeastern parts, and it may be said of its bluegrass soil, there 
is none better in this or any other State. Being naturally rich, 
and having a clay backing of six to ten feet before striking rock, 
the soil is peculiarly adapted to raising good crops, even during an 
extended drouth. This backing of clay retains the moisture and 
enables the crops to stand a dry season much better than if the 
rocks were near the surface. As evidence of this fact, it may be 
cited that fine crops of corn and tobacco were raised this dry sea- 
son whilst in many other counties where the rock is nearer the 
' surface, the crops were almost, if not complete, failures. 

The principal crops are corn, tobacco, wheat, oats, rye, and 
various grasses, such as timothy and clover. Quite an item of 
profit is now being made by our farmers in gathering bluegrass 
seed, their attention having been turned to it of recent years, and 
annually many thousand bushels are gathered. 

Like most other bluegrass counties traversed by railroads most 
of the timber has been cut down, though in the southern and 
southeastern portions of the county there are still standing many 
fine bodies of timber. But within the past few years the great 
demand for timber is causing these bodies to be rapidly depleted, 
and it will only be a short time before it will all practically be 
gone. This timber is chiefly oak, ash, walnut, sugar maple, pop- 
lar, and chestnut. 

No mineral deposits have as yet been developed, though many 
years ago a fine quality of oil was struck some four or five miles 
east of Mt. Sterling, on Spencer creek. Several wells were bored, 
but the supply obtained being limited, the fields were abandoned. 

There are practically no natural curiosities here, though there 
are still standing many mounds and ancient works, the handiwork 
of primitive inhabitants. There is only one mineral spring worthy 
of note, and that is situated at the village, or rather hamlet, of 
Aaron's Run, in the northern end of the county, about eight miles 
from Mt. Sterling. This spring gives forth an abundant supply of 
water strongly impregnated with sulphur. I am not able to say 
whether there has ever been made a chemical analysis of this 



231 Fourteenth Biennial Feport Bureau of AyriviiUure. 

water, but it is noted in the neighborhood for its medicinal proper- 
ties. The reputation, though, is local. 

The Chesapeake & Ohio railroad runs through the county and 
furnishes direct means of transportation to the sea coast. A 
branch of this road extends from Mt. Sterling, some eighteen 
miles to Rothwell, in Menifee county. When this road was first 
built quite a great deal of coal and timber was brought to market 
over it, but all the available supply in that section has been ex- 
hausted, and if extended further so as to strike the great coal fields 
and forests of timber beyond Morgan county, it would be of untold 
advantage to this county. 

While Montgomery is a very small county, it is well supplied 
with good free macadam turnpike and county roads. There are 
one hundred miles of turnpikes all free of toll, and about one 
hundred miles of good country roads. The pikes are maintained by 
taxation, and by careful attention the turnpike and county road 
system is being greatly improved, there being no part of the county 
not within easy reach of either a turnpike or road. This is of 
great value to the farmer, as it enables him to bring his crops to 
market easily. 

In addition to the common school system, which is good, tliere 
is at Mt. Sterling a large public graded high school, which is main- 
tained by local taxation, in addition to the State per capita. 

There are also several private high schools and academies, all 
well patronized. 

The labor employed on the farm is similar to that in other blue- 
grass counties, and prices received therefor run from |12 to |15 
per month. 

Mt. Sterling, the county seat, is a thriving, hustling and ener- 
getic city of 5,000 inhabitants, situated on the Chesapeake & Ohio 
railroad, and is thirty-three miles east of Lexington. It is known 
as the "Gate City," from the fact that it is the general distribut- 
ing point for the mountain counties beyond. It is quite a business 
point, having four large wholesale groceries, two roller flour mills, 
a w6olen factory, ice and electric light plants, machine shops, three 
banks, many large and thriving retail stores, fine church buildings, 
macadam street and brick and stone sidewalks. A splendid 
system of water works has been put in, the water being brought 
from Slate creek. A magnificent new court house adorns the 
public square and just opposite is the handsome new city hall. 
Besides having a local telephone exchange it is connected with the 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture, 235 

rest of the State by long distance telephone. Mt. Sterling is one 
of the best cattle markets in the State, it being no uncommon 
sight to see 5,000 cattle at the various stockyards on a county 
court day, in addition to horses, mules and other stock. This 
market is attended regularly by stock men of this and other 
States. 

A. A. Hazelrigg. 

Montgomery county is in the Tenth Congressional, Seventh Ap- 
pellate, Twenty-first Judicial, Tvk'enty-eighth Senatorial and Nine- 
tieth Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — Camargo, Ewington, Gilead, Grassy, Hadden, 
Hope, Howard Mills, Jeffersonville. Judy, Levee, Mt. Sterling, 
Sideview, Spencer, Stepstone. Stoops, Chase. 



Morgan County. 

Morgan County is in Middle Eastern Kentucky and is bounded 
on the north by Rowan, Elliott and Lawrence; on the east by John- 
son and Magoffin; on the south by Magoffin, Breathitt and Wolfe 
and on the west by Menifee. It was organized as a county in 1822 
out of territory taken from Floyd and Bath counties. 

The county is drained by the Licking river and its tributaries, 
which are very numerous. The Licking runs through the central 
portion of the county in a southeastern direction, while its numer- 
ous tributaries drain the county from each side of that river. It 
is abundantly watered while so naturally drained. The soil of 
Morgan county along the bottoms of the Licking and other 
streams is very strong and fertile, and abundant crops are raised. 
This is, however, a distinctively mineral and timber county. The 
largest, possibly, deposits of cannel coal in the world are found in 
this county, certainly none larger in the State. Bituminous ^oal 
and iron are also found in inexhaustible quantities, as is also the 
finest building stone. The mineral interests of Morgan have not 
been fully developed, because of the want of proper facilities for 
transporting the products to market. The timber resources of this 
county are unexcelled, and notwithstanding the large number of 
logs which have been rafted out of the county on the Licking river, 
from its many tributaries, the supply of the finest timber is scarce- 
ly half gone, as fully fifty per cent, of the virgin forests yet remain; 
all kinds of timber known to Eastern Kentucky being represented 



236 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Ayricnlture. 

in our forests. Oak, hickory, ash, pine, beech, walnut and poplar 
are the leading species of trees. Large tracts of valuable timber- 
ed land can be purchased at xery reasonable prices per acre. 

.Diversilied farming is not engaged in in this county for the want 
of markets for the products of same. This is, nevertheless, a very 
fine county for fruit and with proper facilities for marketing same 
the fruit industry would be quite profitable in this county. 

The Licking river is the only stream in the county navigable, 
and it is only navigable for small steamers. The tributaries are 
only navigable for rafts and logs. There are no turnpikes in Mor- 
gan county. The county or public roads are the ordinary dirt 
roads common to the greater part of the State, and are kept in 
reasonably good repair, and will compare favorably with any 
State kept under the same system, that of warning out hands 
who are liable to do road duty under the general road laws of the 
State. 

There are no railroads in this county, though the Kentucky 
Midland has been projected to run, through its central portion, 
in a southeastern direction, which would open up the wonderful 
riches of Morgan and make it possible to utilize our vast mineral 
deposits. 

The inhabitants of Morgan are steady, industrious, law-abiding, 
peaceful and hospitable. Intemperance and crime are almost 
wholly unknown now to the county. There has not been a licensed 
saloon in the county for eighteen years. There is a good church 
and school house in every school district in the county. Great 
attention is paid to our common schools and they are in a flourishing 
condition. A great advance has been made in that direction in the 
past few years. Our districts are provided with good comfortable 
school houses and with the modein appliances for teaching. 

A steady increase of population has been going on in the county 
for years past, though no noteworthy immigration to the county 
has been perceptible. 

West Liberty is the county seat of Morgan county, and is situ- 
ated near the center of the county on the Licking river. It is a 
nice quiet little village, with enterprising merchants, good church 
and school house, and population of nearly 500. 

Morgan county is situated in the Tenth Congressional, Seventh 
Appellate, Twentieth Judicial, Thirtj'-fourth Senatorial and 
Ninety-first Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Blair's Mills, Blaze, Bonny, Caney, Castle, 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 237 

Crockett, Dingus, Elamton, Elder, Elkfork, Essex, Ezel, Forest, 
Fyffe, Goodsey, Grassycreek, Heury, Index, Jeptha, Lenox, Ma- 
lone, Matthew, Maytown, Mima, Mize, Nickell, Omer, Ophir, Para- 
gon, Pekin, Pomp, Redwine, Relief, Ret, Sellars, Steele, Wellford, 
West Liberty, Wliiteoak, Wilcox, Yocum. 



Muhlenberg County. 

Muhlenberg County is situated in Middle-Western Kentucky, and 
was formed out of parts of Logan and Christian in 1798. It is 
bounded on the north by McLean and Ohio, on the east by Ohio 
and Butler, on the south by Logan and Todd, and on the west by 
Christian and Hopkins counties. The county is well watered and 
drained. Green riA'er flows between this county and the counties 
of McLean and Ohio on the north, forming the dividing line be- 
tween this and these counties. Big Muddy is in the southeastern 
part of the county. Pond river flows between Muhlenberg and 
the counties of Christian and Hopkins, while the numerous tribu- 
taries of these streams alford ample drainage and a fine supply 
of water. The surface of the county' is rather rolling though much 
of it is broken, and even hilly; the character of the soil, speaking 
in a general way, is a sandy loam, and quite productive; espec- 
ially in the northern portion of the county, good farming land. 
This county is, however, more noted for its great wealth of min- 
erals. Coal and iron of the best quality abound in the county in 
the largest and richest veins and deposits, both of which have 
been largely developed. 

The best and finest timber also abounds throughout this county. 
Oak, poplar, walnut, beech, ash and pine are all plentiful, and not- 
withstanding the many saw mills running in the county, the sup- 
ply of fine timber is sufficient to last yet many years and large 
tracts of same can be purchased at very reasonable figures. Di- 
versified farming is not engaged in to much extent, but the same 
could be profitably followed if markets were easier of access, for 
this is a splendid county in which to raise melons and vegetables, 
the soil seeming to be especially adapted to same, and fruits of all 
kinds known to our latitude do well. 

Green river, on our eastern boundary, is navigable for steamers, 
and being controlled by the Federal government is free for naviga- 
tion. Our other streams within the county and on its boundary 



238 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

are only navigable for fiatboats and rafts. We have no turnpikes 
in Muhlenberg and our county roads are the common dirt roads of 
the country, and are kept in fair repair under the general road 
laws of the State, a system which every one knows who has had 
any experience in that direction, never did make a good road and 
never will, but we can say of the roads in Muhlenberg county, that 
they are not as bad as in some other counties worked under the 
same system, and that our roads, furthermore, are improving each 
year. There are about fifty-four miles of completed railroad in 
our county, which have been in operation for several years. They 
constitute two grand trunk lines and give us good competition for 
transportation. The Louisville & Nashville runs through the east- 
ern part of the county from north to south, and the Illinois Cen- 
tral road runs near the central portion of the county from east to 
west, crossing the Louisville & Nashville at Central City. 

The streams in this county which could be used to good advant- 
age for water power in propelling machinery are Pond river, Long 
Creek and Big Cliffy. Our great abundance of cheap timber invites 
furniture factories, wagon factories, and planing mills. AVoolen 
factories and iron foundries ought to do well here; transportation 
is cheap, fuel and water abundant and found on every side. 

Good farm lands can be purchased anywhere from |10 to |50 
per acre; the staples of the farm are corn, wheat, oats, hay and 
tobacco, tobacco being the principal product, though in good sea- 
sons a surplus of the others are raised, also, for market. The 
labor on the farm is performed by native whites and colored hands, 
their services being obtained for |10 and -$15 and board. 

The educational facilities of this county are good. The com- 
mon schools of the county are all well attended, are under good 
management, supplied with competent teachers, and the districts 
have good, comfortable schoolhouses. 

Greenville is the county seat of Muhlenberg county and is locat- 
ed near the center of the county, on the Illinois Central railroad; 
it is a flourishing town with enterprising merchants, good hotels 
and schools, with commodious church buildings and live congre- 
gations. 

Muhlenberg county is in the Third Congressional, Second Appel- 
late, Seventh Judicial, Seventh Senatorial and Eighteenth Legis- 
lative Districts. 

PoSTOFPiCEs: — Beaver, Bremen, Central City, Cisney, Depoy, 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 239 

Drakesboro, Dunmor, Earles, Gishton, Greenville, Hazleton 
Horeb, McNarj, Mercer Station, Mudriver, Nelson, Paceton, Para- 
dise, Penrod, Powderly, Skilesville, South Carrollton, Weir, Yost. 



Nelson County. 

Revised 1901 by Judge Frank Dougherty. 

Col. Isaac Fox, with others, in the spring of 1775, were the first 
settlers of what is now Nelson county, and located their fort on 
Cox's creek, which was called "Cox's Station." A permanent 
settlement was made in 1778 by Capt., Samuel Pottinger, on Pot- 
tinger's creek, where a fort was built, and on Simpson's creek, 
Thomas Polk and his companions settled and built a fort also. 
The present site of Bardstown was settled in 1776 and named 
"Salem," and in 1782 was surveyed and regularly laid off and 
name changed to Bairdstown in honor of David Baird. John 
Fitch, Inventor of the steamboat, moved to Bardstown in 1778, 
died in 1798, and was buried in the ''Town Grave Yard," where 
his grave remains unmarked, though the spot is identified by 
records in the county court clerk's office. In October, 1784, Pat- 
rick Henry, Governor of Virginia, approved the act to establish, 
the countv of Nelson, the fourth county of the territory, the 
boundary line beginning on Salt river at the mouth of Hammond's 
creek and running south to Green river, down Green river to the 
Ohio, up the Ohio to Salt river, and up Salt river to the beginning. 

The following counties have been carved out of the original 
territorv of Nelson: Daviess, Breckinridge, Meade, Hancock, Har- 
din, Grayson, Ohio, Larue, Marion, Taylor, Washington, and parts 
of Hart, Green, Edmonson, Butler, McLean, Bullitt, Spencer, 

Adair, and Casey. 

The northeastern part of the county is rolling bluegrass land, 
very fertile and highly productive. The land in and around Bards- 
town is a plateau through which the water courses have cut deep 
valleys. The western and southern parts of the county are 
crossed bv a range of knobs on each side of which flow the Beech 
and Rolling Forks, bordered by broad alluvial bottoms. The 
knobs are all fine timbered lands, much of which is virgin forest. 
There are 46,000 acres of woodland in the county. What are 
known as the timber tracts (the knob lands) are valued at $1 to 
|i5 per acre. The Rolling Fork is the southern and southwestern 
boundary of the county, while the Beech Fork for a distance of 



240 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

fifteen miles is tlie eastern boundary, whence it turns, flows west 
tlirough tlie central part of the county to join the Rolling Fork. 
Both streams are capable of being made navigable by a system of 
locks and dams. The county has about 225 miles of turnpike 
roads. The county has a system of "'public roads'' and turn- 
pikes, worked by hired labor paid for by a road tax. 

The ''Washington Bealls," White Sulphur Springs, usually 
called Miller Springs, are used as a health resort. These springs 
have been pronounced the equal of the celebrated White Sulphur 
of Virginia in medical virtues, and are capable of being made 
noted resorts. Hydraulic limestone in a bed twelve to eighteen 
inches thick comes in under the lowest bench of magnesian lime- 
stone in a hill southwest of Whitrow creek, and also on Buffalo 
creek. Iron ore rich enough for profitable smelting is found in 
the knobs between the Rolling and Beech Forks, the kidney ore 
from near Nelson Furnace, showing 35. G4 per cent, of iron. 

Our lands so vary in quality that values vary in the same pro- 
portion, say from |1 to |60 per acre. Farm labor may.be had 
from |12 to |15 per month, but it is unskilled and uncertain 
labor. Our county has no bonded indebtedness. 

Nelson county is in the Fourth Congressional, Third Appellate, 
Tenth Judicial, Fourteenth Senatorial and Thirty-ninth Legisla- 
tive Districts. 

PosTOFPicEs: — Balltown, Bardstown, Bellwood, Black, Bloom- 
field, Boston, Botland, Chaplin, Coonhollow, Cox's Creek, Cravens, 
Dacou, Deatsville, Early Times, Fairfield, Gethsemane, Green- 
brier, Greenchapel, Highgrove, Howardstown, Hunter's Depot, 
Nazareth, Nelsonville, New Haven, Newhope, Samuels, Strington, 
Woodlawn. 



Nicholas County. 

Nicholas County lies on the border of what is famed as the blue- 
grass section of Kentucky, and contains so many acres that pro- 
duce the finest bluegrass that it might very properly be designated 
as a bluegrass county, and many of its residents claim this aristo- 
cratic name for it. Its lands produce the finest white Burley to- 
bacco raised; its corn, wheat and other products are yielded in 
rabundance, and its stock interests are large and lucrative. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture, 241 

It is situated in the northeast middle part of the State, adjoin- 
ing the counties of Bourbon, Harrison, Fleming, Bath, Montgom- 
ery and Robertson Licking river runs through the northern por- 
tion of the county, and the various smaller streams furnish abund- 
ance of stock water, except in times of great drouth, and the 
thrifty farmers have taken the precaution to dig many wells and 
pools. 

A more energetic and prosperous class of farmers does not exist 
in Kentucky, and industrious people seeking homes could not do 
better than to locate in Nicholas. The churches and schools are 
abundant and prosperous. The public roads are all macadamized 
and are free. The county has adopted a good system of keeping 
the roads in repair, and there is no reason to fear that bad roads 
will ever distress the farmer. The timber has about all been cut 
away. 

Carlisle, the county seat, is one of the most attractive towns in 
the State. The court house is one of the most beautiful and com- 
plete. A dozen thriving villages dot the county, and a number of 
fortunes have been made by those who have been designated as 
''countr}' merchants." 

Historically, Nicholas county is well known. Lying within her 
borders are the two famous "Blue Lick Springs," known to early 
history as the two "salt springs of the Licking." It was at the 
lower lick that Daniel Boone and his fellow salt-makers were 
captured by Indians and carried to Detroit as prisoners, where the 
French commandant offered one hundred pounds sterling for him. 
It was also at the lower Blue Lick that the disastrous battle of 
August 10, 1782, was fought, and this spot is now being made 
famous again by the exhuming of mammoth bones, and indispu- 
table evidences that civilized man existed even before the extin- 
guishment of the giant beast of the forest. Underneath the bones 
and tusks of immense animals have been discovered a well laid and 
worn stone pavement, i>ieces of an iron vessel and charcoal. The 
water from this spring is shipped in large quantities to all the 
large cities and is used largely for medicinal purposes. 

The Louisville & Nashville railroad runs through the center of 

the county and furnishes abundant transportation for freight and 

passengers. The Black Diamond railroad has been surveyed 

-through the county. G. R. Keller. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Abner, Barefoot, Barterville, Bluelick Springs, 



342 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

Bramblett, Carlisle, Crayton, Davidson, Ellisville, Flora, Head- 
quarters, Hooktown, Licking, Miranda, Moorefield, Morningglory, 
Mj^ers, Oakland Mills, Pleasant Valley, Saltwell, Sprout. 



Ohio County. 

This county is one of the largest in territory and bids fair to 
soon become one of the largest in population and wealth in the 
State. It is already the second in the output of bituminous coal; 
its best portions and inexhaustible quantity of which have as yet 
been scarcely touched. On the south and west it is bounded by 
Green river for a distance of seventy-live miles. Running through 
the center of the county for a like number of miles is Rough river, 
a navigable stream which drains a large and fertile region. The 
first named river is under free navigation furnished by the Fed- 
eral Government, which some years ago rescued its monopolized 
waters and restored to the people of many countiesa the naviga- 
tion of their truly noble river. Rough river is also navigable and 
is locked and dammed by the national government. 

The county is exceptionally fortunate in its supplj^ of cheapest 
and best of transportation for heavy freights, by water. The coun- 
ty has in addition to her water facilities 54.92 miles of railroad 
within her borders, the Illinois Central owning and operating 
through the entire county between Green and Rough rivers. The 
same company also operates a branch road from Horse Branch, 
traversing a fine coal field by Olaton, Fordsville and Deanefleld, 
Ohio county, to Owensboro, Daviess county. The Irvington branch 
of the Louisville, St. Louis & Texas extends from Irvington on the 
main line for a distance of nine miles in Ohio county to Fordsville. 
So it may be said that we have already a network of transporta- 
tion lines, with room for more railroads which are in contempla- 
tion. 

There are numerous smaller streams and creeks, the valleys of 
which like that of the rivers are very rich and productive of all 
our staple products. The adjacent hills or uplands are not so 
enduring in fertility, but while fresh are profitably productive of 
fruits, garden stuff, wheat and clover and, if well preserved, con- 
tinue as productive as when first cleared. Better methods of agri- 
culture prevail in recent years. All modern implements are in 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 243 

use by our farmers, who seek constantly for the best of all sorts of 
seeds. Tobacco, wheat, oats, clover, red top, timothy and orchard 
grass do well here to the growth of all of which the soil is natural- 
ly suited. The old notion of owning or trying to own all the land 
in sight is fast becoming obsolete. They now strive to obtain the 
largest yield on the smallest number of acres. Good lands of all 
kinds can be had cheap. Hogs, horses, mules and sheep are raised 
in large numbers of the best and most improved breeds. With 
the improvements now going on and the advent of a large immigra- 
tion of thrifty and industrious people it can no longer be said 
of any portion of the county that "it is naturally good but arti- 
ficially bad." It is safe to say that half the county yet awaits pro- 
per cultivation and it all always responds to the touch of toil with 
the fullness of a bounteous harvest. 

We have no turnpikes, only dirt roads. Upon the main ones vast 
sums are annually expended with no permanent or lasting improve- 
ment in their deplorable condition. They are worked by allot- 
ment of hands. Owing to the thinly settled condition of parts of 
the county there are more roads than enough hands, and the less 
important roads are worse neglected. People have yet no pride in 
trying to have even good dirt roads. There are, however, three 
splendid and costly iron bridges across Rough river at suitable 
places in different parts of the county and numerous iron struc- 
tures across many other streams in the county. But the sums 
spent on roads in jobs is either wasted or misdirected or it is at- 
tempted to spread out too much with means at hand. 

The supply of timber once so abundant is rapidly disappearing. 
And yet after the many years of its waste there was never so much 
"logging" for local and Evansville market as at present. Suffi- 
cient oak, poplar, ash, gum, hickory and chestnut timber remain 
for all purposes. Coal exists in superior quality and unlimited 
quantity, especially between the Illinois Central and Green river. 
From McHenry on the said road to Green river at Gentry's on Bull 
Run, Lewis and Slaty creeks, the best of coal is found in digging 
wells and -in beds of creeks and branches the water strikes it in 
its flow to larger streams. Iron ore is also found in the same local- 
ity and on Rough river near Hartford. All the coal and other pro- 
ducts find convenient and accessible transportation to Louisville, 
Owensboro, Evansville, Bowling Green, and other city markets. 

The county is well supplied with free schools and in no part of 



244 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

it need any family be too far removed to patronize a good school. 
Hartford, Beaver Dam and Fordsville each have a graded school 
under efficient and well chosen managements, and in prosperous 
condition. 

Hartford on Rough river is the county seat in a rich farming and 
timber region. It has a population of 1,200, two banks, tile, stave 
and tobacco factories and good two story brick business houses. 
Beaver Dam on Illinois Central is an important shipping point for 
Ohio and Butler counties, has a fine bank and does a good business. 
The county has a population of about 30,000. E. P. Neale. 

Ohio county is situated in the Fourth Congressional, Second Ap- 
pellate, Sixth Judicial, Seventh Senatorial and Twenty-sixth Leg- 
islative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Adaburg, Aetnaville, Arnold, Blaizetown, Bar- 
rett's Ferry, Beaver Dam, Beda, Buford, Centertown, Ceralvo, 
Clearrun, Cromwell, Dundee, Echols, Flintspring, Fordsville, Hart- 
ford, Haynesville, Heflin, Horsebranch, Hortou, Jingo, Jones, Mc- 
Henry, Magan, Manda, Mantansa, Narrows, Olaton, Palo, Point 
Pleasant, Prentiss, Ralph, Render, Renfrew, Reynold's Station, 
Rockport, Rosine, Roxy, Select, Shreve, Smallhouse, Sophia, Sul- 
phur Springs, Sunny Dale, Taffy, Tajior Mines, Trisler, Wester- 
field, Whiterun, Wysox. 



Oldham County. 

Oldham was created in the year 1723 from portions of Henry, 
Shelby and Jefferson counties, and was named after Col. Wm. Old- 
ham, a gallant officer in the Revolutionary war who came to Ken- 
tuckj^ in 1779 from Beverly county, Virginia, and settled near the 
falls of the Ohio. Oldham county lies in the north middle part of 
the State, is bordered on the north by about twenty miles of the 
Ohio river, adjoins Trimble county ou the north, Shelby county on 
the south, Henry on the east and Jefferson on the west. The soil is 
fairly good and in some sections of the county, near Shelbyand Jeff- 
erson counties, exceedingly rich; the whole county is well adapted 
to farming and stock raising. The northern part of the county is 
much broken, but the soil is of a very good limestone quality and 
produces abundant grass for grazing purposes. Through the cen- 
ter of the county on each side of the Louisville & Nashville railroad 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 246 

the soil is rather thin, but well adapted to the raising of fruit, es- 
pecially grapes, which mature rapidly and are of excellent llavor. 
The grape crop. amounts annually, perhaps, to one million pounds 
and has been a very profitable crop. The land produces wheat, 
corn, tobacco, oats and various grasses in abundance, especially 
orchard grass, which is a valuable crop for both seed and grazing. 

Oldham county has the distinction of producing more orchard 
grass than any other county in the United States. Stock raising is 
largely followed in this county and there are several herds of fine 
cattle in the county, as well as swine and flocks of sheep. The 
county is very healthy, being of a high altitude, well watered by 
springs and two large creeks, Floyd's Fork and Harrods creek, 
which flow through the entire county from east to west. 

The L., C. & L. branch of the L. & N. railroad traverses the coun- 
ty from west to east for twenty miles, and affords excellent accom- 
modation for the traveling public, as one can go to the city of 
Louisville, one hour's ride, at almost any hour, during either day 

or night. 

Natural gas has been found at Lagrange, but not m paymg 
quantities; wells sunk ten or twelve years ago are still flowing in 
a limited quantity. 

Lagrange, the cou«nty seat, has a population of about 1,100, with 
streets well macadamized, shade trees in abundance, no tax license 
for several years; has two banks, seven churches, viz.: Tresbyte- 
rian, Catholic, Christian, Methodist, and Baptist white, and Baptist 
and'l^Iethodist colored. Funk Seminary, a school that affords an 
excellent opportunitv for a good education, is located at Lagrange. 
The r-ommon school for the district is endowed and gives the pa- 
trons seven or eight months free school. A canning factory af- 
fords the farmers an additional paying crop in the way of tomatoes 
of which there are annually canned about one hundred thousand 
cans, affording employment to fifty hands for several months m 

the year. 

Other towns in the county are Ballardsyille, Floydsburg, Pewee 
Vallev Goshen, Brownsboro and Westport, on the Ohio river. 

4t* Pewee Valley is located Kentucky College, an excellent 
school for voung ladies. One-half mile below Lagrange on the 
L & N railroad, is located Anita Springs, a health resort of some 
note the waters of which are said to be beneficial to diseases of 
, ' . T J. R. MouxT. 

the kidneys. . , mi • i 

Oldham county is situated in the Seventh Congressional, Thud 



246 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

Appellate, Twelfth Judicial, Twenty-first Senatorial and Fifty-sec- 
ond Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — Ballardsville, Beard, Brownsboro, Buckner, 
Goshen, Lagrange, Oldham, Peru, Pewee Valley, Skylight, West- 
port, Worth, 



Owen County. 

Owen was the sixty-seventh countj'^ organized, and was formed 
in 1819 out of parts of Franklin, Scott and Gallatin. It was named 
in honor of Col. Abraham Owen, a distinguished citizen and sol- 
dier of Shelby county who as aid-de-camp to Gen. Wm. Henry Har- 
rison fell bravely fighting for his country at the battle of Tippe- 
canoe. The general character of the soil of Owen is limestone 
upon a clay foundation. It produces corn, all kinds of small grain 
and all kinds of grasses and fruits remarkably well and ''Owen 
County Burley Tobacco" has long been celebrated for being con- 
stantly at the top of the market in Louisville and other tobacco 
markets. The county is also well adapted to stock raising, being 
admirably watered, and growing all the best grasses in perfection, 
bluegrass among the rest. Owenton, the county seat, a prosperous 
and growing country town, is pleasantly situated in the center of 
the county. Besides Owenton, there are some eight or ten small 
towns and villages scattered over the county, most of which appear 
to be in a prosperous condition. Though as yet without railroads of 
her own, Owen's fine turnpike system, connecting all parts of the 
county with the Kentucky river, which bounds the county on the 
south, and with the Short-line Branch of the Louisville & Nash- 
ville railroad, which runs on or near the line of the county for some 
twenty-odd miles on the northwest, gives the people easy access 
to the very best markets in the country. Quite a number of min- 
eral springs are found in Owen county, the waters of which are 
of approved valuable medicinal properties. Owen has a very in- 
teresting history in connection with war and politics. The "Jump- 
off" on Eagle Creek; "Point of Rocks" on Cedar creek, with its 
"Deep Hole," or "Bottomless Pool," and "Pond Branch," with its 
"Island Mountain," are all interesting objects of note in this 
county. There are no railroads in Owen; however, by means of 
the Cincinnati branch of the Louisville & Nashville, which runs 
along the northern border for twenty-odd miles, and the Kentucky 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 247 

river, which bounds the couuty ou the southwest, the people have 
an)ple facilities for travel and for reaching the best markets. 
The dirt roads of the county are kept in ordinarily good repair. 
Little difficulty is experienced in enforcing the road laws or m 
having the roads properly worked under them. There are two 
nundred miles of turnpike in Owen county— the principal thor- 
oughfares being piked, free of toll charges. The Kentucky river, 
which is the only navigable stream in Owen, furnishes the county 
about thirtv-tive miles (as the river runs) of navigation for good- 
sized steamers and towboats. Locks Nos. 2 and ^^ are located on 
the line between Owen and Henry counties and Lock Xo. 1 is a few 
miles below the western line. Eagle creek, a large tributary of 
the Kentucky, forms the entire northern border of the county, 
and, with Cedar, Big Twin, Big Indian, Severn, and other creeks, 
furnish ample water power for propelling machinery. There are 
all kinds of timber in Owen, but it is growing scarce. Most of the 
timbers now left, valuable for sawing into lumber', is poplar, beech, 
and oak varieties. The principal agricultural products of the 
county of which there is a surplus produced for market, are to- 
bacco, corn, wheat, rye, and oats. Owen is one of the largest Bur- 
lev tobacco producing counties in the State, much of it being of 
the highest grade. The grasses best adapted to the soil of Owen 
county and which are considered the most useful and profitable, 
are bluegrass, clover and timothy. There is a tendency among 
the farmers to sow more grass and thereby improve the land; 
but the great quantity of tobacco raised keeps the land from mi- 
proving as it should and would. I think our county is slowly 
improving its methods of cultivation. The soil on acount of its 
continuous tobacco growing is deteriorating, and some is being 
revived by sowing clover and other stimulating processes. V^ e 
have had no noteworthy immigration in two years, and there has 
been no marked increase in our population in that time. No ma- 
terial additions have been made to the mill and manufacturing in- 
terests of the county recently. Probably not more than five per 
cent of our original forest remain. No steps have ever been 
taken to stop the indiscriminate waste of timber or to renew 
that already destroyed. /• • * " 

The county is situated in the Seventh Congressional, Fifth Ap- 
pellate, Fifteenth Judicial, Twenty-third Senatorial and Sixteenth 
Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs:-Avery, Ball's Landing, Beechwood, Bethany, 



248 fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

Breck, Bromley, Caiiby, Danish, Eagleliill, East Eagle, Eastland, 
Ep, Gratz, Hallam, Harmony, Harrisburg, Hesler, Jonesville, Lus- 
by, Mallorys, Moxley, Natlee, New Columbus, New Liberty, Owen- 
ton, Pleasant Home, Poplar Grove, Kockdale, Slayton, Squires- 
Yille, Sweet Owen, Taekitts Mill, Truce ville, ^Vlleatley. 



Owsley County. 

Owsley County is one of the middle eastern Kentucky counties, 
and was formed in 1843, and named after Governor William Ows- 
ley. It is bounded on the north by Lee, on the east by Breathitt 
and Perry, and on the south by Clay, and on the west by Jackson. 
It is watered and drained, the South Fork of the Kentucky river 
flows through the center of the county from south to north, and 
the many tributaries flowing into it both from the eastern and 
western portions of the county afl:ord perfect drainage as -well as 
bountiful water supply. 

The soil of the county is good, very rich and productive, and 
yields bountiful crops. The county is well underlaid with coal of 
the best quality, the finest veins of surface coal of both bitumin- 
ous and cannel are found here and forty feet below the surface 
of the earth are found veins of the finest coal, nearly ten feet thick. 
The soil of this county is also underlaid with the best quality of 
gray and blue limestone, suitable for building purposes, on any 
building. The mineral resources of the county have not been de- 
veloped because of want of proper facilities for transportation. 
Iron also abounds in this county, in fact, the wealth of the county 
is its mineral and magnificent timber supply. Probably two-thirds 
of the surface of the county is yet covered with forests of the very 
finest timber. Much has been rafted down the Kentucky river 
to market, and saw mills within our own boundary have manu- 
factured much of our timber into lumber, but the finest supply 
of the best timber to be found anywhere is here in Owsley county. 
All the varieties of timber found in Eastern Kentucky are found 
here. Oak, hickory, sugar-tree, beech, yellow pine, yellow poplar, 
ash, black and white walnut, maple and chestnut. 

Diversified farming is not engaged in, but fruit culture could be 
made a profitable industry here, were the facilities for reaching 
market better. All the fruits known to the latitude of this State 
grow well here and reach the highest degree of perfection and The 



FourteeiUh Biennial Report Bureau of AsricuUure. 249 

Tield in favorable years is very great ^bere atteutiou is paid to 
.o'iug «it. During tbe winter tbe Soutb Fork of the Iven uo,<y 
ri^r is°navigab.e for small steamers as bigb up - Boonev. lie be 
county seat of this eounty, and a few nules above t. ]^o -^ftin 
nnrt sendiu" out barges with coal, it is navigable all tbe jeai 
;:l< itre are no turnpikes in tbis county, tbe county or pubUo 
ro ds are tbe common dirt roads and are kept in tan- repair by 
oversees warning out hands, wbo are liable to do road duty under 
,e teerr road laws of the State. We have no '-'^-f ■ J;"' 
here s a line projected to rnn from Beat.yviUe direct through 
the central port\on of tbe county. If this road is constructed i 
wUl open UP one of tbe richest counties in Eastern Kentncl^-, and 
givlTs" cilities for marketing tbe wonderful mineral and timber 
nroducts of this abundantly rich county. 

The staples of tbe farm are corn, wheat, oats, bay, and a little 
tobacco i surplus of corn, wheat and oats is grown «>' --^ ' 
Tob tcco .-rows well in the county and conld be made V^oUMe^ 
Ti^tLr on the farm is performed mostly b^-otive w i e^ a 
colored bands whose services can be had from »10 to »lo pei mo t 
with board; hands for timbering are paid more, from tlS to »-0 

''^- rir—fcan be bought .uite cheaply and large tracts 
nf hPnvilv timbered lands can be bought at most any price. 

Tire— of tbe county have been g.^atly nnpro_ved 

J^:;.. few years, and -^ now in^ — ng^ecmd^^^ 
Oxood school houses are in every district, and thej are wei i i 
with all the modern appliances for teaching. situated 

Booneville is the county seat of Owsley count, and is situ d 
in the northern part of the county, near the middle of the nortiie 

Appellate, Twenty-seyenth Judicial, Thut, touitn 

Seyenty-first Legislative Districts. rrowcreek, Door- 

PosTOFF.cEs:-P>ooiiville,BuckcreekCoulJing,Co^eee 

way, Earnestville, Eversole, Gabbard, "^'^^^l,,,^, 
wokh, Sebastian, Southfork, Sturgeon, Tra^ellels Kest, 



250 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



Pendleton County. 

Pendleton County is situated in the northern part of the State^ 
about two and one-half miles of its northeastern border being on 
the Ohio river. It is bounded on the north by the counties of 
Kenton and Campbell, on the east by the Ohio river and Bracken 
county, on the south by Harrison county, and on the west by Grant 
county. It was organized as a county in 1800 and is named in 
honor of the Hon. Edmund Pendleton, the Virginia statesman. 

Licking river flows through the central portion of the county, 
entering at the southeastern corner at Ernst, and leaving the 
county at DeMossville on its northern boundary a little west of its 
centoi-. Tlie South Fork of this river enters the county at its 
southwest corner and flowing in a northeastern direction joins 
the Licking at Falmouth near the center of the county. 

About one-third of the county is bottom land along the rivers 
and the numerous creeks which are their tributaries, and is very 
rich and productive; the other portion is hilly, but quite product- 
ive and well adapted to grazing. Sheep and cattle raising is ex- 
tensively carried on, and a surplus of corn, wheat, oats and hay 
are raised for shipment, btit the principal product for market is 
tobacco. All fruits and berries grow well and large quantities of 
each arc shipped from the northern end of the county to the Cin- 
cinnati and Covington markets, which are only fifteen or twenty- 
five miles distant, and owing to the nearness of these markets 
poultry, eggs and butter command good prices at all seasons of 
the year, and is the source of considerable profit to the farmers. 
There is very little timber left in the county, most of the land 
having been under cultivation for years. 

The Kentucky Central branch of the Louisville & Nashville rail- 
road runs through the central portion of the county, following the 
course of the Licking river and its south fork. The Chesapeake 
«S: Ohio railroad, following the course of the Ohio river, crosses 
the northeastern corner of the county. The county has over 200 
miles of turnpike roads and a very good system of dirt roads. 

None of the streams are now navigable, but Licking river from 
its mouth to Falmouth has been surveyed by the United States 
surveyors, and if practicable will no doubt be locked and dammed 
as far as Falmouth. 

Coal and iron ore have been found in the countv but not in suflfi- 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 251 

dent quantities for development. There are numerous sulphur 

springs in the county. 

The price of the hill land varies from |10 to $40 per acre, while 

the bottom land ranges from |25 to |T5 per acre. Labor on the 

farm is performed principally by whites, whose wages are from |10 

to |15 per month, with board furnished them. 

The common schools are well conducted throughout the county; 

the teachers are efficient, and the houses and equipments good. 
Falmouth and Butler have graded schools, and in most of the 

districts the schools are maintained beyond the five-months' term 
by local taxation. 

There are three large rock quarries now being operated in the 
county, one at Menzies, on the Louisville & Nashville railroad, 
and two near Carntown, on the Chesapeake & Ohio railroad, each 
of w^iich employs from fifty to one hundred men at about fl.OO per 
day. Good limestone building rock is near the surface and easily 
quarried in most parts of the county. 

Falmouth is the county seat, situated on the Louisville & Nash- 
ville railroad, forty miles from Cincinnati at the junction of and 
almost surrounded by Licking river and its south fork, both of 
which streams would afford ample water power for any kind of 
manufacturing establishments. Falmouth has a large saw mill, 
a woolen factorv, a cannery, two roller flour mills, a distillery, a 
pickle house and quite a number of tobacco prizing and rehandlmg 

warehouses. 

Butler is the second town of its size in the county, and has quite 
a good business, with a large saw mill, flour mill, two stirrup 
factories and a broom factory. E. S. Clark 

Pendleton countv is in the Sixth Congressional, Sixth Appellate, 
Eighteenth Judicial, Twenty-sixth Senatorial and Sevfenty-nmth 

Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFicBs:— Boston Station, Butler, Caddo, Carntown, Cataw- 
ba De Mossville, Doudtou, ElizabethviUe, Emery, Falmouth, Four- 
oaks, Gardenersville, Goforth, Hightower, Kinkead, Knoxville 
Levingood, McKennevsburg, Mains, Marcus, Morgan, Mount 
Auburn, Ossipee, Peachgrove, Penshurst, Portland, Schuler, Tur, 
Wampum. 



252 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



Perry County. 

Perry County was formed in the year 1821, and both tlie county 
and the county seat named in honor of Oliver Hazard Perry, the 
hero of Lake Erie. It is bounded on the north by Breathitt county, 
on the east by Knott, on the south by Harlan, on the west by Leslie. 

The north fork of the Kentucky river is its principal water course 
and flows through the center of the county from south to north, 
and is joined by a number of forks and large creeks on either side; 
thus, it will be seen that the north fork and its tributaries flowing 
into it from the east and west form a most perfect system of nat- 
ural drainage and furnish an abundant supply of water for the 
entire county and afllords about 200 miles of navigable water. 

The soil is freestone; very fertile and produces flne crops of corn, 
wheat, oats, potatoes, fruits, melons and most all kinds of grass. 

There is practially an inexhaustible supply of timber; poplar, 
ash, walnut, birch, maple, chestnut, sycamore, lynn, hickory, cedar, 
etc., abounds in almost all parts of the county and of the finest 
quality. It is marketed in two ways viz., by rafting and floating 
down the river to the various markets and by selling loose logs 
to log companies operating booms on the north fork and the Ken- 
tucky river. Timber land is worth from .|2 to |10 per acre. 

The county is very rich in mineral resources, such as coal, iron, 
copperas, etc. The coal veins are from three to seven feet in thick- 
ness and of the very finest quality of splint and cannel coal. The 
splint is clean, pure bituminous coal with very little fibers, and no 
apparent pyrites. The cannel coal is a pure, tough coal, with very 
little scales of granular pyrites between the laminae, very bitumin- 
ous and leaves A^ery little ash. 

Hematite iron ores are found in abundance. Salt and gas are 
found in great quantities. There is natural gas well at Hazard, 
the county seat, which, if developed, would supply a considerable 
city. There are a great many fine sulphur and chalybeate springs 
in the county. 

There are several saw mills which cut all the lumber used by the 
natives. It is a splendid place for the establishment of chair facto- 
ries, wagon factories, stave factories, and, in fact, for most any- 
thing that is manufactured out of wood, because labor and timber 
can be procured at a very moderate cost, and the water courses 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 253 

furnish ample facilities for marketing the lumber after it is manu- 
factured. 

The roads are ordinary dirt roads, maintained under the road 
laws of the State by surveyors or overseers, and of the kind fairly 
good and steadily improving. The labor employed is exclusively 
native and the prices range from |10 to $15 per month with board, 
and from |15 to |18 per month without board. 

There are no educational institutions in the county other than 
the public schools. These schools are in much better condition 
than ever before; a marked progress having been made within the 
last ten years. 

Hazard, the county seat, is an energetic little village situated on 
the east bank of the north fork of the Kentucky, thirty-flA^e miles 
above Jackson, Ky., the nearest railroad station. It has a good 
courthouse, a new Jail, three good hotels, a number of enterprising 
merchants, good shops and mills, and is growing at a rapid rate. 
Peace and quietude prevails, and in no town in Kentucky is order 
better preserved and the law^of the land better enforced. 

J. E. Johnson. 

Perry county is situated in the Eleventh Congressional, SeA'enth 
Appellate, Twenty-sixth Judicial, Thirty-third Senatorial and 
Ninetj^-third Legislative Districts. ' 

PosTOFFicEs: — Audubon, Avawam, Chavies, Cornettsville, Dwarf, 
Gray's Creek, Grapevine, Hazard, Jesse, Stacy, Troublesome, Viper, 
Wharton, Yerkes. 



Pike County. 

Pike County is situated in Eastern Kentucky, being the extreme 
eastern point of the State. It was formed in 1821, aiid is bounded 
on the north and northeast by Martin county and the State of West 
Virginia, on the east and south by the State of Virginia and the 
county of Letcher, and on the west by Knott and Floyd counties. 
It was named after a gallant officer of our army in the war of 1812, 
General Zebulon M. Pike. 

The county is drained by the two great forks of the Big Sandy 
river. Tug Fork, running along the eastern and the I^visa Fork 
running along the western boundary of the county, while John's 
creek runs through the center of the county. Big Pond, Peter and 



254 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

Knox creeks are the principal tributaries of Tug Forli, and Rus- 
sell's Fork and Elkborn creek are the principal tributaries of 
Levisa. The natural drainage of this county can not be excelled, 
and the water supply is abundant. The soil is very fine, better 
bottom lands can not be found anywhere than along the numerous 
streams of this county and the hills or uplands are remarkably 
strong and productive. All the hills are filled with the finest coal; 
the best coking coals knowm are found here, also cannel and grate 
coals. Our coal supply is practically inexhaustible. Hematite iron 
ores are also found in great abundance and natural gas and salt 
exist in the county. There is still plenty of timber in this county 
though it is confined mostly to the several varieties of oaks; beech, 
pine and poplar still exist, but not in such quantities, and some wal- 
nut can be found. For a few jears back the demand upon our 
forests for fine timber have been so great that a large per cent, 
of the very best has been floated out by our streams "n the shape 
of logs and hauled out by railroads as manufactured lumber. 
The Levisa Fork of Big Sandy river is navigable as high up as Pike- 
ville, the county seat, and Tug Fork on the eastern border of the 
county is navigable to the mouth of Pond creek, giving the county 
good facilities for water transportation. There are no turnpikes 
in Pike county, but the public or county roads are kept in good con- 
dition under the direction of the county court, acting under a local 
road law, by which the overseer is permitted to require hands to 
work two days each week on the roads if necessary, and this law is 
enforced and our roads therefore are good at all times of the year. 

There are no completed railroads in the county. For some years 
there has been in course of construction the Norfolk & Western 
road along the eastern boundary of the county, following the course 
of the Tug Fork, but it has never been completed. It has also 
been projected to extend the Kentucky Midland along the western 
boundary of this county. 

The agricultural staples are corn, wheat, hay, oats, and tobacco. 
A surplus of all is raised for market. Fruit grows to great perfec- 
tion. The labor on the farm is performed by native white and col- 
ored hands, whose services can be had for from .flO to |15 per 
month with board. Good farm lands can be purchased very cheap- 
ly, as can tracts of well timbered land. 

The schools of the county, outside of Pikeville, are the common 
schools provided by the State under the common school law, and 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 255 

they are in good condition, well attended, under good management, 
and provided with good teachers. 

Pikeville is the county seat of Pike county. It is situated near 
the center of the western border of the county on the Levisa Fork 
of the Big Sand}' river. It is a most enterprising and progressive 
village. It has a splendid court house, erected at a cost to the 
county of over thirty thousand dollars, and a good town clock, 
costing nearly a thousand dollars; a ten-thousand-dollar school 
building affords ample accommodations for educational facilities 
This latter institution, Pikeville Collegiate Institute, a handsome 
brick structure, was erected by the Ebenezer Presbytery, and is 
the pride of the town. 

Pike county is situated in the Tenth Congressional, Seventh Ap- 
pellate, Twentj'-fourth Judicial, Thirty-third Senatorial and Nine- 
ty-fifth Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCES : — Ashcamp, Beatrice, Beutbranch, Canada, Coalrun, 
Coleman, Crigger, Deskin, Dorton, Fishtraj), Grange Store, Gul- 
nare. Hartley, Jamboree, Jewel, Joe, John, Lawson, Meta, Millard, 
Mouthcard, Oreknob, Pawpaw, Phelps, Pikeville, Pinsonfork, 
Praise, Eansom, Regina, Robinson Creek, Roop, Runyan, Rural, 
Sidney, Stratton, Tackitt, Tadella, Virgie, Whitepost, Yeager, 
Zebulon. 



Powell County. 

Powell County was formed from parts of Montgomery. Clark and 
Estill counties in 1852, and is bounded on the north by Montgom- 
ery and Menifee, and on the west by Wolfe, and on the south and 
west by Estill and Lee counties. It is named in honor of L. W. 
Powell, then governor of Kentucky. The county is about twenty- 
five miles long from east to west, and from ten to fifteen miles wide 
from north to south. 

Red river is the principal water course, and is not navigable ex- 
cept for the floating of timber, and it flows through the county 
dividing it into nearly equal portions north and south. There is 
fine water power at Clay City, where there was once a large rolling 
mill and nail factory, and also a large flouring mill, all run by 
water; it is not used for anything now. The soil in the Red river 
valley i« a rich sandy loam and very productive, and yields large 



256 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

crops of corn, oats, rye and timoth}' and clover; there is some good 
land on the small water courses and also in the hills or mountains 
suitable to agriculture and grazing. 

The principal timber are poplar, walnut, oak, hickory, beech and 
pine. The walnut and poplar are nearly exhausted, and the oak 
is being cut very fast. There are no manufactories in the county 
except for the manufacture of lumber and staves of which a large 
amount is shipped out every year. 

We have one roller mill in the county for the iianufacture of 
flour. There is good opening for handle and spoke factory as there 
is an abundance of second growth hickory and oak. The county 
has about twenty-five miles of railroad, the L. & E. running the 
entire length which gives good railroad facilities. 

There are no turnpikes in the county, the roads are kept in 
reasonable repair under the general road law of the State. 

There is an abundance of the finest iron ore, also coal and fire 
clay but none of them are developed. There has been a great. deal 
of iron made in the present limits of the county and of very superior 
quality. The natural scenery is of the grandest in the State. The 
average price of farm labor is about fifty cents per day with board. 

There is no graded or normal school in the county; the public 
schools are well conducted, and well attended. The farmers are 
progressive, using the best farm implements, and best seeds, and 
are in prosperous condition. There are man}^ mineral springs in 
the county. 

Stanton, the county seat, is located near the center of the count}',, 
contains three hotels, two churches, and four general stores, and 
has about two hundred and fifty population. There are several 
flourishing villages in the county. Clay City is larger than the 
county seat; Bowden, Dundee and Rosslynn do a considerable 
business. 

There is a great deal of mountain land in the county suitable 
for vineyard, and grapes grow to perfection. The land could be 
bought cheap, some as low as one dollar per acre. And any person 
so inclined could find a welcome, and with the proper industry 
could succeed. I. L. Brixk. 

Powell county is situated in the Tenth Congressional, Seventh 
Appellate, Twenty-fifth Judicial, Twenty-ninth Senatorial and 
Seventy-third Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Bowen, Clay City, Genet, Glencairn,, Haystack, 
Knowlton, Rosslyn, Sage, Slade, Stanton, Vaughn's Mill, Vinton,, 
Virden, Walterville, AVestbend. Xena. 



Foitriccnth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 257 



Pulaski County. 

I'uhiiski (Huniiy wjis t'onned t'lom i>arJs of Greeu and Liiicolu 
coinitios in ITHc^. the lirst court Innnu- licld at a point four miles 
souUiAvost of Soniersel. about -hily 10, ITIIH. It Avas named iu 
honor of Count -Tosepli Tulaski, the great Tolander, who came 
over to I he a-ssistance of our forefathers in their struggle for free- 
dom against the tyranny of George III. 

rulaski is !lio hirgest county in the State, with a length of forty- 
miles from iiorili to south, and thirty miles from east lo west. 
It is hounded on the east by Whitley, Laurel and Rockcastle coun- 
ties, on the north by Kockcastle, Lincoln and Casey counties, and 
on the south by Russell. Wayne and AN'hitley counties. 

Its juiucipal streams are Cumberland river, which flows through 
(he county from east to west, Rockcastle river, on the east, South 
Fork of the Cumberland river on the southwest, and Ruck, Pitman 
and Fisliing < icrks. which tiow through the county from north to 
south. 

There is not a c<nin(y in the State so well watered, and whose 
sticams could furnish so much i)Ower for manufactories as 
-Pulaski, (icnerally s])eaking. the character of the soil is what is 
known ;'.s •'limestone" and "sandy," mostly "limestone." 

Coal is mined in the southern and southeastern portions of the 
county. That mined in the southern is shipi)ed by rail while that 
mined in the seutheastern iinds a market down the Cumberland 
river at points in Kentucky and Tennessee. Gas and oil are 
known to exist, but have not yet been developed to any appreciable 
extent, ihongh at juesent almost the wiiole county is leased by dif- 
ferent oil and gas companies, and speedy development is expected. 
Th.e timber resources are practically^ inexhaustible, and the price 
per acre for timbered land is very low, ranging from |2 to |5 per 
acre. The farmers raise almost anything produced in this lati- 
tude. Cumberland river is navigable for six months in the year 
as far as Btiruside, and with the aid of tw^o locks and dams( it 
could be made navigable as far as tlie mouth of Rockcastle river, 
in all about seventy-five miles. There are no turnpikes in the 
county, but a very good system of public roads, kept in good con- 
dition by local taxation. 

The Cincinnati Southern railroad crosses the county from uoilh 
to south, about foi ty miles. East and southeast of Somerset are 
9 



258 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

a great number of mineral springs, a few of which are patronized 
as summer resorts, the principal of which are Rockcastle Springs 
and Nunnelly Springs on and nea-r Rockcastle river, than which 
there are no better health resorts in Kentucky. The falls of 
Cumberland river, which is in Whitley county, but adjacent to the 
Pulaski county line, is a precipice sixty feet high over which the 
whole of the Cumberland river pours, and which would, if properly 
controlled, afford all the power necessary to run all the machinery 
in the county. Besides this all the smaller streams could furnish 
more or less power for manufacturing purposes. 

The aA'erage price of farming lands, improved and unimproved, 
is about 1 10 per acre. The character of labor employed is good, 
being altogether native. Xo foreigners of any kind are here and 
no foreign colonies, the labor being all done by natives, the price 
is 'mi form, and about |1.5 per month for farm labor. There is a 
good opening for almost anything in the way of manufacturing in 
the county, as timber and coal is cheap, and railway facilities good. 

Somerset, the county seat, centrally located on the Cincinnati 
Southern railway, is a city of the fourth class. The condition of 
the pr.bMc schools is good, in a few instances supplemented by dis- 
trict or local taxation. The county has no bonded indebtedness, 
and the rate of taxation for county purposes is twenty-two and 
one-half cents on the one hundred dollars. 

Pulaski county is situated in the Eleventh Congressional, Third 
Appellate, Twenty-eighth Judicial, Seventeenth Senatorial, and 
Sixty-eighth Legislative Dictricts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — Acorn, Albia, Alpine, Alum, Ansel, Barren Fork, 
Beelick, Bent, Bronston, Burnetta, Burnside, Buzzard, Cain's 
Store, Clarence, Conrard, Coolidge, Dabney, Dallas, Deboe, Dykes, 
Eaton, Elcaney, Elihu, Elrod, Estesburg, Etra, Eubank, Faubush, 
Flatrock, Funston, Greenwood, Grundy, Hail, Leroy, Lincoln, Line- 
creek, Mt. Victory, Nancy, Naomi, Nevelsville, Newell, Norwood, 
Oil Center, O. K., Parker's Lake, Plato, Pointer, Public, Pulaski, 
Randall, Reno, Retta, Rockcastle Springs, Shaffer, Springs, Saw- 
yer, Sciencehill, Sears, Shopville, Skip, Sloan, Sloans Valley, 
•Small, Somerset, Strawberry, Tateville, Todd, Trimble, Valley oak, 
Vanhook, Walnutgrove, Waterloo, Wellborn, Whiteoakgap. Wood- 
;Stock. 



Fourteenth Biemiial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 259 



Robertson County. 

Robertson County is one of the smallest counties in the State; 
.was formed in 1867, from portions of Mason, Fleming, Nicholas, 
Harrison and Bracken counties, and was named in honor of Chief 
Justice Robertson of the Court of Appeals. It is in the northeastern 
part of the State, with only one county between it and the Ohio 
river, and is bounded on the north by Bracken county, on the east 
by Mason and Fleming, on the south by Nicholas, and on the west 
by Harrison and Bracken. The surface of the county is generally 
rolling, yet none of the land is too steep for cultivation; along the 
larger streams are bottom lands of unsurpassed fertility. The soil 
of the entire county is of a limestone formation with a clay sub- 
soil, enabling it to retain moisture and where it has not been 
abused is productive. The principal crops raised in the county are 
wheat, tobacco, corn, oats and hay. Robertson is naturally a grass 
county; timothy and clover as a hay crop, and bluegrass for pas- 
ture, w^tere given a fair chance, are unsurpassed. While the yield 
of wheat and tobacco per acre is not as large as in some other 
counties, yet their quality is far above the average in the State. 

Main Licking on the southern border of the county, the North 
Fork on the west and north, and Johnson creek running diagonally 
across the southern part of the county are its principal streams, 
each of which affords available water power. Running into these 
streams, and fed and kept up by unfailing springs, are Five Lick, 
Salt Lick, Bee Lick, Helm, Wolf and Island Runs, Cedar, Indian, 
Greasy and West creeks, furnishing an abundance of stock water, 
except during seasons of extreme drouth. Thus it will be seen 
that this county is especially well adapted to stock raising. 

There are no large tracts of timber in the county, and the supply 
may be said to be limited to the necessities and demands of the 
county for fuel and repairs to building and fencing. 

There has been a very decided improvement in farm methods in 
this countv in the last ten years. Large quantities of grass seeds 
have been sown, washes and guUeys filled, and grassed over, old 
worn-out lands reclaimed, good houses, comfortable and convenient 
stock and other barns built; better farm machinery and other im- 
plements used, and the lands better fenced and cared for generally. 
Naturally following these improvements there has been no less 
marked improvement in all kinds of stock until now Robertson not 



260 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

only '"caiTies off" from all liome and surrounding fairs her portion 
of ''blue ribbons," but sells to local and foreign buyers some of the 
best horses and cattle found in the State. We have a good turn- 
pike system with more than 80 miles of turnpike traversing differ- 
ent parts of the county, and all leading to the county seat. The 
free pikes and dirt roads are supposed to be, and it is to be hoped 
that they will be sometimes, kept in good condition by the county. 
The educational facilities of the county are good; every school dis- 
Irict has a good frame school house, and live months of free school 
each year; and in many districts this is supplemented by three 
months of "pay school," supported by local taxation. In Mt. 
Olivet, the county seat, in addition to the two flourishing public 
schools, one white, the other colored, the Mt. Olivet Male and Fe- 
male Academy is a school of high order. 

The prevailing Christian denominations are Disciples. Baptists, 
Methodists, Episcopalians and tSoutheru Methodists, all of which 
have good church edifices at the county seat, and some of them at 
other places in the county. The colored Methodists also have a 
house of worship at Mt. Olivet. There is another matter that 
should not be overlooked and of which the people of this county 
are very proud. There is not now, and has not been a licensed 
saloon in the county for over twenty years, and at every attempt 
during this time to do away with the local option law by vote of 
the people the nuijority in favor of the law has increased. 

Oil and natural gas exist in the county, but have never been de- 
veloped. Some coal has been found in the valley of the nuiin Lick- 
ing, but not enough to encourage much prospecting for it. Dur- 
ing high waters snuill steamboats have ascended main Licking 
from its mouth at Covington and Newport, to the Lower Blue Lick 
Springs, a distance of about seventy miles. Kobertson is destined 
to be a great fruit county. Apples, peaches, pears, plums, cher- 
ries, all do well, and the damson is scarcely excelled anywhere. 

This county has no railroads, but one has been located and sur- 
veyed for sixteen miles through the county. The bonded indebted- 
ness is not large, all for internal improvements, building her turn- 
pikes, and is being paid off as fast as the bonds become due. and the 
credit of the county is consequently good. 

]^and is worth from |S to |50 per acre. There are but few foreign- 
ers in the county. Farm labor is performed by nati -e white and 
coloi-ed hands whose services can be obtained for. from ten to llf- 
leen dollars per month with board. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 261 

Mt. Olivet, the county seat, is situated in the northern part of the 
<30unty and has a population of about 800. It has a good brick 
court house, a good jail, five churches, a good roller flouring mill, 
lumber and coal yard, six tobacco ware houses, two public schools, 
one academy, twelve stores. Thomas H. Deming. 

Eobertson county is in the Ninth Congressional, Sixth Appel- 
late, Eighteenth Judicial, Thirteenth Senatorial and Eighteenth 
Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — Abigail, Alhambra, Brattou, Bridgeville, Buri-- 
ka, Hitt, Kentontown, Mount Olivet, Piqua. 



Rockcastle County. 

Rockcastle County is situated near the central portion of the 
State. It was formed in 1809; Garrard, Madison and Jackson 
bound it on the north, and Jackson and Laurel on the east, Pulaski 
on the south and Lincoln on the west. Rockcastle river flows 
along its eastern boundary and Dick's river flows through the 
western and northern portion of the county, which, with 
Middle Fork, Horse Lick creek. White Oak creek, and 
other tributaries of these two rivers the county is abund- 
antly watered and well drained. The soil of the county 
is very strong, and quite productive, its surface is varied 
in the northeast, and the southeast portions of the county 
is rough, very broken and hilly, but it is in these sections we 
have our river and creek valleys of bottom lands which are very 
fertile. The land is level and undulating and very rich in the 
western section of the county. 

There are several very fine coal mines in active operation in the 
eastern part of the county. The timber supply of the county is 
fairly good; we have considerable oak, hickory, gum, ash, sugar- 
tree, walnut and poplar. Diversified farming is not engaged in 
only for domestic uses, though all vegetables do well in this 
county. 

We have no navigable streams within or bordering on this 
country, and are kept in very good condition under a special road 
locks and dams. There are no turnpikes in Rockcastle county, 
the public, or county roads are the ordinary dirt roads of the 
county, and are kept in very good condition under a special road 
law for the county, requiring all males between the ages of six- 



262 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

teen and fifty to do six days of road duty in each year or as much 
more as may be necessarj^ to accomplish desired results. Under 
this law we are getting better roads each year. 

The Knoxville branch of the L. & N. railroad runs through the 
county from west to east, and through the central portion of the 
county. The Kentucky Central runs through the northeastern 
part of the county, connecting with the L. & N. at Livingston, near 
the Rockcastle riA^er. These roads afford the people excellent 
facilities for travel and transportation. The proposed extension 
of the Southern from Burgin to Jellico will pass through the 
county and add greatly to the shipping facilities. 

The staple products of our farms are corn, wheat, rye, oats, po- 
tatoes and turnips. The grasses mostly cultivated are timothy^ 
bluegrass, red top, orchard grass and clover. A profitable item of 
farm industry with our farmers is raising clover seed, which seems 
to yield better results with us than in richer sections of the State. 
We pay considerable attention to stock raising, which is a profit- 
able branch of agricultural pursuit and especially so is sheep rais- 
ing, which, under favorable legislation, is now likely to be en- 
gaged in to much greater extent than in the past few years. Good 
farm lands can be bought very cheaply and splendid tracts of for- 
est well timbered can be had at most reasonable prices per acre. 
The labor of the farm is performed by native white and colored 
hands; they can be employed for from |12.00 to |15.00 per month- 
with board. 

The county has a good court house and other county buildings;: 
good churches are scattered over the county, and the people are 
quiet, law-abiding. God-fearing people. The common schools of 
the county are well attended and have very good teachers; the 
districts have fairly good school houses in them and we are im- 
proving all along the line, in the matters of schools, eadh year. 
The population of Rockcastle, according to the eleventh census, is 
9,841, but as there is a general increase going on in this county it 
is estimated to be much larger now. 

Mt. Vernon is the county seat of Rockcastle county, and is situ- 
ated in the center of the county on the Knoxville branch of the L. 
& N. railroad. It is a nice little village with a population of five 
or six hundred, enterprising merchants, and a good hotel, 
churches and school houses. There is a handsome college build- 
ing here now and a good school is well conducted in it. 

We still have that undesirable system of warning out hands- 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 263 

to work the county roads, which are very poor indeed. Our roads 
^re in a deplorable condition, which is due principally to the un- 
satisfactory way they are worked. The best thing that can be 
done is to send the convicts of Kentucky into the mountains and 
build up our highways and macadamize our roads. If done by 
the State it would evidently be consistent with the present Con- 
stitution prohibiting the working of convicts outside the walls of 
the State prison, except upon State work. The poverty and ignor- 
ance of the mountaineers are due to bad roads more than any other 
cause. The people need educating along the line of the needs of 
good roads, and it is the highest duty of the Legislature to take 
some step that will start a demand among the people for better 
and safer highways. The bad condition of our civilization is due 
to our extremely bad roads. A high type of moral and mental 
culture can never be attained without the means of easy and rapid 
-communication between all parts and sections of the country. 

The mountain counties are too poor and possess too little prop- 
erty to build and maintain roads solely by taxation. The initia- 
tive step must be taken by the State and then when one good 
road is built in the county by the State the battle for good roads 
will have been fought and won; the people will learn from actual 
•experience that the ''crying need" is good roads, and will go to 
work at once to adopt some plan to place good roads in every 
-section of the county. Taxable property will increase so rapidly 
that the people will have but little trouble in constructing better 
highways throughout the entire section of Eastern Kentucky. 

Kockcastle county is in the Eighth Congressional, Fifth Appel- 
late, Twenty-eighth Judicial, Seventeenth Senatorial and Seven- 
tieth Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — Bloss, Broadhead, Cedarville, Climax, Conway, 
•Cooksburg, Disputanta, Goochland, Gum Sulphur, Hansford, 
Langford, Levejgreen, Livingstone, Maretburg, Mt. Vernon, Or- 
lando, Pinehill, Pongo, Quail, Raspberry, Rockford, Wabd, Wildie, 
Withers. 



Rowan County. 

Rowan, the one hundred and fourth county, was formed in 1856, 
out of parts of Fleming and Morgan counties, and named in 
lionor of Judge John Rowan, the distinguished jurist and United 



264 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

States Senator from Kentucky, from 1824 to 1830. It is bounded 
on the north by Lewis, east by Carter and Elliott, south by Elliott, 
Moi'gan and Menifee, and west by Menifee, Bath and Fleming coun- 
ties. The Licking river and Triplett creek, with their tributaries, 
drain the whole of the county. The Licking forms the southern 
and western boundaries for a distance of about 100 miles. The 
Licking is navigable for small boats during the spring season while 
water is high. 

The soil of Rowan is generally fertile, producing fine crops of 
corn, oats, and always extensive crops of watermelons of the very 
finest quality. Grasses are raised in abundance; such as timothj^, 
clover, herd grass and millet are the principal grasses. Where 
tobacco has been raised the soil produces a very fine and abund- 
ant quality. 

The county has been tested to some extent for oil and said to 
be a very rich field. 

In the county are located two very large and extensive mills for 
sawing and dressing stone. There are a number of stone quarries 
containing from six to eight strata of stone ranging from three 
inches to three feet thick. These quarries dress and ship stone to 
all parts of the United States. These quarries are located one at 
Freestone, called the "Freestone" quarry, and the other at Eock- 
ville, called the "Bluestone" quarry. The stone produced from the 
quarries of this county are the very finest for building and bridge 
purposes, owing to its durability. 

The forests of the county abound with extensive timber of the 
oak, poplar, pine, walnut, ush and many other species of timber 
valuable for building purposes. The lumber trade is one of the 
most extensive industries of the county, lumber being shipped in 
both rough and dressed forms. Three very large mills are located 
in the county for manufacturing lumber, besides the numerous 
portable mills scattered all over the entire county. 

There are a number of very extensive unbroken forests in dif- 
ferent portions of the county and containing all kinds of valuable 
timber, and can be purchased at from |4 to |6 per acre. 

The county has a good system of public dirt roads, kept up by 
the county and the citizens living along said roads. There is no 
taxation for roads in the county. 

There are eighteen miles of railroad in the county running from 
east to west, known as the C. & O. There have been about six 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 265 

miles of narrow gauge road built in the county known as the Triplet 
& Big Sandy railroad. 

The improved farm lands of the county are very productive and 
sell for from |5 to |50 per acre. The farmers are improving their 
lands by fertilizers. 

Morehead is the county seat of Rowan, and is situated midway 
between Lexington and Huntington, on the C. &: O. railroad. It 
has about 1,200 inhabitants, and contains a number of large dry 
goods and other stores many of them doing a business from |20.00(; 
to 150,000 a year. There is also located in Morehead a col 'ego 
known as '"The Morehead Xormal" and has connected with it a very 
large boarding hall, which renders the expense to students very 
small, Morehead has three churches, viz: liaptist, M. E. South 
and a union church house. 

The county has no indebtedness, either bonded or oth-Mwise. 
Her rate of taxation for county purposes is fifty cents per hundred. 

S. P. Williams. 

Rowan county is situated in the Ninth Congressional, Sixth Ap- 
pellate, Twenty-first Judicial, Thirty-fifth Senatorial and Ninety- 
fourth Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Bangor, Christy, Cogswell, Crix, Debord, Eadh- 
ton, Elliotsville, Farmers, Fraley. Freestone, Hilda, Minor. Mizftah- 
Morehead, Munson, Rodbourn. Triplet, Wagner. 



Russell County. 

Russell County was formed from the county of Adair in 1825. 
It lies in the southern portion of the State, being separated from 
Tennessee by Clinton county only. In its topographical feature? 
it is somewhat intermediate between the mountainous section oi" 
the eastern and southeastern parts of the State, and the coni])ar- 
atively level land of the western. There are no mountains in Rus- 
sell, but the surface is broken and hilly. The Cumberland river 
flows through the southern part of the county for a distance' of '•'> 
miles or more. This stream is ordinarily navigable for steamboats 
four or five months of each year. As this county has no railroads 
or turnpikes, the navigation of this river is a great convenience to 
the people of the county, as it is their main reliance in gettin^' 
their products to market, though at the time boats can ply the river 



266 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

tho roads are in tlieir very worst condition. Could this river be 
locked and dammed it would aid more than anything else in the de- 
velopment of the county. At the time the steamboats are running 
our merchants supply themselves with the heavier articles of mer- 
chandise. During this time, too, the agents of the various com- 
mercial fertilizer companies, taking advantage of the cheap rates 
to be obtained then, ship the large quantities of fertilizers that for 
the last few years our farmers have been using. 

The soil along the Cumberland river, especially the first bottoms 
is very productive; so also is that of the lower courses of its trib- 
utaries. The soil of the uplands is not nearly so good, but by the 
use of commercial fertilizers and manures fairly good crops are 
produced. Nowhere in our county are our farmers more energetic 
and up-to-date than those cultivating the uplands. They are using 
improved farming implements, and improved methods of farming 
are getting in vogue among them. As has been before indicated 
they are using a great deal of commercial fertilizers, and they 
find that it pays them to do so. Many of our farmers are finding 
that the fertility of their lands is increasing as a result of improv- 
ed methods. 

Wages are low; on the farm by the month from |8 to |13; average 
about |10; this includes board; by the day from 40 to 50 cents. 
Very good carpenters can be employed for |1 per day. 

Corn is the great staple of our farmers, especially of those living 
on Cumberland river and the creeks running into it. Farmers of 
recent years have been giving much attention to wheat. Scarcely 
any farmers in the uplands think now of sowing wheat broadcast^ 
but have it drilled and fertilized. Oats are found to be a very 
uncertain crop, though many believe that if oats receiA^ed the same 
care and cultivation that wheat gets they would pay well. Great 
quantities of millet are produced every year in this county. Clover 
and grass have not had the attention from our farmers that their 
importance demands. The cultivation of stock peas is beginning to 
receive much attention in some parts of the county. A few of our 
farmers in the southern part of the county find tobacco to be a pro- 
fitable crop, but as a general crop for market there is a compara- 
tively small amount produced. In the northern part of the county 
bordering on Casey and Pulaski some of the farmers cultivate 
sweet potatoes for the market and find it to be a profitable busi- 
ness. 

During the time of steamboat navigation the farmers living on 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 167 

the Cumberland river export their hogs aud corn, or rather their 
surplus of corn, as they prefer feeding that to stock, especially 
hogs, which, with cattle, sheep and mules, form the chief articles 
which the farmers ship from the county. Wheat is sometimes ex- 
ported, but there is not enough of that produced in the coimty to 
supply the demand. Every year considerable quantities of flour 
have to be imported. One of the most important industries i;; the 
county is the raising of fowls, especially chickens. The shipment 
of chickens, turkeys, and eggs is the most important made from the 
county. Though hogs are shipped in large numbers evei-y year 
from the county, yet our merchants bring in large qua'Miius of 
bacon and lard to sell to the people, thus having to pay freight 
both ways. 

.The uplands of Russell are naturally adapted to fruit, es[)e(ially 
the apple, yet tlie codling moth aud other insect pests ha\(' so prey- 
ed on our orchards and their fruit that the fruit crop has l)ecome 
a failure. This county was once noted far and wide ic' its apple 
brandy, but now the trees are many of them dead and decaying 
and the fruit small in quantity and of an inferior quality. For sev- 
eral years after the Civil War there was quite a large number of 
distilleries run in the county, and at the price that could be gotten 
for the brandy then much money was brought into the county. 
"This stimulated the putting out of large orchards. Men put out 
•orchards of thousands of trees and that cost hundreds of dollars, 
4ind have never gotten a dollar in return. The price of brandy 
going down, the orchards were neglected and left as breeding 
ground for the insect j)ests which have about ruined all the fruit 
in the county. 

This county was once one of the most finely timbered counties 
in the State, but great quantities of the best timber have been 
ruthlessly destro^^ed; vast quantities have been rafted down the 
Cumberland river; much has been sawed here and shipped; a great 
•deal sawed here and used in making good comfortable houses for 
people and barns for their stock; and large quantities sawed for 
fencing. A few years ago a quantity of hickory timber was shipped 
from here in form of spokes for vehicles. A great deal of white 
oak timber of the county has been and is now being manufactured 
into staves, and is giving employment to a large number of men 
•at good wages. The timber most in demand now is white oak and 
poplar; the white oak for staves and fencing, and the poplar for 



268 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

rafting and for being sawed into planks in our counti'y saw mills. 
Our best timber has been used, but there is still much timber of 
pretty fair quality in the county. The walnut is almost if not en- 
tirely gone; the largest and best poplars, as before indicated have 
been felled for rafting and for use at the country saw mills, but 
there are considerable quantities of poplar trees yet, though some- 
what undersized. A few years growth on these will make them of 
merchantable size. Notwithstanding the heavy demand being 
made on the white oak, there is still a large quantity of that in the 
county. There is a great deal of black oak in the county, there 
not having been much demand for it yet. Considerable quanti- 
ties of chestnut is still to be found on the uplands; cedar, too, on 
the river and creek hills. There is now not much pine in this coun- 
ty, some in the northern part bordering on Casey and Pulaski and 
along the hillsides of our water courses. Ash, maple and wild 
cherry are found in limited quantities; and along our water courses 
is found a great deal of beech, quite valuable some years for its 
mast. Though a few years ago hickor}-^ was shipped from here in 
large quantities, there is still a fair amount left. No doubt if our 
facilities for transportation were better, thousands of dollars' 
worth of timber would be shipped from here that is now regarded 
as worthless. 

There are a few distilleries, as mentioned before, engaged in 
making apple brandy. There are several mills, mostly water- 
power, some of which grind corn only, others both corn and wheat; 
two of the last mentioned are roller mills. There are several saw 
mills in the county, the most of which are run by steam. In addi- 
tion to these are some shingle machines, planing mills, one cotton 
gin and wool carding factory. 

Perhaps the most remarkable natural curiosity in Russell county 
is what is known as the Rock House. On Cumberland river, about 
a mile below the village of Creelsboro, there is an opening clear 
through the cliff, forming an immense chamber. 

Jamestown, the county seat, and Russell Springs are the two 
largest towns. 

The common schools of this county are in a fairly good condi- 
tion. There are no colleges in the county, but each year when the 
public schools close, there are usually some good private schools 
taught. 

The mineral resources of this county are undeveloped. Several 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 269 

oil wells have been simk and both oil aud natural gas have beeu 
found. W. T. Sharp. 

Russell county is situated in the Eleventh Congressional, Third 
Appellate, Twenty-ninth Judicial, Sixteenth Senatorial and Forty- 
third Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFiGEs: — Croelsboro, Decatur, Denmark, Esto, Felix, Font- 
hill, Horseshoe Bottom, Irvin's Store, Jabez, Jamestown, Kendall, 
Kimble, Lula, Ono, Palace, Rowena, Royalton, Sewelltou, Stokes, 
Ucum, Wesley. 



Scott County. 

Scott County is situated in Middle Northern Kentucky and was 
organized in 1792. It is bound on the north by Owen and Harri- 
son counties, on the east b^' Harrison aud Bourbon, on the south 
by Woodford aud Fayette and on the west by Franklin and Owen. 

The county is well watered and drained. It is drained in the 
southern portion by the North Elkhorn and in the northern part 
by Eagle and Caney creeks. The soil is regular bluegrass soil and 
is strong and productive. This county belongs to the regular blue- 
grass belt and no finer lands can be found anywhere than much 
that this county contains. The timber supply of the county is 
about exhausted, the same having been removed for building pur- 
poses and because the land became too valuable for it to remain. 

Diversified farming is carried on to some extent; the facilities 
for marketing the products of the truck patch and the great fer- 
tility of our soil renders that branch of farming quite profitable^ 

Scott county has over 200 miles of turnpikes. These pikes trav- 
erse every part of the county. The roads other than turnpikes 
are the common dirt roads of the county which are worked and 
kept up under the supervision of road surveyors, appointed by the 
county court, under the general road laws of the State. There 
are nearly fifty miles of railroad completed and in operation in 
this county. The Cincinnati Southern, L. & N., Louisville South- 
ern and the Kentucky Midland all own and operate some road in 
this county. Our facilities for travel and for purposes of shipping 
are strictly first class. ^^X 

The staples of the Scott county farm are corn, wheat, hay, hemp, 
oats and tobacco, a large surplus of all are raised for market. La- 
bor on the farm is performed by native white and colored hands, 



270 Fourteenth' Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

who can be employed for from |10 to |15 per month with board. 
Farm hind in this county is high, ranging all the way from 140 to 
$100 per acre. 

The educational facilities of the county are of a high order. We 
have magnificent colleges in Georgetown, the county seat, and 
many private schools of great excellence. The common schools of 
the county are in a flourishing condition, and are largely attended 
and under superior management, and provided with good and com- 
petent teachers. Each school district has a good schoolhouse and 
is provided with all the modern appliances for teaching. 

Georgetown is the county seat of Scott county. It is situated 
in the southern part of the county on the bank of North Elkhorn. 
It is also on the Cincinnati Southern and the Kentucky iNIidland 
railroads. It is a flourishing city, a seat of learning, with many 
good schools and handsome churches. It has electric light and 
gas plants, water works and telephone exchange, and all the 
modern conveniences of a city. 

Scott county is situated in the Seventh Congressional, Fifth Ap- 
pellate, Fourteenth Judicial, Twenty-second Senatorial and Fifty- 
eighth Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCES: — Biddle, Davisj Dryrun, Duvall, Finnell. George- 
town, Great Crossings, Hinton, lola, Josephine, Lenerson, Long- 
lick, Minorsville, Newton, Omega, Oxford, Payne's Depot, Porter, 
Rogersgap, Sadieville, Skinnersburg, Stamping Ground, Stonewall, 
Suterville, White Sulphur. 



Shelby County, 

(Revised 1901 by Judge W. H. Tipton.) 

Shelby County was named in honor of the first governor of 
Kentucky, Gen. Isaac Shelby. It is one of the largest and best 
counties in the State. All of the county is good bluegrass land, 
and is adapted to raising hemp; two thirds of the county is adapt- 
ed to raising Burley tobacco. The reputation which the county 
has gained for raising premium Burley tobacco has brought a 
great many fine handlers and raisers of this specialty into the 
county within the last twenty years. It was one of the first coun- 
ties to adopt generally the share system. Under this liberal sys- 
tem great prosperity has come to the laboring classes. Many of 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 271 

the laborers have bought good farms and live in comfort. In 
one neighborhood many thousands of dollars can be borrowed 
from the laboring classes alone. It may be of interest to the public 
to know just what the share system in Shelby county is. Usually 
the farmer furnishes to the tenant a good house to live in, with 
garden, grazing for horse, cows and hogs for their own use. The 
tenant raises usually about ten acres of tobacco and some corn, 
half of each crop belonging to the farmer. There is no charge for 
the garden and the grazing privileges. Where the land is good 
and the tenant is intelligent and industrious he soons get to be in 
comfortable circumstances. It is usual in the best parts of the 
county to raise 1,400 pounds of tobacco per acre. This often sells 
for ten cents per pound, so that ten acres of land will yield from 
^1,200 to 11,400. The tenant getting one-half of this in addition 
to his opportunities to make a living on garden, corn, land, etc., 
often has an income wich a professional man would be very 
proud of. Many of our laborers have developed into substantial 
and influential business men; their sons sometimes enter the pro- 
fession and many of their children take high positions in our 
schools. We are justly proud of this development. 

Our road system is a peculiar mixture of the good and bad. We 
have over three hundred and twenty-five miles of macadamized 
roads in the county. Most of our roads were built by the farmers, 
with liberal aid from the county. About the year 1870, an act 
was passed in the Legislature under which Shelby county voted 
a turnpike tax of eight cents on the one hundred dollars. Bonds 
of fifty thousand were issued and the proceeds of sale of these 
bonds were donated to building macadamized roads. When this 
fund was used up, the building was continued with aid from the 
county; all the roads are worked by taxation. The county pays 
for all the hauling for bridges and culvert. The money that goes 
out of the county treasury for road orders is very considerable; 
the roads are well-worked. Like many other counties in the State 
we need a better road system. 

The dairy interest is a very important one in Shelby county. 
In the western part of the county along the railroad line there are 
a large number of successful dairies. Shelby county is noted for 
the interest manifested by her people in higher education. A large 
number of the youth attend the colleges and universities. There 
is a very fine college for girls located in Shelbyville, which is 
extensively patronized by the people of the county. The first agri- 



272 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

cnlhiral societv amis t'oinuMl in the Stiito under the iState law and 
in couiieclion Avilh the Department of -^Vjirienltuie. Laber and Sta- 
tistics, was foiincd ill Shelbv county. So Shelby county is cnlilled 
to be considered the jiioneei' county in the <;i'eat nun enienl inaugu- 
ration carried on so sueeessfully by roniniissioner Luras ]Moore. 

The county is one where the transportation facilities are first 
class. The Louisville ^V: Xashville, Southern, Chesapeake t.^' Ohio 
all run trains through the county. There is also a branch rail- 
road from Shelbyville to Bloomfield in Nelson county. 

Shelbyville, the county seat, is a thriving city of nearly 5,000 
inhabitants. It is supplied watli all the modern conveniences in 
the way of lighting plants, water MorUs, tf'h'phone exchange, etc. 
Its school facilities as well as the school facilities of the entire 
county are first class. Shelbyville is sit\iated in one of Ihe best 
agricultural sections ef the State, and is enjo\iug a steady gi-owtli 
in population and business ])rosperity. 

Siui]>sonv!llc', on the Louisville t^' Nashville, is a prosjierous litth* 
city of some GOO inhabitants. Here arc the lines of trade are re])re- 
sented and the growth in j^opulation and development is steady. 
Cliristianburg, TJagbad, Waddy and Finchville are ]>rosperous 
towais, and there are besides these a number of postottices where 
tlie local trade is considerable. (has ^1. Haxna. 

There is a bank at Bagdad and one at \\ addv. 

Shelby county is situated in the Eight <'ongressional. Third 
Appellate, Twelfth Judicial. Fourteenth Siuiaroi'ial. and Fifty- 
fiftli Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Bagdad. Chestnutgrove. < 'hristiansburg. ("lay 
Village, Cropper, Elmburg, Figg, FinclivilU'. ( IraeftVuiburg. ILirri- 
sonville, Hatton. Hempridge, Joyesville. ^Mounr Eden. Beytona, 
Scotts Station, Scrabble, Shelbyville. Sini]>sonville. Southville, 
Toddspoint, Veechdale, Waddy. Wayside. Ziljiah. 



Simpson Count7. 

Sinijjson County was formed in 181!> out of the counties of 
Allen on the east, Logan on the west, A\arren on the north, its 
southern boundary the Tennessee line. In 1817 a stri]) of three 
niiies was added to it, taken from Logan county. 

lis topography is generally level or slightly undulating and 
drained by, ihe tribu(ari(^s of Big B>arren river. The soil is allu 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 273 

vial, based on blue limestone with led clay foundation, and yield- 
ing splendid crops in favorable seasons. 

It contains within its area lio.OOd acres and a population now 
of about 12,000 inhabitants. It is estimated that one-tifth of the 
iirea of this county is swamp land, the white or i>ipe clay pre- 
dominatint;-. This land is, indeed, valuable for the production of 
grass; by the use of fertilizing elements it yields an abundant crop 
of wheat. Corn, oats, wheat, hay and tobacco are the staples, 
much more than necessary for home consumption. 8tock peas, 
a recent introduction, grow well and are destined to supersede 
clover, an uncertain crop in recent years. P>y the cultivation of 
peas, it is believed that it will do away with the use of any fur- 
ther fertilization of the soil. 

The principal stream of water is Drake's creek, the western fork 
of Barren river. This stream runs nearly through the center of 
the county, north and south, jiarallel with the Louisville & Nash- 
ville railroad and turnpike. It is available for milling purposes, 
generally, the year round. 

A variety of timber is found here. The writer has a wooden 
library of sixty-five different specimens of wood. Oak and hick- 
ory are the principal growth, the oak for building fire and fenc- 
ing purposes. The hickory is exported in great quantities for 
axe handles, also a large amount of walnut timber is sent abroad. 
Limestone rock found on an average, from ten to twenty-iive 
feet under the surface of the ground, crops out in many places and 
is used for building and other purposes. Our swamps could afford 
any amount of workable clay. Years ago this clay was worked at 
two or three ])oints in the manufacture of earthenware. Gas 
and oil are found in many places, but not so far in quantities 
suflicient to attract the attention of capitalists. INIany wells and 
few springs of mineral water of sulphur and iron (chalybeate 
water), are distributed over the county, notably a well in the 
county seat, Franklin. This water is used largely for medicinal 
)»uri»oses and for years has attracted many visitors as a health 
resort. 

Simpson county affords but few natural curiosities. One 
worthy of mention is the "Horse Shoe Bend," on the waters of 
Sulphur Fork in the northeast corner of the county, adjoining 
Allen and Warren. Collins' History of Kentucky gives a graphi<- 
history of that locality, and of the number of Indian graves and 
mounds found in that vicinitv. 



274 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of AariciiUure. 

The . industrial developments of Simpson are creditable. At 
Franklin a woolen mill is located which supplies the Eastern and 
Western cities with its production, blankets and linsey, to-wit: 
Boston, Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York City, Chicago, St. 
Louis and Kansas City, also Louisville, Ky., and Nashville, Tenn. 
It is the impression that much larger capital might be profitably 
invested in this enterprise. Franklin has two flour mills, also 
two others on the waters of Drake's creek and one at Priceburg, 
on the waters of Bed river. These mills furnish not only the local 
market with their products, but the markets of the South captures 
a large portion of their manufacture. Steam and water furnish 
the motive power. 

Capital invested in the manufacture of tobacco would undoubt- 
edly yield to the investor good returns. This staple is largely 
grown in this county, also in the adjoining counties of Sumner 
and Robertson in Tennessee. It is the impression also that a stave 
and lathe factory located at this place would pay well. We have 
two planing mills in the town, which are well patronized by this 
and the. neigboring counties. Most of the timber used is from 
Allen county and from Nashville, Tenn. 

There is only one railroad in Simpson County — the Louisville & 
Nashville railroad. Only one turnpike, known as the L. & N. pike. 
Both of these run through the center of the county sixteen miles 
as intimated, parallel with Drake's creek. The above railroad 
furnishes transportation for all our commodities. Simpson county 
has been very derelict in the building and improving roads within 
its borders. The question of such improvements are attracting 
the attention of its officials. Some needed work is now being 
done in the way of turnpiking. 

Simpson county uses no imported laborers; negroes and native 
whites do the work. Public schools are maintained by the State 
in all the school districts, mostly for six months in the year. There 
is in Franklin a college for young ladies known as the Franklin 
Female College. The building cost fifteen thousand dollars. She 
is now building a ten thousand dollar edifice for a male college. 
Besides the above, there are many private schools and these well 
patronized. 

Franklin, the county seat, is six miles north of the Tennessee 
line on the Louisville & Nashville railroad. For its sanitary and 
hygienic facilities, its location is unexcelled by any, and no town in 
the State surpasses it for beauty and its splendid arrangement. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau, of Agriculttire. 21b 

"The populatiou of Franklin is three thousand. The public square 
is large. On all sides are business houses, doing a thriving bus- 
iness. In the center of the square is a beautiful park adorned 
with bluegrass and well-kept shade trees. In the center of this 
park is built the court house, at a cost of .|oO,000. On each corner 
of said park are bored four public wells from seventy-live to one 
hundred and ten feet deep through limestone rock. One of these 
wells runs day and night by means of a pump; the motive power 
is obtained by our excellent system of water works, located one 
and a half miles from the city. The water from the power house 
on the bank of the creek is thrown through an eight inch pipe to 
a tank in the corporate limits, elevated one hundred and twenty 
feet high, its capacity twenty thousand gallons. 

Franklin has an electric plant, which furnishes illumination for 
the streets, public buildings and private residences. It is con- 
nected by telegraph and telephone with the wide world. Her cit- 
izens are justly proud of her improvements and environments. 

There are many thriving villages in the county to-wit: Gold 
City, Hickory Flat, Neosheo, Priceburg, Hillsdale, Salmons, Eapids, 
Temperance and Stowers. The price of land in the county ranges 
from ten to fifty dollars. Dr. G. W. Duncan 

Simpson county is in the Third Congressional, Second Appel- 
late, Seventh Judicial, Ninth Senatorial and Twenty-first Legisla- 
tive Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — Franklin, Gold City, Hickory Flat, Hillsdale, Neo- 
sheo. Price's Mill, Rapids, Salmons, Stowers, Temperance. 



Spencer County. 

spencer County was created in 1824 out of parts taken from 
Bullitt, Nelson and Shelby counties, being the seventy-seventh 
county, and w^as so called in honor of Captain Spear Spencer, the 
gallant young Kentucky hero, who fell at the battle of Tippecanoe, 
November 7, 1811. The county affords variety in soil and location. 
The eastern end of the county is rolling or quite hilly, but the 
county becomes more level as one travels w^estward and northw^ard. 
These hill lands are very fine for tobacco, and have placed Spencer 
county in the very forefront in the tobacco markets. For fruit 
they are also well adapted, the apple tree and grape vine being 
especially vigorous, productive and free from disease in this sec- 



276 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

tion. Spencer boasts of one bearing vineyard of thirty-four acres- 
Fine crops of grain, vegetables, etc., grow here as well, and the 
famous bluegrass revels in our strong limestone soil. Clover, tim- 
othy and orchard grass flourish, and are much used, particularly 
by the farmers. Tobacco is less grown in the more level portions 
of the county, the attention of the farmers being especially devoted 
to stock raising, wheat, corn and haj. Taylorsville is recognized 
as one of the best stock markets in the State, where good sheep 
and hogs, fine 'shorthorn cattle and well-bred combined horses and 
heavy mules can be found at any time. Only a few weeks ago,. 
twelve carloads of heavy shorthorn beef cattle for export were 
shipped from Taylorsville by one train, their value being nearly 
$14,000 at the depot. Several of our farmers habitually feed from 
fifty to two hundred beef cattle each. The valleys along the abun- 
dant water courses are very productive, yielding from fifty to one 
hundred bushels of corn per acre and other crops in proportion. 
About 30 per cent, of the timber remains, but is being cut away 
and no provision made for future supply. It consists chiefly of 
walnut, poplar, oak and beech, with a good supply of maple, ash, 
elm, hickory, cherry, etc. 

The school facilities and interest in educational matters are well 
up to the State standard, the whole county working under the pub- 
lic school system for five months, and most of the schools being 
continued for another fiA-e months by private subscription. ''Spen- 
cer Institute" is a fine educational institution located at Taylors- 
ville, with fine buildings and grounds and a large corps of able 
teachers, instructing pupils in all preparatory branches. The 
county is well supplied with flouring mills and saw mills, but there 
are no other manufacturing industries despite the fact that its 
streams ofl:er exceptionally fine water power. There is not a dis- 
tillery in the county, and only one saloon. A tobacco factory is 
located at Taylorsville. 

Spencer's exports are principally horses, mules, cattle, sheep, - 
hogs, poultry, eggs, tobacco, wheat, corn, and fruit. The C. «& O. 
railroad (northern division) runs across the center of the county 
from east to west, a distance of twelve miles, and affords good 
shipping facilities and passenger service. The county has seventy 
miles of turnpikes within its borders, but did not contribute to 
their construction and does not own any stock in them. County 
roads are plentiful and kept in fairly good condition without tax- 
ation for that purpose. Salt river (put down on the map as the 



Foui-teenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 277 

north fork of that riA^er) runs through the central portion of the 
county from east to west, and is at times navigable for flatboats 
and rafts. Brasher's, Simpson, Big and Little Beech, and Plum 
creeks are large streams, affording ample water supply and the 
finest water power, available for running machinery, etc. 

Farm methods have improved greatly in the last few years, and 
the people are building up their lands and becoming more progres- 
sive and prosperous continual l3\ Improved machinery is used 
everywhere. Home-made fertilizers and clover, with strict rota- 
tion of crops, are preserving and adding to the fertility of the soil. 
Not a pound of commercial fertilizer is sold in the county. There 
has been very little immigration to the county until quite recently. 

Taylorsville is the county seat, and has made notable progress 
"in the last two years. 

Spencer county is located in the Eighth Congressional, Third Ap- 
pellate, Twelfth Judicial, Fourteenth Senatorial and Forty-first 
Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCES: — Colross, Elkcreek, Hugo, Little Mount, Normandy, 
Kivals, Snider, Taylorsville, Wakefield, Waterford, Wilsonville. 



Taylor County. 

In the year 1848, Taylor County was formed out of the northern 
portion of Green county, and Campbellsville was made its county 
seat. It is located almost in the central part of the State, and is 
bounded on the north by Marion county, on the west by Larue 
count}', on the south by Green county and on the east by Casey 
and Adair counties. The central portion, which is in and around 
the county seat, is rolling, while the extreme eastern and western 
portions- are very hillj-. The county has an abundance of water, 
but no navigable streams. Green river and Robinson creek run 
•through the eastern part and Pitman creek and Brush creek run 
through the western part, and all of them in a southerly direction. 
The soil along these streams is very fertile and is especially adapt- 
ed to raising corn, while in the central portion of the county the 
soil is not so strong, but is especially adapted to wheat. But very 
little tobacco, compared with other counties, is grown in Taylor 
county, because the land is so much better adapted to corn and 
wheat. There is no soil in the State more suitable for raising 
watermelons than on the waters of Robinson creek; hundreds of 



278 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

loads of tliese melons (some of them weighing fifty pounds), are 
brought to the county seat of this and adjoining counties and sold 
at very satisfactory prices. In the extreme western portion of the 
county the soil is suited to sorghum. 

There is a great deal of timber in Taylor county and it is now 
being hauled to the market in form of staA-es and lumber at a very 
rapid rate. There is some poplar and walnut, but the bulk of the 
timber is oak. The average price of the timbered lands is about 
$14 per acre. There are quite a number of saw mills in the wood- 
land of the county and they are fast cutting out the timber. 

One railroad runs through the county and that is the C. & O. 
division of the Louisville & Nashville, which road furnishes all the 
transportation facilities. The public road system of the county is 
now on a good basis, and though it has only about fifty miles of 
macadamized road yet every year more is added, which macadam, 
roads are maintained b}' toll gates and the roads, other than mac- 
adam, are maintained mostly by appropriations. The labor of the 
county is mostly white, but there are some negroes. The average 
price per month for farm hands is |10 and board and $15 without 
board. 

Ko county in the State has better educational facilities than 
Taylor county. There are fifty-two common (white) schools in the 
€Ounty, one college, one academy and five or six private schools. 

The county seat, Campbellsville, is the largest city in the county, 
being a city of the fifth class and situated in the central portion 
of the county. It has five white churches: Baptist, Methodist, Pres- 
byterian, Christian and Catholic. Three colored churches : Baptist, 
Methodist and Presbyterian; five schools, one cigar factory, two 
newspapers and business houses that are not excelled by any city 
of the fifth class in the State. 

Numbers of other villages located in different portions of the 
county add much to it. Among the most important are Elkhorn, 
Mannsville, Merrimac, Spurlington, Saloma, Finley, Fishers, Pit- • 
man, AYillowtown, Enoch, Mac and Bengal. Garnett Groves. 

Taylor county is situated in the Fourth Congressional, Third 
Appellate, Eleventh Judicial, Fifteenth Senatorial, and Thirty- 
eighth Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — Acton, Atchison, Badger, Bengal, Burdick, Camp- 
bellsville, Chaney, Clipper, Elkhorn, Enoch, Finley, Hatcher, Mac, 
Mannsville, Maple, Maxton, Merrimac, Pitman, Saloma, Spurling- 
ton, Tampico, Willowtown. 



Fnnrternth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 279 

Todd County. 

Todd County lies aloug the Tennessee line in the southern part 
of the State. It was formed in the year 1819 and taken from the 
counties of Logan and Christian and named in honor of Col. John 
Todd, who fell in the battle of the Lower Blue Licks in August, 
1782.' Todd is a long, narrow county, about thirty miles in length 
from north to south, while its width from east to west is, on an 
average, only about eleven. It contains about 330 square miles. 
It is bounded on the north by Muhlenberg, on the east by Logan, 
on the south by the State of Tennessee and on the west by Chris- 
tian countv. The greatest portion of the surface of the county is 
level the central or middle portion being broken and hilly. This 
county is well watered and drained. Clifty creek and Pond river 
drain the northern section and the tributaries of Red river and the 
Lower Cumberland drain the southern part of the county. The 
soil is what may be termed a limestone soil, and is strong and pro- 
ductive; especially is this so with the level lands of the county m 
the northern and southern sections of same. The hilly land m the 
central portion of the county is not so fertile and strong, but all of 
it produces good grass for pastures. 

T^he timber supply of Todd is fast disappearing, only about one- 
twelfth of the original area of forests remaining. Oak is found 
in larger tracts than other timber, but there is also some poplar, 
beech and walnut to be found. There are no navigable streams 
in the countv, but good ones for water power. The Elk fork of 
Red river, and West fork of Pond river were formerly used for 
water power to propel the machinery of mills situated along their 
banks, but steam has supplied their places as a moving power^ 

Four miles of turnpike road is all that Todd county can boast 
of but it is free from tolls. The county roads are the common dirt 
roads and they are kept in fair repair, possibly as good as can be 
expe'ted under the faulty system by which they are worked and 
maTntained-the old system of overseers and J^J^l^^^^^ 
who are liable to do road duty. There is a great disposition on the 
^art of our people to improve the public roads of the county, and 
the demand for good roads, which increases each year, may finally 
causeTome system to be adopted which will produce good results, 
We have about thirty-two miles of completed railroads in the coun- 



280 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

ty and in operation. Tlie Memphis branch of the L. & X. passes 
through the county and a branch runs from Guthrie to Elkton. 

Good farm lands in this county are worth on an average $25 an 
acre. The staples of the Todd county farm are corn, wheat, hay, 
and tobacco, a surplus of all being raised. This county is noted 
for its tine tobacco, and for many years it was the leading staple 
of the farm, and while large quantities are now being raised far- 
mers are turning their attention to the raising of grain much more 
than formerly, and to the raising of stock, cattle, horses, sheep, 
mules and hogs. In the cultivation of the farm improved machin- 
ery is used and improved field and garden seeds. Fertilizers are 
fast bringing out the thin sections of the county, and are used more 
and more each year with the best results. The labor of the farm 
is performed by native white and colored hands and their services 
can be had for from $10 to $15 per month and board. The school 
facilities of the county are those furnished by the common school 
system, as a general thing, and our schools are in a good condition, 
well attended and under good management. Each district has a 
good, comfortable school house and good teachers are provided. 

Elkton is the county seat of Todd county, and is situated a little 
south of the center of the county. It is the terminus of the Elkton 
c^- Guthrie railroad, which connects it with the Memphis branch 
of the Louisville & Nashville road. It is a flourishing town with 
churches and good schools, business houses and newspapers. 

Todd county is situated in the Third Congressional, ^Second Ap- 
pellate, Seventh Judicial, Ninth Senatorial and Nineteenth Legis- 
lative Districts . 

PosTOFFiGEs: — Allegre, Allensville, Claymour, Cliffy. Daysville, 
Dorrel, Elkton, Fairview, Gill, Guthrie, Hadensville, Kirkmans- 
ville. Sharongrove. Trenton. Wilhelmina. 



Trigg County. 

Trigg County is situated in Southwestern Kentucky, and was 
made a county in 1820, and is bounded as follows: On the north 
by Lyon and Caldwell, on the east by Christian, on the south by 
the State of Tennessee, and on the west by Calloway and Marshall. 
The county was named in honor of Colonel Stephen Trigg, a 
pioneer and Indian fighter of the earliest days of Kentucky. The 
county is drained by the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers and 
their tributaries. The Tennessee, forms the western boundary of 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 281 

the county, and the Cumberland river flows through the entire 
county from north to south, a little west of the center of the 
county. The northern and eastern portion of the county is drained 
and watered by Muddy, Sinking Fork and Little river, all of which 
flow into the Cumberland. The soil of the county is about equally 
divided between good and bad, that is to say, about one-half of 
the county is first-class for farming and the other half is valuable 
because of its deposits of iron ore. There is no finer farming land 
to be found anywhere than the rich river bottoms of this county, 
strong, fertile and very productive. 

The deposits of iron ore are well near inexhaustible, and the 
quality is the very best. There is plenty of good timber, such as 
walnut, hickor}', oak, cherry, poplar, and ash, to be had in the 
count}-, and tracts of timbered land can be bought cheaply here. 
There is but little attention paid to diversified farming, insuffici- 
ent means of transporting such products to market impeding the 
development of that branch of agricultural effort. The Tennessee 
and Cumberland rivers are both navigable for steamers and af- 
ford good facilities for w^ater transportation. 

We have about thirty-five miles of turnpikes in the county and 
about twenty miles of same are free of tolls, the remainder is kept 
up by the toll system. The public roads other than turnpikes are 
the common dirt roads of the country, and are well worked and 
kept up by the county court, under the supervision of surveyors, 
appointed by the court, under the general road laws of the State. 
There are only a few miles of railroads in this county, running 
across the northeast corner of the county, and is of but little prac- 
tical benefit to the county for travel or transportation. The pro- 
ducts of our farms are corn, wheat, oats, hay and tobacco. A 
good surplus of each is raised. All the grasses grow well in this 
county, but clover is considered as the best adapted to our soil. 

Land is cheap with us, and good farm land can be bought, possi- 
bly, to better advantage in this county than any other county in 
the State. 

Labor on the farm is performed mostly by native white and col- 
ored hands, who can be employed for from flO.OO to $15.00 a 
month, with board furnished them. Good churches, with good 
congregations, can be found in all parts of the county. The edu- 
cational facilities of the county are mainly confined to the com- 
mon schools of the county. Our common schools are in a flourish- 
ing condition and under good management. Each district has 



282 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

a good school house and each house is provided with all the mod- 
ern appliances for teaching, and is under the control of competent 
teachers. 

The population of Trigg county at the last United States census 
was 13,902. 

Cadiz is the county seat of Trigg county, and is situated in the 
northeastern part of the county, on the northern bank of Little 
river, which is navigable for small vessels for about twenty miles. 
The city of Cadiz is building a railroad from Cadiz to Gracey, ten 
miles, which will add materially to the business of Trigg county. 
Cadiz is a pleasant little village with enterprising merchants, good 
churches and schools. G. B. Bingham, 

County Judge. 

Trigg county is situated in the First Congressional, First Appel- 
late, Third Judicial, Third Senatorial, and Eighth Legislative Dis- 
tricts. 

PosTOFFiCES: — Cadiz, Caledonia, Canton, Cerulean, Chewning, 
Deller, Diamond, Dorsey, Energy, Fenton, Fulrell, Goldenpound, 
Ironton, Laura Furnace, Linton, Maggie, Maplegrove, Montgom- 
ery, Roaring Spring, Rockcastle, Salineburg, Trigg Furnace, 
Wallonia, Wring. 



Trimble County. 

(,Revised'l901 by D. H. Peak.) 

Trimble County, the eighty-sixth in order of formation, was es- 
tablished in 18B7, from parts of the counties of Gallatin, Henry 
and Oldham, and was named in honor of Judge Robert Trimble, 
who at one time was on the Supreme Bench of the United States. 
When first formed the extreme northeastern corner extended to 
the Big Kentucky river, but quite a large portion of this section 
was cut off in the following year (1838) in the formation of Car- 
roll county. The Ohio river forms the northern and western boun- 
daries of the county, a distance of about twenty miles, and is the 
only navigable stream within or on the border of the county. Old- 
ham count}' forms the soutliern boundary, while Henry lies on the 
southeast, and Carroll on the northeast. The Little Kentucky 
river, Corn creek, Barebone creek, Middle creek, Pattons creek 
and Spring creek, are the chief water courses. The Little Ken- 
tucky river flows through the eastern part of the county for quite 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 283- 

a distance and possesses available water power to propel ma- 
chinery. All the others How into the Ohio on the western boun- 
dary, and their water power possibly might be utilized; but none 
of the streams can be made navigable by a system of locks and 
dams. The table laud is four or five hundred feet above the 
level of the Ohio, and the surface of the county is very hilly. The 
rocks of. the surface belong to the last part of the lower Silurian 
group and later groups, that of the creek and brook beds being 
the blue limestone of the Cincinnati sroup, filled with fossils char- 
acteristic of that period. Abovp that is found a light colored lime- 
stone, possibly the Niagara, and still higher and on the surface 
of the highlands is a layer of sandstone or freestone. All of these 
are excellent stone for building purposes, and are easily quarried. 
A kind of marble is found near the Ohio in the Corn creek neigh- 
borhood. It is known as chonchitic marble, and is susceptible 
of a high polish. A corresponding vein on the hills opposite, in 
Indiana, has been worked, quite' advantageously. A marble of 
reddish brown color is found further inland, but doubtless it is the 
continuation of the vein above spoken of. Crystalline quartz and 
calcite abound in the quartz rock and limestone respectively, and 
concretions or deposits of iron sulphide are found in small quan- 
tities. Oil and gas have been found in small quantities. Some 
interest has been aroused in these discoveries, and steps are being 
taken to make a more thorough examination as to the extent and 
value of the deposits. Small caves and sink-holes are quite numer- 
ous in certain sections of the county. A cave near the Carroll 
county line has been explored to some extent. The known por- 
tions of it consist of a room, perhaps twenty-five feet square, with 
concave roof resembling a terrapin's back, and having numerous 
chimney-like holes extending upward. 

There are many never failing springs in the county, some of 
which are remarkable for their medicinal properties. Among 
these may be mentioned the "Bedford Springs," once a famous 
health resort. For some years this watering place has not been 
open to the public, but recently the property has been leased by 
S. K. Fisher, M. D. who proposes to conduct a sanitarium there. 
For this purpose we deem the place eminently fitted. The chief 
ingredient of the water of this spring is epsom salts, although an- 
alysis has revealed compounds of lime, soda, iron and sulphur. 
The water is pleasant to the taste and is especially good for the 
relief of stomach troubles. The spring is located on the farm of 



284 Fowrteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agricu'uure. 

the heirs of the late \Vm. Parker, about oue mile south of 
Bedford. Several other springs of about the same quality of 
water have been discovered in the same locality, and at one place 
on the Parker farm the evaporation of w^ater from a seepy place 
leaves a deposit of epsomite. 

The average price of farm land per acre is about |12, the price 
ranging from |5 to |50. Much worn out unimproved land is worth 
very little, but there is a great deal of ridge and bottom land 
that is much improved and valuable. It may be said in this con- 
nection that the farmers are each year adopting the manj- means 
they have at hand to enrich the soil and increase its fertility. The 
land is either freestone or limestone land, the limestone portion 
being more productive than the freestone, the freestone, however, 
being the best adapted to fruit growing. General farm products 
are raised, but the chief exports are tobacco, wheat and corn, 
tobacco being the greatest source of income. Bed clover and tim- 
othy in the meadows, white clover and bluegrass in the pasture 
lands are the principal grasses grown, and those best adapted to 
the soil. Stock raising is engaged in to a considerable extent 
and is a source of no little income to the county. 

Fruit growing is the latest developed and probably the most 
extensive industry in the^ county. Fruits of all kinds, both large 
and small, thrive so well and are so abundant in Trimble county 
that it has acquired the reputation of being one of the foremost 
fruit-growing sections in the country. It has long been known 
as the -'blackberry county," having received this name because 
great abundance of this delightful and useful fruit grows wild 
on the uncultivated lands. In years past the wild blackberry has 
been a source of much income to the county, but owing to clearing 
and increased cultivation it is each year becoming more scarce. 
The cultivation of dewberries has been quite extensive, especially 
in the northwestern portion of the county. Apples, pears and 
grapes are very successfully raised, but for quantity and quality, 
of the larger fruits especially, Trimble's greatest success lies in 
the production of peaches. This industry has grown rapidly and 
hundreds of acres have been set in peach trees; in fact one might 
call the country northwest of Bedford one vast peach orchard. 
The total crop of an average year is approximately half a million 
bushels. The trees are thrifty, the fruit large, well flavored and 
highly colored. 

There are no vegetable or fruit canneries in the county. The 



Fowteentli Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 285 

nearest one is located at Madison, Indiana, and it receives much 
fruit from Trimble, as well as tomatoes, raised especialh- for it. 
The soil is well adapted to the production of tomatoes and vege- 
tables in general, and considering the wonderful success of fruit 
growing, canneries would meet with unbounded success. 

Probably ten per cent, of the original timber growth remains. 
The principal species of timber available for lumber purposes are 
beech, oak, poplar, walnut, ash, lynu, sugar-maple and elm. The 
saw mills and peach box factory that convert this timber into 
lumber, box material, etc., a flouring mill located at Milton, a 
whisky distillery and a brandy distillery constitute the county's 
manufactories. 

The labor is chiefly white, our colored population not being large. 
The largest portion of labor employed is farm labor, with the ex- 
ception of that employed in preparing our fruits for market, which 
is really a species of farm labor. The amount paid hands in peach 
orchards for picking, packing, etc., ranges from fifty cents to one 
dollar, according to the character of the work performed. The 
average price paid for farm hands is about |13 per month. The 
price varies from fifty to seventy-five cents per day. For tobacco 
setting and harvesting it sometimes reaches .fl..50 per day. Hands 
hire by the mouth at -fS and |10 with board, at .fl.') to .f2n without 
board. 

The "Short Line," a branch of the L. & N. railroad, runs for sev- 
eral miles near the extreme eastern boundary, but no railroad has 
ever been constructed within the borders of the county. Several 
tJ have been proposed, and in some instances surveys were made. 
At one time work was begun in a neighboring county, but the 
work was abandoned, and has liever been taken up again. The 
railroad question has been much discussed of late, and we have 
hopes that in the near future a steam railroad or an electric line 
will pass through our county. A telephone line has recently been 
erected connecting Bedford and Milton, also extended to Carroll- 
ton, Ky., and Madison, Ind. Another is in process of construc- 
tion from Bedford to Campbellsburg. There are now about 
eighty miles of turnpike in the county, on thirty-two miles of 
which toll is collected. Most of the road on which toll is collected 
is good, some of it is excellent, while that on which no toll is col- 
lected, there being no taxation for the maintenance of it, is only 
fair. Other county roads are indifferent, though reasonably good 
for the greater portion of the year. We have no road commis- 



A 



286 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

sioners the old system of ''warning out hands" being still in vogue- 
However, a road grader has been purchased. 

There are no educational institutions in the county other than 
the public schools and usually a private school, for the higher 
branches, at Bedford. These schools are in good condition, a 
marked progress having been made in the educational line during 
the last ten years. A number of the districts supplement the 
public fund by subscription. 

The bonded indebtedness of the county is about |28,000, and the- 
rate of taxation for county purposes, fifty cents on the one hun- 
dred dollars. 

According to the census of 1900 the population was 7,232, a 
slight increase since the previous census. In Hunter's Bottom,, 
embracing parts of Trimble and Carroll counties, is located what 
may be termed a foreign colony. The people are Germans and 
are thifty, hard working people, making good citizens. 

Bedford, situated near the center of the county, is the county 
seat, and, owing to its central location, is quite a business place 
for its size. According to the last census it had 307 inhabitants. 
Milton, situated on the Ohio, opposite Madison, Ind., has about 
the same number of inhabitants as Bedford. 

Trimble county is situated in the Sixth Congressional, Fifth 
Appellate, Twelth Judicial, Twenty-first Senatorial, and Fifty- 
second Legislative Districts. 

PosTOPFicEs: — Abbott, Bedford, Carmel, Corncreek, Ewingsford, 
Gum, Hammel, Leeport, Milton, Mount Pleasant, Trout, Welsh 
and Winona. 



Union County, 

(Revised 1901 by John M. Buckman.) 

Soon after the Revolutionary War, Virginia by an act of her Gen- 
eral Assembly set apart all that part of the district of Kentucky 
lying below Green river, and declared the same to be held for 
bounty lands for her officers and soldiers of the Continental line. 
In April, 1783, two colonels of the Continental line came with 
military warrants issued by the State of Virginia to pay in part 
her officers and men for their services. They were Colonel Richard 
C. Anderson, and Colonel Peter Casey, and they arrived in th§ir 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 287 

keel-boat, accompanied by thirteen companions, at a point on 
Highland creek about ten miles northeast of Morganfield, and be- 
gan surveying and locating numerous warrants intrusted to their 
care by contract with the owners of the warrants, they to receive 
one-third of the land or the proceeds thereof for their services. 
These men began surveying at a slippery elm tree near the creek 
marked as a corner as testified to by an old and prominent citizen, 
as he saw it in the year 1846, and known by many old citizens up to 
a few years since, but the writer had an occasion to look for said 
tree a short time since, but failed to find it or its location. The sur- 
veyors above mentioned ran their base line from there to Trade- 
water river south, thirty-two west, twenty to twenty-two miles 
in length. On each side of the base line they allotted to individ- 
uals, mostly in large tracts to officers, a greater portion of Union 
county. The owners at that time regarded these lands as of but 
little value, but they hoped they might be of great value to their 
descendants. There were but few settlements made in this terri- 
tory until the beginning of the nineteenth century; it was at that 
time a portion of Henderson county. From the creation of that 
county in 1798, untill 1811, it so remained, until Henderson county 
was divided and Union county formed of the southern portion 
thereof. Highland creek forms the boundary line between 
Union county and Henderson, from White Lick fork on said creek, 
down same to Bowman's ford, and from there the division line 
runs directly to the upper end of Slim island in the Ohio river, 
which line w^as run in November, 1822, by Jas. Powell as deputy 
for Edmond Tolbott, surveyor for Henderson county, with 
Col. Robert Smith and Reuben Berry as commissioners, but said 
line had become obliterated to such an extent that the fiscal 
-courts of the two counties in October, 1901, appointed commis 
sioners to locate same, from Bowman's ford, where it leaves 
Highland creek to the Ohio river. J. H. Elam, surveyor, and 
A. G. Crutchfield were appointed by the county court of Henderson 
county, to act for her and C. W. McElroy, surveyor, and J. M. Buck- 
man, commissioner, were appointed by Union county to act for her. 
Failing to find any reliable land marks except, Bowman's ford 
they established said line running from said ford on Highland 
creek north, thirty-seven and one tenth west, to the Ohio river 
near the head of Slim island, and at eight noted points on the line 
they erected stone monuments of Tennessee limestone marked H. 
on one side and U. on the other, which they hoped would last as 



388 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

long as time. The county in its present shape since a portion of 
Webster county was cut off in 18(J0, from Half Moon lick on 
Tradewater to White lick on Highland creek, contains about 210, 
UOO acres, and in extreme high water about 27,000 acres of same 
are overflown. 

Union county has forty-three miles of border on the Ohio river, 
which gives her great shipping advantages. She also has the 
Illinois Central railroad running from Evansville, Indiana to Hop- 
kiusville, Kentucky, and it so runs through Union county that any 
one in the county is in twelve miles of the same. Before the county 
was drained it was regarded as a very sickly locality; even in 1846, 
when the writer came to the county it was then called the "grave- 
yard of Kentucky." The geological report of Dr. Owen shows that 
the county is rich in mineral deposits. There are now two coal 
mines operated at Uniontown, two at Spring Grove, one at DeKo- 
ven, and some four or five in and near Sturgis, besides other smah- 
er mines operated in other parts of the county, and we have petro- 
leum oozing from the surface of the ground, at one point. Nearly 
all the timber is gone; some oak, some poplar, and some cypress 
yet remains. 

Lands in the county are mostly improved, and many of the farms 
are as good as can be found in any portion of the State, the average 
value of which is from .f22 to .|12.3 per acre, and, but for the hilly 
portion and some swamps, would rate much higher. The fruits 
that are grown here are for home use only as a rule. We have 
no turnpikes in Union county but as good dirt roads as any county 
in the State, considering the number of miles that we have to 
keep up, being over 500 miles, and an innumerable number of 
bridges large and small, to be kept in passable condition, but 
thirty cents on the one hundred dollars keeps them in fairly good 
condition. 

Morganfield, six miles from Uniontown, sixteen from Caseyville, 
and near the center of the county, east and west, has been the 
county seat since May, 1811, when the county was established. It 
has something over 2,000 inhabitants, a good graded school, with 
over 500 enrolled students. Also eight churches, (five for white 
and three for colored members), two well conducted banks, in 
which every one has the utmost confidence, and the business men of 
the town are all first-class business men. The city water works 
and ice plant of large capacity, an electric light plant, two hotels, 
blacksmith shops and machine shops and other manufacturing 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 28y 

establishments of various kinds; two grain elevators, and two 
flour mills. Uniontown, Sturgis, Caseyville, Bordley, Boxville, 
Spring Grove, Henshaw, Waverley and other towns of the county 
have their churches, schools, and shops of various kinds, with shops, 
churches and schools at many of the cross roads in the county. 
The greater portion of our people are' the descendants of people 
from Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee, with 
some from many portions of Europe and those of African descent. 

As a rule nearly if not all of the count}^ city and town officers 
are men of good character, who attend to their own business 
and let other people alone, and take them as a whole, a better 
people would be hard to find. The principal products of the soil 
are wheat, rye, oats, corn, tobacco, stock-peas and grasses of 
various kinds. The county is drained on the north by Anderson, 
Casey, Highland, Mason, and Lost creeks and on the south by 
Eamsey, Dyson, Pond Fork, Cypress and Hine's creeks, also by 
many artificial channels that have been made for the public im- 
provement. 

Union county is situated in the Second Congressional, First Ap- 
pellate, Fifth Judicial, Fifth Senatorial, and the Fourteenth Legis- 
lative Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — Blackburn, Boxville, Bordley, Caseyville, Com- 
mercial, Cullen, DeKoven, Flournoy, Grove Center, Gum Grove, 
Henshaw, Herman, Hitesville, Morganfield, Kaleigh, Redman, 
St. Vincent, Seven Guns, Spring Grove, Sturgis, Sullivan, Union- 
town, Ula, Waverley. 



Warren County. 

Warren County has an area of 563 square miles, 360,000 acres; 
3,000 farms, averaging 120 acres each, and one person to each fif- 
teen acres; whereas Pennsylvania has one to six acres, Massachu- 
setts, one to three ; Derbyville, England, of the same size, has ten 
times the population. It w^as formed from Logan county in 1796, 
Logan from Lincoln and Lincoln from Kentucky county, Va., in 
1780. It was the twenty-fourth county formed and was named after 
Gen. Joseph W^arren, who fell at Bunker Hill. It lies in the sou- 
thern part of the State, separated from Tennessee by the county of 
Simpson, and the 37th parallel of north latitude passes through its 
center, thus giving it a climate unsurpassed by any county in this 
10 



290 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

latitude. The avemge temperature for the year is 56 degrees; the 
annual rainfall is 47 inches. 

The topography is gently undulating, the altitudes run from 432 
feet, the leyel of the rail at Bowling Green, to more than §00 feet on 
the top of Chester capped hills of north Warren. 

It is accessible, two streams nayigable all the year round, Green 
and Barren riyers, which communicate with the Ohio, thence 
through the entire Mississippi A'alley, and its 25,000 miles of navi- 
gable streams. In addition to these it is splendidly watered by 
Gasper riAer, Drake's creek. Trammel, Indian and Bay's Fork 
creek's, and their numerous tributaries. 

The soils are of many kinds, and yary from the most fertile allu- 
yial to the leaner sandstone soils, including the calcareous or lime- 
stone which covers three-fourths of the county. The prices range 
from |3 to $100 per acre, the latter for the most productive lime- 
stone and alluvial soils. Corn, wheat, oats, rye, all the grasses, 
tobacco, together with all the vegetables and fruit common to this 
latitude, are grown here in abundance. 

All the hardwood and other timbers, amounting to 150 species, 
are found here, and marketed to all parts of the country. Prices of 
timber lands vary from $5 to |25 per acre. 

The minerals are coal, bituminous sandstone of Kentucky as- 
phalt, iron ore, and traces of lead. The Kentucky asphalt is being- 
la rgely developed. Vitrified brick clays are found in great quan- 
tities. There is a cream colored oolitic limestone which covers an 
area of more than fifty miles, from ten to twenty feet thick, within 
less than five miles of the railroads and on the navigable waters 
of Bari'en river, which is shipped in large quantities to all parts of 
the Union. This is underlaid by ten feet of stratified oolite, which 
splits as readily as chestnut, and can be put into buildings as cheap 
as brick. It has been used largely for curbing, and has stood the 
test of time for more than half a century. 

There are many prehistoric mounds, and ruiueral s])rings of rare 
value for their many and varied medicinal qualities; among them 
may be mentioned Massey's Stallard's and Stark's, together with 
Allen and sulphur wells too numerous to mention here. 

Experiments are now being made looking to erection of a beet- 
sugar- i)lant, and it has been discovered that the beets gro>yn nere 
contain a larger per cent, of sugar than is usually found in this 
«'0unlry. 

There are eight hundred miles of ])ublic roads in the county, and 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. '2'.)1 

hair <>r I Ills nuiubor Imve been graded. Tliere are nearly oue hun- 
dred and Mtj miles of macadamized roads running in every direc- 
tion t'l-oui the county seat. There are no toll gates, but these pikes 
are kept , up by taxation, Avith some |20,000 in cash for road im- 
provements. 

Labor ranges from lifty cents a day for farm hands to |o.50 for 
skilled artisans, depending on the skill required. The farm labor 
is principally negro. 

The educational facilities are equal to those of any part of the 
country. The common schools are the best to be found in the 
State, and are under the management of competent teachers. Each 
district has a comfortable school house, provided with modern 
appliances for teaching. 

Bowling Green, the county seat, has nearly ten thousand inhabi- 
tants, and is a thrifty, healtlw, growing town. 

Already in the immediate vicinity of the city are to be seen large 
patches of small fruits ready for the market and factory, while in 
the county more remote are most splendid orchards, capable of pro- 
ducing plenty of fruit to employ canneries. There are several pro- 
gressive villages in the county, such as Smith's Grove, Woodburn 
and Rich Pond. J. F. Downer. 

Warren county is situated in the Third Congressional, Second 
Appellate, Eighth Judicial, Eleventh Senatorial and Twenty-third 
and Twenty-fourth Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFicEs: — Alvaton, Anna, Bayfork, Bluelevel, Bowling 
Green, Boyce, Bristow, Cassaday, Cayehill, Claypool, Cohron, Dar- 
by, Drake, GaloM'ays Mill, Girkin, Glenmore, Greencastle, Green- 
hill, Haudley, Hardcastle, Hays, Hydro, Ironridge, Kepler, Long, 
Matlock, TNIemphis Junction, Motley, Oakland, Piano, Pokeville, 
Poteet, Richards ville. Rich Pond, Riverside, Rockfield, Rockland, 
Sandhill, Smiths Grove, Stahl, Snnnyside, Threeforks, Woodburn. 



Washington County. 

Washington County was the first of the nine counties organized 
when Kentucky was admitted into the Federal Union as a State, 
1792. Up to that time the county of Kentucky had been subdivided 
into seven counties of Virginia. Washington county was the 
first piece of territory named for the illustrious George Washing- 
ton. Its area is 300 square miles,; population, 13,622. Geograjdiic- 



292 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

ally it is the central county of the State. In Mr. Proctor's re- 
port of the geological survey of the State, he says: "The center 
of the State is within a few hundred yards of the Pleasant Grove 
Presbyterian church," which is five or six miles north of Spring- 
field, the county seat of Washington county. 

The circumjacent counties are: North Anderson and Mercer 
counties; east, Mercer and Boyle counties; south, Marion; west, 
Nelson. 

It covers a part of the Salt river plateau, and is drained by 
Chaplin river the Little and Big Beech Forks, Glen's creek, Cart- 
right's creek and Hardin's creek and their tributaries. 

The surface of the county* has a general dip from southeast to 
north and west, this determining the direction of its streams. 

Geologically considered the county is almost entirely of the old- 
est limestone formation. The southern boundary of the limestone 
basin of Kentucky cuts off a small portion of the southwest part 
of the county. In that section the Devonian rocks and fossils 
abound. Near Fredericktown there is exposed near the top of the 
hills, on both sides of the river, a stratum of about five feet in 
thickness, of what is commonly known as the honey-comb coral. 
There is an abundance of other corals and of amonites, and within 
a few hundred yards of these, by a rapid geological descent, we 
reach the Silurian limestone with the greatest abundance of its 
characteristic fossils. 

With the above mentioned exception, nearly the whole of the 
county presents the upper, middle and lower Hudson groups of 
the Silurian period. These limestones are continually disinte- 
grated by atmospheric action and leave in the soils a large per 
cent, of lime and phosphate. Thus beginning with the Devonian 
period on the south there is an actual and geological descent to 
the lower strata of the Silurian rocks, exposed in the bed of 
Chaplin river, at the north of the county. The waters of th*^ 
jfamous Tatham well come out of the aozoic rocks and are almost 
:absolutely free from any organic substances whatever. These 
waters are rapidly' becoming celebrated for their curative effects. 

The surface of the county is beautifully undulating, in localities 
really picturesque. In the native forests are embraced nearly all 
the species and varieties of the trees of Kentucky, poplars, oaks, 
ash, beech, wild cherry, walnuts, hickories, maples, mulberries and 
black locusts. There are more than half a hundred indigenous 
species, some of them growing to a great altitude and size. In the 
process of clearing up the country, in building houses and barns, 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 293 

and in tbe construction of fences and bridges, there has been an 
inconsiderate waste of a good part of this wealth of timber. Large 
areas of the county were originally clothed with cane-brakes. 

The rich alluvial surface soil, being continually supplied with 
lime by natural disintegration, has made Washington county very 
productive of all the ordinary crops and grasses; Indian corn, 
wheat, rye, barley, oats, timothy, bluegrass, clover, and orchard- 
grass are all produced in such abundance as to richly reward the 
labors of the husbandman. From the earliest settlement of the 
county tobacco was one of the staple crops, but for the knowledge 
of the fact that our soil is peculiarly adapted to the production 
of the white Burley tobacco we are indebted to the reports of our 
State geologist, Procter. Hence, within the last fifteen years 
there has been a wonderful increase in the acreage of this crop, 
and the necessary erection of hundreds of commodious tobacco 
barns. 

Our farmers use the most improved agricultural implements. 
€hoice seeds for field and garden are eagerly sought for. 

Springfield has two banks and some as handsome and commodi- 
ous stores as are found in the interior. Her merchants are emin- 
ently reliable and enterprising. There are good stores in every 
voting precinct of the county. 

The county is dotted over with comfortable and some of them 
beautiful, country homes, surrounded by orchards and gardens, 
yielding the finest quality of fruits, berries and all the garden 
vegetables peculiar to this climate. 

In the improved breeds of live stock Washington county is well 
to the front. She has many of the most approved families and 
crosses of the trotting horse, some racers that stand at the top, 
and in Shorthorn, Polled Angus and Jerseys she has some of the 
finest in the State. Sheep and hogs of the best breeds are ex- 
tensively raised and marketed. Her chief exports are mules, 
horses, fat cattle, lambs, wheat, corn and tobacco. 

The first settlement in Washington county was made by three 
Polish brothers, by the name of Sandusky (Sondusky), who built 
a block house on Pleasant Run. In an Indian assault on this prim- 
itive fort one of the brothers was killed. At the battle of Blue 
Licks another fell. About the same time General Matthew 
Walton secured patents for the lands about Springfield and north- 
westward towards Louisville to the amount of about eighty thou- 
sand acres, and later laid out the town of Springfield, donated 



294 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

grounds for public buildings and a cemetery, built one of the first 
water mills in Kentucky, and a commodious brick residence, now 
■^occupied by John Barbour. He represented the district of Ken- 
tucky in the Federal Congress, and was a member of several of 
the constitutional conventions which formulated a constitution 
for the State of Kentucky. 

The first settlers of the county were mostly from North Caro- 
lina and the valleys of Virginia, and a good percentage of them 
were from Maryland, descendants from the Lord Baltimore colon- 
ists, hence, Roman Catholics in religion. The churches, schools, 
monasteries and convents founded by these have their representa- 
tives now in St. Eose, St. Catherine, etc. The Methodists, Bap- 
tists, Presbyterians arid Christians are well supplied with houses 
of worship and an active ministry all over the county. There are 
more than thirty Sunday-schools in the county. 

The county is divided into sixty-three school districts, each one 
of them having a comfortable school house. Beside the theo- 
logical training school at St. Rose, and the large boarding school 
at St. Catherine of Sienna, there are three high and normal 
schools. 

Washington county has nearly three hundred miles of mac- 
adamized and graveled roads, all now free to the public travel. 
She has but eleven miles of railroad, the Bardstown and Spring- 
field branch, terminating at Springfield, running two trains a day 
each way. Her public buildings are good, and the county is al- 
most free from debt. Washington countj^ has now a system of 
telephone lines running from Springfield to most of the voting 
precincts — a home enterprise. 

In the last two years the general range of prices of land of 
both improved and unimproved have advanced 25 per cent. Farm 
labor with board is from flO.OO to |15.00 per month, without board 
from 115.00 to |20.00 per month. Labor by day, fifty cents and 
board; seventy-five cents to |1.00 without board. 

The road question is so big that it is hard to determine what is 
best. In some parts of our county we could use machinery, in 
other parts we could not. So we are trying to build up our pikes 
and dirt roads with taxation, and when money is expended and 
work still needed, by warning out hands. We have no road com- 
missioners. In the greater part of our county our roads have im- 
proved. We have a farmers' club which I think will work out 
good for the farmers. B. L. Litsey. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 295 

Washington county is located in the Fourth Congressional, 
Third Appellate, Eleventh Judicial, Fifteenth Senatorial, and 
Forty-second Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Antioch, Battle, Beechland, Blincoe, Booker, 
Cardwell, Croakville, Fenwick, Fredericktown, Jenkinsville, Jen- 
sonton, Kirkland, Litsey, Mclntyre, Mackville, Maplehill, Maud, 
Mooresville, Polin, Seaville, Sharpsville, Simms, Springfield, 
Tatham Springs, Texas, Willisburg. 



Wayne County. 

Wayne County was formed in 1800 from the parts of Pulaski and 
Cumberland counties. It is situated in the southeast middle por- 
tion of the State, and is watered by the Cumberland river and 
tributaries, the south fork of the Cumberland passing entirely 
through the county from the south, a little west of north; and is 
bounded on the north by Pulaski county, east by Whitley, south by 
the State of Tennessee, and west and northwest by the counties 
of Clinton and Russell. The Cumberland river forms the most of 
the northern boundary. 

Much of the surface of the county is broken with hills; but the 
valley lands, which are extensive, are fertile and productive, the 
soil very generally based upon limestone. 

No county in the State has such a favorable distribution of min- 
eral and farming lands. Stock raising is very popular among the 
farmers and many thousands of hogs, cattle, sheep and mules are 
annually marketed. 

The coal fields cover about one-half of the county — divided by 
the State geological survey into three districts; 1st, the high ridge 
land between the Big and Little South Forks of the Tennessee 
State line ; 2iud, the ridges between the waters of Sinking creek on 
the east and Elk Spring and Kennedy's creek on the west; 3d, the 
high land between Elk Spring creek and the Little South Fork and 
between Otter and Beaver creeks. The principal development is 
on the Big South Fork, where the coal averages two inches less 
than four feet in thickness. 

Beside the five sub-conglomerate coal veins, the large beds of the 
upper coal measures show themselves in the southeast corner of 
the county. 

Sandstone, ripple marked and fine grained in eight-inch layers. 



2?6 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

and quarrying in ten foot slabs, admirably adapted for building- 
puiposes, is found west of Dick's Jumps in a ridge of Turkey creek- 
Iron ore is found all over the coal region, in some places strewn 
over the tops of the ridges, in other in belts near the coal beds. 

Dick's Jumps is the singular name given to immense masses 
of the conglomerate which has fallen from the cliffs and now lie 
in the Big South Fork of the Cumberland river, near the mouth of 
Wild Dog creek, blocking it up, and rendering navigation from 
above impossible. The blocks could be easily blasted and scatter- 
ed into the deep water, thus opening the way to the fine coal above. 
The government is preparing to put a system of locks and dams 
into that part of Cumberland river bounding the county on the 
north. 

A line quality of lubricating oil has been found in large quanti- 
ties and there are now in the county a great many producing wells. 
Every farm in the county is under lease to the Standard Oil and 
other oil companies. Two surveys have been made for pipe lines,. 
one by the Standard Oil Company, and the other by a company com- 
posed of Lexington capitalists, and the prospects are that the 
cOunty will at no distant day be one of the largest oil-producing 
fields in the world. Wayne county is the center of the oil develop- 
ment in the fall of 1901, and many ''gushers" have been found. 

Throughout the eastern portion of the county much fine poplar 
and oak timber is found which has never been touched by an axe 
because of the distance to railway and river. 

Monticello, the county seat, is a beautiful village, situated at 
the junction of two extensive and fertile valleys. This town is 
developing a rapid and healthy growth. It is connected with sur- 
rounding towns and the Cincinnati Southern railway by telephone, 
and a splendid pike connects it with Burnside, twenty miles away. 

There is a fine cave within the town limits, which, so far as ex- 
plored, is a beautiful passage with large rooms and a stream of" 
ice-cold water, where visitors spend many hours during the heat 
of the summer days. 

Wayne county is in the Eleventh Congressional, Third Appel- 
late, Twenty-eighth Judicial, Sixteenth Senatorial and Thirty- 
sixth Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCES: — Alex, Bart, Bethseda, Brocade, Bud, Cabell, Clyde, 
Cooper, Coopersville, Correll, Denney, Dryden, Eadsville, Frazer, 
Gapcreek, Gose, Gregory, Griffin, Haas, Hidalgo, Kidder, :\Iill- 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 297 

-spring, Monticello, Mount Pisgali, Paisley, Parmleysville, Paruell, 
Powersburg, Pueblo, Rankin, Ritnei', Rockereek, Shearer Yallev, 
■Slavaus, Slickford, Steubenville, Sumpter, Suunybrook, Susie, 
Wait. 



Webster County. 

Webster County is situated in the western part of the State, and 
was formed in 1860, of portions of Hopkins, Henderson and Union 
counties, and contains about 4.00 square miles. 

The central portion of the county is moderately broken, but the 
greater part of the northern and southern portion is comparatiA'ely 
level. 

Green river, which bounds the northern jjortion of the county 
for a distance of twelve miles, is a navigable stream, and consider- 
-able business is carried on b}^ its means in the way of shipping 
produce, rafting logs, etc. 

Tradewater river, which forms the southw^estern boundary of 
the county for a distance of twelve miles although not so large 
as Green river, is navigable for small steamers during a portion of 
the year. 

The soil of Webster county is generally very fertile and adapted 
to corn, w^heat, tobacco, etc., especially the latter, great quantities 
•of which are put up as strips and shipped to foreign markets. In 
fact Webster county has been rated as one of the most important 
counties in Western Kentucky for the production of the dark to- 
bacco for commerce. 

There are vast quantities of excellent timber in this county 
consisting of white oak, black oak, poplar, sweet gum, etc., a por- 
tion of which is rafted in the form of saw-logs to Evansville and 
other points, while a vast amount is being sawed and shipped for 
building and other purposes. The average price of timber lands is 
about |15 per acre. 

While there are large quantities of building stone in the county, 
the principal mineral deposit is coal. Webster county is situated 
in the western coal field of Kentucky, and as the outcrop of the 
coal field runs through the southwestern portion of the county, 
the coal is easily mined, is of excellent quality, and is as yet but 
partially developed, there being thousands of acres, underlaid by 



298 Fowteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

the choicest coal, as yet untouched, offering an almost unparallel- 
ed opportunity for the investment of capital. This is the same 
coal that is being mined at Earlington in Hopkins county, and which 
has made that place famous as a coal shipping point. 

The chalybeate springs at Sebiee, in the northeastern portion 
of the county, are the principal mineral springs of the county, and 
are famous as health resort during the summer months. There 
are also many other sulphur and chalybeate springs in various 
parts of the county. 

Owing to the vast quantities of timber in the county yet untouch- 
ed, there is a great opportunity for the profitable investment of 
capital in saw mills, planing mills, spoke factories, etc. 

The Louisville & Nashville railroad traverses the eastern por- 
tion of the county' for a distance of twelve or thirteen miles. There 
is also a branch of the same road running from Madisonville, 
Hopkins county, to Providence, this county and a branch of the 
Illinois Central runs from Blackford, on Tradewater, to Dixon, 
the county seat( a distance of eighteen miles, which, together with 
the two rivers above mentioned, will afford excellent facilities 
for transportation. 

There are no macadamized roads in this county. The county 
roads are now worked under the old system, but there is a pros- 
pects in the near future of having them worked by taxation. 

As a general rule laborers in the various occupations receive 
good wages. 

In addition to the public common schools of the county, there 
are several graded schools at various points, viz.: One at Provi- 
dence, Dixon, Sebree, Slaughtersville, and Claysville, all of which 
have a large attendance. 

Dixon, the county seat, is pleasantly situated on a moderately 
elevated plateau, in the central portion of the county, and in addi- 
tion to the public buildings has a large flouring mill, four dry 
goods stores, etc. 

Providence, in the southern part of the county, at the terminus 
of the L, & N. branch railroad, is a thriving city, and has a large 
flouring mill, spoke factory, planing mill, pressed brick manufact- 
ory, saw mill, eight large. tobacco stemmeries, six dry goods stores, 
etc. Tiarge quantities of coal are mined and shipped from here 
bv the Providence Coal Company. Providence ranks with Hender- 
Bon nnd Owensboro as a strip market. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 299 

Sebree is also a thriving place, situated in the northeastern por- 
tion of the county on the L. & N. railroad. 

Slaughtersville, on the L. & N. railroad is situated in the midst 
of a rich farming country and is prosperous. 

Claysville, in the western portion of the county, is in the midst 
of a rich farming country. 

There are other good towns in the county, as Lisman, Blackford, 
on Tradewater, Onton, near Green river; Pooltown near the Hen- 
derson county line, etc. J, D. Palmer. 

Webster county is situated in the Second Congressional, First 
Appellate, Fifth Judicial, Fourth Senatorial and Twelfth Legisla- 
tive Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Belcourt, Blackford,, Clay, Dixon, Free, Union, 
Golds, Hearin, Lisman, Onton, Ortiz, Poole, Providence, Sebree, 
Shelton, Slaughtersville, Stanhope, Tilden, Vanderburg, Wanna- 
maker. 



Whitley County. 

(Revised 1901 by Judge B. F. Rose.) 
The General Assembly, in an act approved February 16, 1818, 
created the county af Whitley, which was then a part of Knox. 
It formed the west end of that county, and on being created in- 
cluded all of its present territory and small portion of what was 
later erected into Laurel county. Whitley county was the fifty- 
ninth county formed in the State. 

In 1820, the census returns gave Whitley county a population of 
2,340. Both Williamsburg, the county seat, and the county itself 
were named in honor of Col. William Whitley, in the year of 1818, 
when the county was created. It lies near the southeastern 
border of the State, being bounded on the south by Tennessee, on 
the east by Knox and Bell counties, on the north by Laurel, and 
on the west by Pulaski and Wayne counties. It has an area of 
nearly 600 square miles, a population of fully 20,000 and a vote of 
4,100. 

The surface is mountainous, the altitude being in the neighbor- 
hood of a thousand feet above sea level. The principal mountains 
are Jellico mountain, Heckler's Knob, Pine mountain and Patter- 
son and Poplar creek mountains. The county is well watered, the 



300 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

principal streams being the Cumberland river, Clear Fork, Elk 
Fork, Big South Fork, Marsh, Jellico, Pleasant Run, Mud, Cain, and 
Patterson creeks, while Little Laurel river forms part of the north- 
ern dividing line from Laurel county. The Cumberland river flows 
westward through the center of the county, until within a few 
miles of the west county line, when it turns northward to the north- 
ern line and then again flows west, completing the northern bound- 
ary with Little Laurel river, and entering Pulaski county. Half 
way down its stretch, where it flows north, a distance from 
Williamburg of forty-five miles by river, nineteen miles by road 
and thirteen miles by bridle path, are situated the historic Cumber- 
land Falls. Here the waters plunge over a rock sixty-two feet in 
height into a canyon, the walls of which are perpendicular to a 
height of a hundred feet and are surmounted by a dense growth 
of evergreen. A company has just been incorporated and has 
purchased the falls and surrounding property, having in view the 
harnessing of its tremendous power in sluices. 

The geological formations are red and gray sandstone, shale, 
blue and gray, mixed with iron, alum, coal and slate, the dip of 
the strata being toward southeast at a small angle. 

The mountains abound in coal of bituminous and cannel charac- 
ter, veins being found cropping out everywhere, in paying quanti- 
ties, but remote from means of transportation. The average run 
of the veins is four to five feet, hanging, of course, according to 
mineralogical conditions. Other ores, such as iron, have been 
found but remain undeveloped, probably because of the absence of 
limestone in quantities sufScient to promote smelting on a big 
scale. 

Whitley county undoubtedly abounds in oil, asphalt and other 
products and associates of coal. Traces of asphalt and coal tar 
have been found within a mile of Williamsburg, during the digging 
of a grave at the burying grounds, but no "prospects" were ever 
instituted to develop the same. 

The conditions are precisely the same as those of Pulaski and 
Wayne counties, where oil in paying quantities has been found 
in many sections and of high grade and heavy and steady flow. 

The soil of the county is a light sandy loam and produces good 
grasses, grains and fruits, with good cultivation. The grain yield 
will compare favorably with other sections of the State in its acre- 
age. Diversified farming, however, is not engaged in to any extent, 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture, 301 

the export being small, home needs, unfortunately, the first goal 
in the sowing of crops. 

There are no navigable streams in or bordering on the county. 
The Cumberland and all of its tributaries will float logs at high 
tide and for that reason have been declared navigable streama 
by acts of the General Assembly. 

There are no turnpikes in the county, the public roads being the 
country or dirt roads, which are maintained by the county, under 
the supervision of road overseers appointed by the county coart^ 
and worked under the road laws of the State. Five splendid 
iron bridges, costing in an aggregate of 100,000 afford excellent 
means of traveling over the waterways, besides many wooden 
bridges. There are about sixty miles of completed railway in 
Whitley. The Louisville & Nashville runs from north to south, 
through the entire length of the county, while the Cumberland 
Valley branch, leaving Corbin, passes through the northeast cor- 
ner, making a total of about thirty-six or thirty-seven miles. The 
C, N. O. & T. P. passes through the west end of the county for a 
distance of ten miles. The Jellico, Birdeye & Northern, a road of 
eight miles, and extending from Jellico, Ky., to the mines at Hal- 
sey, serves as a common carrier. Two private lines are extending 
from the mines at Bed Ash to Jellico, and the other, a line of two 
miles in length and connecting the mines at Kensee with the 
L. & N. road, serve also as common carriers on request. 

There are several mineral springs in the county, having a more 
or less medicinal virtue, while alum springs abound. The Mound 
Builders have left their traces in Whitley, the mounds having 
been found in the river bottoms and apparently having been built 
as a protection from high water during the seasons of overflow. 
They contain only relics of pottery and other implements of domes- 
tic use; no bones or other evidences of these mounds having been 
used for burial purposes are found. 

Good mountain and timber lands can be had for from |5 to $10 
an acre, while farm lands of good quality will bring several times 
that price. 

The leading resources of the county are its minerals and its tim- 
bers. In addition to its vast paying coal fields, now worked by 
seventeen mines, immense quantities of soapstone and blue clay are 
found, which would afford an unlimited field for the extraction of 
the recently discovered metal, aluminum. Its timber lands are 
almost inexhaustible, although, of course, the ravages of the buzz- 



302 Fourteenth Biennial h'epurt Bitreuii of A(jricitlturc. 

saw aloii^- the ways of transporlalioii have left many cleariugs. 
A number of persons are finding portable saw mills to bo a good 
paying investment. There are plenty of openings for wood work- 
ing industries of all kinds, the native timbers being pine, poplar, 
oak, ash and walnut. The annual output of lumber by the three 
big mills in Williamsburg and the half dozen portable and station- 
ary' mills in other parts of the county reaches millions of feet in 
poplar, pine and hard woods. 

Whitley county boasts of better educational advantages than 
any of the other mountain and many of the interior counties of 
the State. The Williamsburg Institute and the Baptist Academy 
are known beyond the borders of the State as well as at home. 
The faculty of the former comprises some of the best educators in 
their line that money can procure, AYhile the latter has done much 
in the past ten years to educate the people of the mountains. 
Schools have also been established in twenty districts in the county 
for both white and colored children. Each district has its own 
school house and all are under the ablest of management and in 
a flourishing condition. 

Williamsburg, the county seat, is situated on the west bank of 
the Cumberland river, near the center of the county. It has a 
population estimated at 2,000 with railroad facilities, six schools 
besides the academy and institute, four ]<'ligi«)us denominations 
represented b}' churches, Baptists, Methodists. Disciples and Con- 
gregationalists, and an energetic county government looking to- 
ward the advancement of the home interest. The court house, 
situated here, is considered one of the most substantial and best 
arranged in Southeastern Kentucky. 

The bonded indebtedness of the county is |20,.'>00, was a possi- 
ble decrease of |4,000 through redemption, and a rate of taxation 
of forty-five cents on the hundred dollars, for county purposes. 

Corbin is probably the largest town in the county, claiming a 
somewhat transient population of about 2,500. It is a railroad 
town, the Knoxville &: Cumberland Yalley divisions of the Louis- 
ville & NashAdlle railroad ending here. While a good business 
town, as far as merchandizing goes, its commercial and manufac- 
turing interests have not been developed in proportion to its value 
as a shipping center to the north, south and east. 

Whitley county is situated in the Eleventh Congressional, Third 
A|)jM'llate, Twenty-eighth Judicial, Seventeenth Senatorial and 
Sixty-ninth Legislative Districts. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 30& 

PosTOFFicEs: — Angel, Ayers, Barkcamp ]\[ills, Brummetts Sta- 
tion, Carpenter, Clio, Corbin, Cumberland Falls, Dishman, Duck- 
run, Fritz, Go'ldbug, Halsey, Hollyhill, Jellicoereek, Kensee, Lay- 
ford, Lot, Meadorsville, Meadowcreek, Mountain Ash, Mullis, Oak- 
hill, Patterson Creek, Pineknot, Pleasantview, Polleytown, Red- 
ash, Redbird, Rockhold, Sandbranch, Saxton, Silome, Spruceburg, 
Strunk, Summer, Teagne, Tidal wave, Williamsburg, Woodbine, 
Youngs Creek. 



Wolfe County. 

Wolfe is in Middle-Eastern Kentucky and was made a county 
in 1800. It was formed out of territory taken from the counties of 
Morgan, Breathitt, Owsley and Powell, and was named in honor of 
Nathaniel Wolfe, a prominent attorney of Louisville. The county 
is bounded on the north by Menifee and Morgan, on the east by 
Breathitt and Magoflin, on the south by Breathitt and Lee, and on 
the west by Lee and Powell. 

It is well watered and drained. The north fork of the Kentucky 
river flows along the western and southern boundaries of it. Red 
river flows through the county from east to west, and the numer- 
ous tributaries, flowing into these two rivers, afford very perfect 
drainage for the county, besides furnishing an abundant water sup- 
ply. The north fork of the Kentucky river is navigable for boats^ 
and rafts or fleets of timber during a great portion of the year. 

The soil of this county is good and adapted to corn, wheat, rye,, 
oats, sorghum, potatoes, and, in fact, fruits of all kinds grow well 
here; while this county is not an agricultural county, compared 
with the counties of the interior of this State, still the soil is good, 
and nearly everybody owns land and raises an abundance of graia 
and vegetables for sustenance. 

This county is well adapted to stock raising, especially sheep, 
hogs, and cattle— none better for sheep. It is well timbered; large 
areas of it are still covered by fine timber; the principal kinds are 
oak, poplar, walnut, chestnut, beech, pine and maple. 

The greater part of this county is underlaid with veins of bitum- 
inous and cannel coal, ranging from two to six feet in thickness. 
It is possible that there is much building stones, workable clays, as 
well as both gas and oil to a considerable extent; and while all' 
thpse mineral deposits are here, there has been very little develop- 



304 Fouiteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

ment as jet; but the prospects for development are a little flatter- 
ing at this time. Many natural curiosities and strange formations 
are here. 

Many springs whose waters possess medicinal virtues are in the 
iionniy. 

This county aft'ords many good locations for mills and factories; 
no better place at this time in which to invest capital in timber 
and coal lands; only one j-aiJroad, the L. «& E., touches this county 
at the present, and it runs along just in the edge of the county for 
a distance of about ten miles; but the O. & K. will be built in the 
near future through the eastern part of the county. 

There are a great many public roads in this county, but they are 
all dirt roads, which are excellent during the dry season of the 
year; they are maintained by the county by labor under the gen- 
eral laws of this State. 

The staple products of Wolfe county farms are corn, wheat, oats, 
hay, and some tobacco. Farm labor is performed by native white 
and colored hands, and their services can be had for from |10 to 
$15 per month, with board of hands; hands working in the timber 
and at saw mills get for their labor ten cents per hour with board. 

Cattle, horses, sheep and hogs are raised. Nearly all kinds of 
grasses grow well here, especially clover, timothy, red top and 
orchard and English bluegrass, seeming to be well adapted to our 
soil. Z. T. Hurst. 

Wolfe county is in the Tenth Congressional, Seventh Appellate, 
Twenty-third Judicial, Thirty-fourth Senatorial and Ninety-first 
Xegisiative Districts. 

PosTOFPiCES: — Booth, Campton, Daj^sboro, Flat, Gilmore, Hazel- 
green, Landsaw, Lane, Lee City, Neola, Rogers, Spradling. Still- 
water, Toliver, Torrent, Valeria, Vortex. 



Woodford County. 

Woodford County was named in honor of General William 
Woodford, a Revolutionary soldier of prominence, and was formed 
in 1789, being the last of the nine counties organized by Virginia 
previous to the separation and admission of Kentucky to the 
Union. The county is bounded on the north by Franklin and 
Scott, on the east and southeast by Fayette and Jessamine, south" 
and southwest by Mercer, and west by Anderson, South Elt 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 305 

Horn creek separates it from Scott and the Kentucky river forms 
its entire south and west boundary line for a distance of thirty- 
five miles. In shape the county bears a remarkable resemblance 
to the State.x' Woodford embraces an area of about 185 square 
miles.; Its surface is generally level or gently undulating, except 
near the banks of the river. It is the very heart of the bluegrass 
region, world-famed for its fertility and magnilicent pasturage. 
The soil lies on limestone rock, the decay of which restores to the 
land all the elements removed by cultivation, and there are fields 
here in cultivation for one hundred years which show no signs of 
exhaustion. In addition to the streams already named, the 
county is watered by numerous creeks and springs^) 
( The leading crops grown are corn, wheat, tobacco, hemp, barley, 
rye, oats, clover, timothy, and bluegrass. Quantities of these are 
exported, as also blooded trotting, running and saddle horses, 
mules, cattle, sheep and hogs. Much attention has been given of 
late to the breeding of thoroughbred cattle, particularly Herefords 
.and the Red and Black Polls, and fine hogs. Diversified farming, 
such as fruit growing, dairying, truck farming, etc., is steadily in- 
creasing. Its opportunities are great, and those who have 
recently engaged in the culture of small fruits and vegetables are 
gratified at the results. Vegetables of the finest quality are 
easily grown. There is a splendid opening here for a canning 
factory, as well as for tobacco and hemp manufactories and other 
industries. ) 

Woodford county is amply provided with transportation facili- 
ties. The main branch of the Southern Railway in Kentucky, 
from Lexington to Louisville, passes through the center of the 
county and at Versailles is joined by the Versailles & Midwa^ 
branch, which connects Versailles (the county seat) with Midway, 
and taps the Cincinnati Southern railroad at Georgetown, Ken- 
tucky; the Louisville & Atlantic railroad is in operation from 
Versailles to Miller's creek, in Estill county, and will be com- 
pleted to Beattyville by January 1, 1902, opening up valuable coal 
and timber lands. The Louisville & Nashville railroad traverses 
the northern end of the county, passing through Midway. The 
Kentucky river is navigable the entire length of the county. 
Woodford has about 200 miles of the finest turnpike roads in the 
State, rendering all parts of the county accessible to the county 
seat, and furnishing drives, which for natural beauty are not sur- 
passed in any portion of the world. All of these roads were made 



306 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of AgrienTture. 

free a few years ago by purchase by the county. The tax rate f or- 
their maintenance and to pay off the debt incurred by their pur- 
chase, is twenty-three cents on the one hundred dollars of 
taxable property. There is a lively interest in road improvement 
in Woodford county, and each year several miles of dirt roads are 
converted into turnpikes. In a short time every road in the 
county will have been macadamized. The neighborhood dirt 
roads are worked by delinquent tax-payers, and in addition the 
county makes an appropriation of |10.00 a mile. The railroad tax 
is five cents, and for all other expenses seven cents, making the 
total county levy thirty-five cents. The bonded indebtedness of 
the county is |90,000. 

The price of farm lands in the county, improved and unim- 
proved, range from |30.00 to |125.00 on acre. The farm labor em- 
ployed in the county is about one-third of it white and two-thirds, 
negroes. The average price for labor per month is $15.00 and 
board or $20.00 without board. House servants are mostly 
negroes, though white help is being freely introduced. 

Woodford is well provided with public schools — no county in 
Kentucky is in advance of us in this regard. There are also 
some excellent private schools. Ashland Seminary, a female 
boarding school established at Versailles three years ago under 
the auspices of the Protestant Episcopal Church, is one of the best 
schools in the South. It has an excellent faculty, composed of ex- 
perienced college bred men and women. Professor F. B. Ayer is its 
principal. The State funds to public schools are liberally supple- 
mented by local taxation. The Kentucky Female Orphan School 
at Midway, and the Cleveland Orphan Home and School at Ver- 
sailles have liberal endowments and are superior institutions 
The people of the county are intelligent, hospitable and law-abid- 
ing. They welcome strangers and encourage immigration. 

Among the noted stock farms that are situated in Woodford 
are A. J. Alexander's "Woodburn Place," a farm of 3,000 acres— 
the birthplace of Maud S. — which has been for half a century the 
home of the thoroughbred horse and of the finest strains of cattle 
and sheep; "Nantura," the home of Longfellow and Ten Broeck, 
owned by the celebrated turfman, Frank B. Harper; Glen Lake 
Farm, Glenartney Farm, Stonewall Place, Hartland Stud. 

There are several mineral springs of merit in the county, notably 
the "Alexander Mineral Spring," one mile north of Versailles, 
which is capable of being made a health resort. Its waters con- 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture, auT 

tain rare mediciDal properties which have been efficacious in the 
cure of chronic diseases of the stomach and kidneys. 

Versailles is the county seat of Woodford county, an attractive 
citA^ of over 3,000 inhabitants, with a fine hotel, three banks, 
modern stores, beautiful streets and residences, handsome 
churches and schools, and energetic and progressive business 
men. A large flouring mill (which ships its product to all parts 
of Central and Eastern Kentucky), a carriage factory, a wagou 
factory, a couple of tobacco rehandling warehouses, aud a grain 
elevator give employment to a number of men. Versailles i.s 
lighted by electric lights, has a good fire department, with steam 
fire engine, an ice factory and a steam laundry. The town is con- 
nected with every portion of the country b}' telephone, the local 
exchange having over 250 subscribers. 

Midway, in the northern part of the county, is a thriving town 
of about 1,800 population, containing pretty homes, modern and 
attractive business blocks, two banks, grain elevator, a large dis- 
tillery, tobacco warehouses, etc. 

Several large whisky distilleries, Labrot & Graham's, E. H. 
Taylor, Jr., & Sons, W. J. Frazier, J. T. Barbee Co., Glenarme Dis- 
tillery, and the Old Crow Distillery, are located in this county, th<' 
last named being one of the largest in the State. 

Lead mines in the southwestern part of the county, near the 
Kentucky river, are being worked upon a small scale. 

D. M. BOWMAR. 

Woodford county is situated in the Seventh Congressional, Fifth 
Appellate. Fourteenth Judicial, Twenty-second Senatorial, and 
Fifty-ninth Legislative Districts. 

PosTOFFiCEs: — Buckrun, Cicero, Duckers, Fay wood. Fort Gar- 
rett, Glenns, Midway, Millville, Mortonsville, Mundys, Nonesuch. 
Pinchard, Pisgah, Quire, Spring Station, Troy, Versailles, Wallace 
Station, High View. 



SOME OF THE 

Leading Cities of Kentucky. 



The City of Louisville. 

(Kevised 1901 by Morton M. Casseday.) 

The history of Louisville dates from one day in May, 1778, 
when G neral George Rogers Clark, on his way to attack the 
British in the iiorthwest, landed a small party on Corn Island, at 
the falls of the Ohio. The following spring, a few other emigrants 
having joined these first settlers, a town was laid off on the main 
land, and the space was named after Louis XVI. By an act of the 
"Virginia Legislature, the town was incorporated May 1, 1780. To 
its location at the falls of the Ohio was largely due the early im- 
portance of Louisville. 

This importance was greatly enhanced by the coming of steam 
navigation. The first steamboat came down the river in 1811, 
and, while waiting for a stage of water that would enable it to 
pass over the falls, made several trips between Louisville and Cin- 
cinnati. This was the beginning of the new era for the young 
city, and when the canal around the falls was opened in 1830, Louis- 
ville became a great distributing point for all that vast section of 
the South reached by navigation through the Ohio and Mississippi 
rivers and their tributaries. This led to the building up of great 
mercantile houses and to the making of fortunes of large propor- 
tions for that time and section. It may be said at once that one 
of the present elements in Louisville's prosperity is river navi- 
gation, which must always be a factor in the fixing of rates for the 
carriage of freight and serving as a check upon the railroads. 

In 1851, the railroad to Frankfort was opened, connecting with 
the line to Lexington. At the same period the line to Nashville 
was commenced and roads were projected from New Albany and 
Jeffersonville, putting Louisville in railway communication with 
the North and East. 

This brief sketch will serve to show how the foundations were 
laid for the commercial prosperity of what afterwards became the 
metropolis of the Southwest. Of course, the civil war checked the 



310 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

era of development. The ruin of the South through the war, 
caused the downfall of many great houses in Louisville, and the 
city was naturally slow to adapt itself to post-bellum conditions. 
But a young generation arriving at the period of activity, the old 
order passed away, and the city began again to realize and benefit 
by the great natural advantages it possesses, advantages not 
equalled by any of its rivals. 

In the first place, the geographical location of 'Louisville is most 
fortunate. It is located on what might be termed the dividing 
line between the North and the South, easily accessible from every 
side, with the great highway of the Ohio always insuring cheap 
transportation and with railways stretching out in every direction. 
Being near the center of population, the city has no equal in the 
Mississippi Valley as a distributing point, a fact that long made its 
jobbing trade of the first importance. Moreover, the city is in the 
center of the richest agricultural region in the United States. 
Within easy access is growm whatever man needs for food, ex- 
cept the products of hot countries. The soil about the city is rich 
and garden produce is cheap and of great variety. Cattle, sheep 
and hogs are raised in numbers within a few miles. Butter, eggs 
and poultry are bountifully supplied, and the consequence is that 
Louisville has a cheaper market than any other city of equal size 
in the United States. The climate is mild, both in summer and 
winter, and extreme degrees of temperature are rare here. The 
site of the city is a broad alluvial plateau, with ample room for ex- 
pansion; the streets are broad, well paved and drained, the city 
is openly built, with trees and grasses in abundance, so that the 
air is pure and wholesome. Consequently sunstrokes are much 
rarer than in cities of more northern latitude, while the southern 
location makes the winter short and mild. It is no doubt 
owing to the facts already enumerated that Louisville is alto- 
gether free from epidemics and miasmatic fevers so fatal in many 
Southern cities. The best proof of the healthfulness of the place 
is found in the extremely low death rate, which for 1900, was 15.52 
in the 1,000 population, only eleven large cities in the country show- 
ing a lower death rate. An efficient health officer, supported by 
the power of the city government, has much to do with the sanitary 
conditions of the city. Moreover, the city is throughly drained 
by between eighty-five and ninety miles of sewers emptying into 
the river or the creek. The streets being laid off at right angles. 



Fourtemth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 311 

broad and well paved, and lying sufficiently above the level of the 
river, the question of drainage presents no intricate problems. 

Louisville has a population conservatively estimated at over 
212,000. The proportion of foreigners is smaller than in most 
cities of the size. Very largely the working people own their own 
homes, and where they do not, they rent houses instead of living 
in tenements, as rents are cheap and there a great many cottages, 
w'th plats of ground about them. This gives a stable and con 
tented laboring class that has a stake in the city. Consequently, 
labor troubles are rare. Living is cheap and good, both 
in the matter of meat and garden produce and also 
in fuel. It is estimated that there are 25,000 buildings in Louis- 
ville, representing a cost of |46,500,000. The suburbs of Louis- 
ville are easily accessible and afford cheap homes to the work- 
ing classes, as well as many beautiful residences of the well- 
to-do. Many persons engaged in business in Louisville live across 
the river in New Albany and Jeffersonville which are easily reached 
by steam and electric railways, foot and wagon bridges and a ferry 
to Jeffersonville. Three railway bridges span the Ohio at Louis- 
ville, two of them having footways and the one to New Albany a 

wagon-way. . , ^^ 4. a n 

The street system railway of Louisville is well nigh perfect. All 
the lines are operated by electricity, and one may ride the entire 
length of the citv, and more, for a single fare of five cents, while 
spceial rates are made for school children. One must be awkwardly 
placed indeed who cannot reach any given point for a single fare, 
the system of transfers providing this advantage. Another thing 
that adds to the comfort of living in Louisville is the abundant sup- 
ply of water, both from the water works, owned by the city, and from 
the hundreds of wells that furnish water at almost every corner, in 
residence districts. Louisville is frequently called a city of homes, 
and while the phrase is intended to refer to the homes of the 
wealthv which fill street after street with beautiful houses and 
yards, it might well be applied also to the homes of middle classes, 
which are so numerous and comfortable. 

While Louisville has long been famous for the beauty and ele^ 
gance of its residences, within the last few years the character of 
its business houses has altogether changed and vastly improved. 
This is especially noticeable in the office buildings. Quite recently 
there have been erected a dozen such buildinsrs, vary.nir m hpi-ht 
from five to ten stones, thnt compare favorably wUh «n..b .t.no 
turPS anvwhere, both in point of arohitecturp and onninr^pnt A 



312 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

similar improAement has taken place in the character of the new 
mercantile houses. When the start is once made in this direction 
progress is sure, and in the case of Louisville it is rapid and con- 
stant. Another noteworthy improvement is in the paving of the 
streets. Those where traffic is heaviest are paved with granite, 
while many, if not most, of the others are laid with brick or as- 
phalt. An asphalt drive-way now connects the two parks that lie, 
one at the extreme western and the other at the eastern end of the 
city. 

In its parks, also, Louisville has a comparatively recent acquisi- 
tion of the greatest value. It is safe to say that when its park 
system is completed no city in the world will have three of greater 
beauty. Cherokee park, on the east, is a tract of several hundred 
acres of natural park land, heavily wooded with beech and other 
native trees, with beautifully undulating lawns and meadows, a 
pretty stream of water that winds through deep glades and smil- 
ing meadows, or under rugged and picturesque cliffs and bluffs. 
It is a natural park land. South of the city rises boldly and 
abruptly a tall knob, called Jacob park, after the late Charles D. 
Jacob, several times mayor, who bought the land as a park for the 
city. The wild beauty of this hill is unique. It is covered with 
a primeval forest and from its summit one may see for many miles 
in every direction. In contrast with both of these is Shawnee 
park laying west of the city and overlooking the river, which flows 
between the park and the Indiana hills. Besides the several hundred 
acres in each of these parks, the city has laid off several squares 
and "places" which furnish pure air and a recreation ground in 
its crowded parts. 

The public school system of the city is one of its glories. There 
are more than fifty public schools, including night schools and 
school for colored children. These are ably conducted, the chil- 
dren being thoroughly grounded in a common education. The sys- 
tem is crowned by four high schools, one for boys, where an 
unusually high order of academic scholarship is maintained, a 
manual training high school, the gift of the late A. V. Du Pont, 
who bore the entire expense of the splendid building and its thor- 
ough equipment, a high school for girls, now located in a new build- 
ing of the most approved construction, and a high school for 
colored pupils. Besides the public schools Louisville has its full 
quota of excellent private schools. Here are located also five 
medical colleges, a college of pharmacy, the law school of the 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 313 

University of Louisville, and two theological seminaries. It 
will be seen that the city does not lack educational facilities. 
School work may be supplemented through the opportunities of- 
fered by the library of the Polytechnic Society, containing some 
50,000 volumes, and which is open to the public. Steps are now 
being taken to turn this library over to the city and make it in a 
complete sense a public library. 

Louisville contains about 200 churches and mission houses of 
worship. Many of the churches are handsome edifices and an- 
other of great beauty is about to be erected. The Baptist, Method- 
ists, Episcopalians, Roman Catholics, Presbyterians, Christians, 
Lutherans, German Evangelicals and Jewish denominations are 
all strong here. There are many hospitals and infirmaries main- 
tained by the different church organizations, besides the excellent 
institutions of the kind owmed by the city. The Young Men's 
Christian Association also has a powerful branch, housed in one 
of the finest houses on Broadway, where it also has a perfectly 
equipped gymnasium. 

Louisville has six theaters, four of which are constantly open 
during the season and one other very frequently. One of these is 
a very large auditorium capable of entertaining large conventions. 

Three social clubs owm their own buildings and offer all that 
is enjoyable in club life. Besides, there is a country club that i» 
a model for such institutions. Before dismissing the social side 
of life in Louisville it is proper to speak of the annual spring festi- 
vals which for several years have attracted many visitors and af- 
forded pleasure to her own people. For many years these festivals 
have been musical and have brought to the city the greatest sing- 
ers and artists that were to be engaged. The nucleus of the festi- 
vals is the large and perfectly trained local chorus. The spirit of 
enterprise and the advertising value of these occasions have taken 
hold of Louisville, and usually some special celebration occurs in 
the fall as well as in the spring. 

It remains to speak of commercial and industrial Louisville. 
From having been a place whose importance was almost entirely 
commercial, the city is now one of the great manufacturing points 
of the Mississippi Valley, while retaining its old prestige as a dis- 
tributing center. There is every reason why it should be great in 
manufactures, and since its citizens have begun to turn their at- 
tention to making it so there is no doubt that it will attain a fore- 
most place in this field. Some of the causes w^orking to this end 



514 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

have already been touched upon, among them being the excep- 
tionally high character of the labor obtainable here and Louisville's 
unexcelled transportation facilities. Besides the invaluable ad- 
vantage afforded by the river, ten great railway systems enter here. 
They are: The Louisville & Nashville, reaching and practically 
covering Kentucky and the entire South; the Southern, which is 
a competitor over much of the territory both in Kentucky and the 
South; the Illinois Central, through Western Kentucky, Illinois, 
to Chicago and St. Louis and down to New Orleans and the Gulf; 
the Louisville, Henderson & St. Louis, reaching points in West- 
ern Kentucky, Indiana and Illinois to St. Louis; the Louisville, 
Evansville & St. Louis, covering much of the same territory; the 
Pennsylvania & "Pan Handle," reaching Indianapolis and Chicago 
on one hand and Ohio, Pennsylvania, Washington City, Baltimore 
and New York on the other; the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & 
St Louis (the "Big Four"), runs north, east and west; the Chesa- 
peake & Ohio, through Kentucky and the Virginias to the Atlantic 
seaboard; the Monon Route, from Louisville to Chicago; the Balti- 
more & Ohio Southwestern, through Indiana and Illinois and 
eastwardly into Ohio and on the Atlantic. These roads leave no 
point of the compass uncovered. Manufacturers ship out of 
Louisville to European points via gulf ports as well as those on 
the Eastern seaboard. 

A great addition to the shipping facilities of Louisville is now 
about completed. It is the widening of the mouth of the canal, 
a work on which the government has been engaged for several 
years. This gives to Louisville a harbor not enjoyed by any other 
city on the Ohio. A great basin has been enclosed by the canal 
wall in which all the shipping on the river could safely float. 
Practically it does away with all inconveniences of navigation 
at this point. 

The city thus favorably located in point of transportation, an- 
other great factor in successful manufacturing, that of fuel, is 
found to be equally encouraging. Louisville is almost surrounded 
by coal fields that for centuries will furnish an inexhaustible sup- 
ply of cheap fuel. It is floated down the river in barges, or brought 
from the mines of Kentucky and Indiana by railroads. A coal 
famine is impossible and because of the great competition in sup- 
plying this market the price of the fuel is so low that it is said the 
•cost of steam power here is less than that of water in New Eng- 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 315 

land. Natural gas supplies light and heat for many homes in 
Louisville. 

These conditions being present, it is not unnatural that Louis- 
ville's manufacturing interests have more than trebled in the last 
fifteen years, and the growth is now more rapid probably than at 
any other time. 

Louisville is surrounded by a wealth of raw material. Within 
easy reach are inexhaustible supplies of the best hard woods, such 
as ash, hickory, oak, black walnut, elm, cherry, maple and other 
varieties. The soft woods are eo'^ally abundant. The finest of iron 
ores are found in Kentucky and' are easily and cheaply mined. 
Fire and pottery clays are found in several nearby places, and fine 
building stone lies all about. Consequently it should not be a matter 
of surprise, though it probably will be, when it is said that about 
$45,000,000 are invested in Louisville factories. It has the largest 
plow factory in the country. A single plant turns out more than 
one hundred and forty farm wagons daily and is enlarging its capa- 
city. More pounds of oak-tanned sole leather are made here than 
in any other city in the United States. It annually tans 500,000 
hides and 170,000 sheepskins. More building cement is made here 
than at any other point. Its output of manufactured tobacco is the 
second in size in the country and promises to be the first, as this is 
the largest and best leaf tobacco market in the world. In the 
manufacture and sale of fine whiskies Louisville stands first, her 
distilleries averaging 8,000,000 gallons annually. Besides her 
citizens own or control many of the distilleries throughout the 
State. More than 60,000 tons of cast iron pipe are made each year 
in Louisville. In boxes and wooden ware her output is important. 
She has one of the largest manufactories of plumbers' goods and is 
fast coming to the front in that line. In the matter of wooden 
ware, a new and highly important addition is the establishment 
for the manufacture of tubs, pails, etc., while an addition to 
the plumbing interest is found in the largest porcelain tub manu- 
factory in the United States. The car shops across the river are 
largely a Louisville enterprise and are among the largest in the 
country. They work over time. Hardwood mantels made in 
Louisville are sold all over the United States and in Europe. The 
manufacture of chairs is an old industery here; veneers are made 
on a large scale; lumber and planing mill products and cooperage 
are important industries. One very large cotton mill is in opera- 
tion; while five great mills making Kentucky jeans constitute the 



316 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

largest textile industry west of Philadelphia. They employ 2,000 
hands, mostly women and girls. Their output is about 9,000,000 
yards. The manufacture of cassimere is a new industry. A 
single flour mill has a capacity of 1,600 barrels of flour a day 
and runs day and night. Besides its trade in this country, it has 
a considerable export trade. Louisville spokes, axe handles and 
tool handles have a reputation all over the United States. Louis- 
ville printing houses compete successfully with Eastern cities for 
fine commercial work. 

It is impossible in an article of this scope to enumerate all of 
the things manufactured in Louisville, but enough has been said 
to show that the location is an excellent one, especially when it 
is added that all of the industries enumerated above are prosper- 
ous and that many of them, perhaps most of them, are constantly 
enlarging their capacity. An industry for which the city was for- 
merly famous was its pork-packing; but the enormous establish- 
ments elsewhere have quite dwarfed this city. Yet annually, Louis- 
ville receives over 800,000 hogs and kills more than 450,000, a 
larger number than were killed when the industry was at its 
height. Similarly more than twenty million pounds of beef are 
dressed yearly and much of it shipped abroad. We hear little of 
our soap factories, yet 24,000,000 pounds were shipped from Louis- 
ville last year, much of it exported. 

Having the advantage of location as a distributing center, the 
commercial growth of Louisville has been almost uninterrupted. 
Of course, her leading articles are whisky and tobacco, and espe- 
cially in the latter has she retained a leading position. The num- 
ber of hogshead sold on the '"breaks" here varies more with the 
crop than with the demand. In 1900 there were sold 145,339 hogs- 
heads of tobacco. Up to Nov. 30, 1901, there had been sold during 
the present year 148,164 hogsheads, or about 17,000 more than dur- 
ing the corresponding period of 1900. The value of the leaf to- 
bacco sold here exceeds |15,000 000 annually. Four large tobacco 
factories recently established have added largely to the manufac- 
turing capital of the city, which now ranks second among the cities 
of the country in the tobacco manufacturing industry. 

One of the most important branches of trade in Louisville is dry 
goods. While there are not so many houses engaged in the trade 
as formerly, yet the volume of business is larger than ever before. 
Other important features of the jobbing trade are boots and shoes, 
notions, agricultural implements, oils, leads and paints, drugs, 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 317 

clothing, furniture, saddlery and harness, groceries and produce. 
The trade in iron and pig iron is also large. The two largest hard- 
ware houses in the Southwest are located here. The city has thir- 
teen strong banks with a combined capital of |6,573,600 and a 
surplus of more than $3,000,000. There are also three trust com- 
panies with a capital of |2,806,100, and surplus of .$1,200,360. In 
1899 the clearings amounted to $413,298,000, and in 1900 to |424,- 
563,000, an increase of 11,265,000. For the eleven months of 1901 
the clearings amount to more than |420,000,000. So that the cur- 
rent year will also show a large increase. Louisville now ranks 
about twelfth in the size of her clearings among the cities of the 
country. It is always a good money market, and legitimate enter- 
prises are fostered by bankers and capitalists. 

The city assessors books show an assessment of $125,000,000 
for all classes of property in the city, of which $90,000,000 are on 
realty. The tax rate for the coming year is |1.59 on the $100. Ac- 
cording to the assessor's reports, business personalty, including 
franchises, is valued at $34,500,000. It is remarkable that this 
sum is larger than the valuation of business personalty in Cin- 
cinnati, Cleveland and other cities larger than Louisville. 

In July, 1898, a most important step was taken looking to the 
development of Louisville as a manufacturing point. The city 
council passed an ordinance exempting all new manufacturing en- 
terprises from city taxation for a period of five years. Since then 
more than one hundred new factories have been established, 25 
per cent, of which are large concerns, adding materially to the 
city's importance in this field. Among those are the new tobacco 
factories above referred to, a large bolt and iron works, a veneer 
mill, varnish and paint works, a candy factory, several large clothing 
manufactories, cooperage works, large fertilizer manufactories, 
wooden ware factories. The manufacture of skirts, shirts, etc., 
has been largely developed. Immense stock yards have been 
opened in the southern'part of the city and are of the greatest im- 
portance to Louisville. Much of this good work has been accom- 
plished through the agency of the Board of Trade and the Com- 
mercial Club, the leading commercial organizations of the city. 

The following table, prepared by the statistician of the Board of 



318 



Fourteenth Bienmal Report Bureau of A<jriculture. 



Trade shows the movemeDt of leading articles to aud from Louis- 
ville for 1900, with the flgnres for eleven months of 1901: 



Articles 



Agr. Imps lbs. 

Boots and Shoes cases 

Coffee lbs. 

Drugs pkgs. 

Dry goods, Notions, etc " 

Fertilizers tons 

Flour bbls. 

Furniture .lbs. 

Hardware pkgs. 

Hides lbs 

Bacon " 

Hams " 

Lard " 

Iron, B. R. and Sheet " 

Iron, Pig tons 

Leather lbs. 

Machinery " 

Oil Cotton Seed bbls. 

Potatoes " 

Saddlery pkgs. 

Soap lbs. 

Stoves, I. Casting's " 

Sugar bbls. 

Tobacco, Leaf hhds. 

Tobacco, Mf g lbs. 

Terra Cotta Tile " 

Vinegar and Cider bbls. 

W. Lead, Paints, etc lbs. 

Wagons " 

Whisky bi5ls. 

Woolen Goods lbs 

Yarn " "' " 



Receipts, 


Receipts, 


Shipments, 


Ship'ts, 
l&Ol 


1900 


1901 

1 


1900 


10,297,809 


13,064,290 


30,508,693 


36,246,711 


112,419 


112,285 


106,734 


93,366 


9,915,468 


10,143,346 


8,895,130 


8,182,178 


176,965 


205,871 


331,228 


336,197 


394,598 


412,653 


411,922 


448,589 


13,564 


15,953 


26,090 


33,941 


140,448 


158,198 


412,998 


474,204 


6,704,488 


6,880,576 


21,467,866 


24,529,680 


141,230 


163,333 


520,898 


637,113 


17,180,940 


19,786,274 


2,453,844 


3,227,131 


19,848,510 


19,131,154 


44,800,451 


41,671,873 


279,290 


313,398 


3,661,179 


2,216.038 


4.659,992 


4,616,688 


17,643,499 


14,469,528 


87,804,366 


135,322,571 


51,673,078 


54,737,390 


81,710 


89,310 


5,957 


7,631 


626,557 


690,739 


10,463,956 


9,117,627 


5,964,943 


7,814,100 


9,842,168 


11,689,838 


298,085 


357,614 


ai3,970 


266,106 


258,449 


212,261 


324,193 


209,846 


10,742 


14,935 


188,011 


202,665 


2.681,712 


4,809,148 


21,019,276 


23,701,457 


4,050,525 


4,952,387 


23,123,965 


22,742,409 


135,193 


129,223 


111,235 


109,993 


111,944 


118,110 


72,801 


93,401 


1,620,857 


905,449 


44,352,707 


36,614,219 


34,346.299 


54,535.418 


25,708,312 


35,138,078 


15,990 


18,643 


96,508 


92,172 


6,467,968 


7,269,648 | 


13,801,231 


13,077.373 


16.885,355 


12,961,094 1 


31,966,069 


33,280,408 


120,690 


115,477 1 


307.093 


282,026 


2,573,713 


2,916,200 


13,705,912 


12,191,729 


605,687 


309,404 
1 


3,338,230 


2,546,870 



Figures for 1900 cover movement for the year. 
If-t to November 30th, inclusive, onlv. 



Figures for 1901 cover period January 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. Z\9 

CITIES OF THE SECOND CLASS. 

Covington. 

Covington, the second city in the State, is situated in Kenton 

• county on the Ohio river, opposite the city of Cincinnati, Ohio. 

It is directly across the Licking river from the city of Newport, 

Ky., with which it is connected by two splendid bridges, which 

are crossed by electric car lines. 

The city possesses great advantages as a manufacturing point 
on account of its shipping facilities furnished by the Ohio and 
Licking rivers and the several railroads entering here. The L. & N., 
Kentucky Central division of the L. & N., Queen and Crescent and 
the Chesapeake & Ohio system enter Covington and render the city 
accessible from all points. The Covington & Cincinnati Elevated 
railroad and Transfer bridge afford facilities for freight to all 
points west, northwest, north and east of Cincinnati. There are 
located here a large cotton mill, an extensive cordage plant, the 
Tranter Rolling Mill and Droege's Licking Roller Mills. The 
latter plant manufactures all kinds of bar iron, and has in con- 
nection with the rolling mill a tin plate mill. The company em- 
ploys 500 men. There are a number of extensive tobacco manufac- 
tories. There are a number of smaller manufacturing plants. 
There are thirty-six miles of paved streets, asphalt, macadam, 
and vitrified brick and the system is being extended. 

The Covington and Cincinnati suspension bridge has recently 
been improved to the extent of having double street car tracks 
with space enough between the inner rails to permit wagons pass- 
ing without interference with rapid transit from Covington to Cin- 
cinnati by the electric street car lines. 

The public school facilities of the city, while good, are not fully 
up to the requirements of the rapidly increasing population and at 
least two more coinmodious buildings will be erected in the near 
future. There is a high school building, five large district school 
l}uildings, one building which was secured to accommodate pupils 
from the overcrowded condition of one of the district schools. 
There is a fine school building for negro children and the system 
of teaching is the same as in the white schools. There are four 
kindergarten schools. 

The churches embrace all denominations and the buildings are 



320 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

some of the finest in the State. There are eight Baptist, nine^ 
Methodist Episcopal, two Protestant Episcopal, three Presbyter- 
ians, eleven Roman Catholic, and others not specified, A large 
Catholic cathedral is now completed, and is the finest church edi- 
fice in the State. It cost not less than |300,000. 

There are four national banks with ample capital. 

The water supply is obtained from the Ohio river five miles 
above Newport and is the best water that can be obtained in this 
vicinity. The reservoirs are three in number and are located on the 
high grounds near Fort Thomas. The pressure from the mains 
will throw water over the highest building in the city. 

The city is supplied with an extensive gas plant and by a large 
electric light plant. 

The fire department is first class and no disastrous fires have 
occurred during the past five years. The police force is eflScient 
and consists of a chief, forty-four patrolmen, officered by three 
lieutenants and four sergeants. 

The value of property assessed for taxation is |23,000,000 and 
the tax rate is |2 on the flOO valuation. A new court house has- 
been erected at the old court house grounds. It is more than 
double the size of the old one and cost $225,000. It is one of the 
finest edifices of the kind in the State. 



Lexington. 

The city of Lexington is situated in the richest agricultural por- 
tion of Kentucky and one of the richest agricultural sections of 
the United States. The peculiar geological formation secures ta 
the counties known as bluegrass counties perpetual fertility of 
soil, and the healthfulness of the climate makes it uncommonly 
suitable for the breeding of all stock adapted to temperate cli- 
mate, and to all crops suitable for such climate. 

Turnpikes. — It is the center of a very fine system of macadam- 
turnpikes. From it as a center radiate these excellent roads to- 
every part of the adjacent and surrounding counties. Lexington 
bears the same relation to these counties that the hub of a wheel 
does to the spokes and circumference. The aggregate population 
of Fayette county, the counties adjoining and the counties tribu- 
tary to Lexington is now over two hundred thousand. It was 
more than one hundred and seventv thousand in the census of 



Fovrteenth Biennial Report Bvreau of Agriculture. 321 

1890. These turnpikes have recently been made free, and the 
heavy tax collected heretofore in the form of tolls removed from 
the trade of Lexington. These tolls were a burden upon her 
trade, and amounted in many instances to a prohibitory tariff, 
especially as to her retail trade. It is as yet difficult to esti- 
mate the very large advantage vs^hich has accrued to Lexington by 
taking from these roads their toll gates. There are fifteen turn- 
pikes leading into Lexington and from these are built quite a 
number of branch turnpikes. These turnpikes connect Lexington 
with Richmond, Winchester and Mt. Sterling, Paris, Georgetown, 
Midway, Versailles and Frankfort, Lawrenceburg, Shakertown, 
Harrodsburg, Nicholasville, Danville, and from each of these 
towns are turnpikes which run to other equally flourishing shire 
towns. All of these turnpikes traverse the richest agricultural 
country, populated by an unusually intelligent, prosperous and 
solvent community. 

Railroad Center. — Lexington is also a railroad center. The 
systems known as the Chesapeake & Ohio, the Louisville & Nash- 
ville and the Southern confront each other in this city. To Lex- 
ington are railroads from the Eastern seaboard, Baltimore, Wash- 
ington, Newport News by the Chesapeake & Ohio. From Phila- 
delphia and New York and the entire East by way of Cincinnati 
by the Kentucky Central and the Queen & Crescent. The Louis- 
ville & Nashville by its connections at Cincinnati and Louisville 
gives to Lexington an advantage of unsurpassed railroad connec- 
tions with the entire South and West and Southwest and the 
Southern System connects her with the Southwest, Tennessee, 
Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and the Trans-Mississippi. These 
various roads and the Lexington & Eastern, which is completed 
to Jackson, Breathitt county, pass through the richest coal fields 
west of the Alleghany mountains, and secure from Lexington an 
abundant and unfailing supply of coal for domestic and manu- 
facturing purposes. They also secure for our merchants reason- 
able freight rates at least as low as those enjoyed by Cincinnati 
and Louisville. Cheap fuel and cheap freights are the founda- 
tions upon which the prosperity of an interior city must be built. 
Without them there can be no hopes of successful competition. 

Capital. — Lexington has abundance of capital. The Fayette 
National Bank, the City National Bank, the First National Bank, 
the Second National Bank, the Third National Bank, the Phoenix 
National Bank, the National Exchange Bank and the Central 
Bank are all solvent banks with abundance of capital and under 
11 



32i Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

progressive and intelligent management. The private capital 
under the control of the citizens of Lexington added to the bank 
capital is abundant for any enterprise which promises profitable 
results. 

Manufactouiks. — Althougli J^exington was originally a most en- 
terprising ijioneer in all industrial movements the want of trans- 
l)ortation, the enormous freights and the high price of fuel, which 
for many years handicapped her destroyed all her manufactories 
except those based on hemp. The nmnufacture of hemp was the 
foundation upon which was built most of the largest fortunes 
made in Ix^xington from 1790 to 18G0. During the year 1859 the 
State of Kentucky raised 19,000 tons of hemp, most of whicli was 
manufactured in the blnegrass section and sold in the shape of 
bagging and rope. The emancipation of the colored people, the 
change in the methods of manufacturing fibres and other changes 
have resulted in the reduction of the production of hemp in Ken- 
tucky to probably less, on an average, than 5,000 tons. It fol- 
lowed necessarily that the manufacture of hemp ceased. In the 
blnegrass the Burley tobacco has gradually been substituted as 
the money crop in place of hemp, but the citizens of Lexington 
have not realized this change until recently, and have not taken 
advantage of the opportunity thus offered to Lexington to make 
it a center of n jirofitable tobacco industry, as it had been of a 
hemp industry, ijut recently several cigar factories have been 
established, ami a company in(<)r])orated for the handling of to- 
bacco, wiiich couii.aii.x is^ at ])r('sent erecting a large and expen- 
sive building on Jlolivar street, and we predict that it will be the 
forerunner of numorous such enterprises and that before a decade 
is passed Lexington will be as celebrated for her tobacco factories 
as she was formerly for her hemp factories. 

A large stemmcry Avhich it is estinuited will employ from fifty 
to seventy-five hands, is to be ej'ected upon ground adjacent to 
the Continental Tobacco Con)]>any"s wan^house. This, it is ex- 
pected, will tend still further to increase the importance of Lex- 
ington as a tobacco center. 

While no very large factories has been built in Lexington a 
number of enterprises have been attempted and are in successful 
operation. This is particularly true recently of lumber companies 
of which there are sevei'al in successful operation. We may state 
as a general observation that every enterprise of which skilled 
men have been in control has been fairlv successful. And this 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 328 

it ((> lie oxpecled, beenuse Lexiiigtou now luis abimdauee of water, 
elect lie lights, electri' ears, abundance of capital, cheap freight 
and clicap fuel. Its climate is healtliful during the whole year; 
in its niarkels are always to be found wholesome food at reason- 
able prices. 

There is. however, a large [»opulation in this city and its sub- 
urbs Avhich could be utilized in many foi-ms of labor at very cheap 
rates, and there is no i)lace known to us Avhere so many advan- 
tages unite foi- the successful operation of such enterprises. 

DiSTiLLEuiKs. — These deserve a special mention. Situated in 
the suburbs are the distilleries fi-om which are manufactured the 
whiskies known as the "'Old Tar," -Old Elk," -'Ashland," '"Pepper," 
and "Woodland." These brands are known all over America. 
When these distilleries are in operation, their joint capacity is 
sufficient to require a daily payment to the Government of eight 
thousand dollars in taxes. They furnish employment and support 
to many persons and a market for a large amount of grain. 

Very recently, th<' Lexington Brewing (Jompany, incorporated in 
October, 18i)7, has erected a large and handsome brewery, with a 
capacity of fifteen thousand barrels a year or more. 

Edt'cational. — But the chief cause of the prosperity, influence 
and reputation of Lexington during the 118 years of its existence 
has been its educational advantages and these are unsurpassed by 
any city of its size in America. It is the seat of Kentucky Univer- 
sity, the successor of Transylvania University, and of the State 
Agricultural and Me<'hanical College. In each of these institu- 
tions both of Avhicli are now open to women, the youth of Lex- 
ington and of Kentucky can obtain a collegiate education at a 
cost so low as to be practically nominal. Each of them is manned 
with a full corps of able and successful professors, and have en- 
rolled jointly peiliaps eight hundred students. The Sayre Fe- 
male Institute, founded wholly by the late David A. Sayre, the 
Hamilton Female College, and other private schools furnish 
equally suitable educational advantages for girls. The system of 
public schools is equal to that of any city of the same size, and 
under it the children of both races are given the fullest opportu- 
nity for the best common school, public education. Lexington 
owes her reputation and power to these institutions of learning 
and they have attracted, and continue to attract many persous 
to settle in the city so that their children may have the benefil (►f 
these advantages. And to these colleges, female seminaiic^s. pri 



324 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Aoriculture. 

vate schools and public schools ought to be added mention of the 
commercial and business colleges which have been a prominent 
feature of the educational advantages of Lexington. Among the 
first business and commercial colleges established in Kentucky 
was the one established in Lexington, and there have always been 
and are now, several of the most flourishing of these colleges 
here, with large patronage, not only from Kentucky but from the 
Southern and Western States. 

Street Railways. — Lexington has now one of the most com- 
plete and effective systems of street railway service in the coun- 
try. It has about fifteen miles of splendid track and is a sub- 
ject of flattering comment with visitors. At present there is 
being constructed a system of interurban roads which are designed 
to connect Lexington with all the neighboring towns. The first 
line, which is to Georgetown, is nearly completed, and will be in 
operation before spring. A solvent corporation, capitalized at 
$7,000,000 has acquired the franchises and proposes to construct 
similar electric lines to Nicholasville, Paris, Versailles, Winches- 
ter and Richmond. This prospect may not be realized in the near 
future, but it seems inevitable that the growing communities of 
the contiguous counties and towns, shall sooner or later be 
united with Lexington by means of such electric railways. 

Some years ago the city council entered upon the reconstruction 
of the streets in the central portion of the city and constructed 
them of brick, so that now the streets of the city are excellent. 

The boundaries of Lexington have not been changed since its 
incorporated as a city. The court house square is the center, 
and the limits are the circumference of a circle with a radius of 
one mile each way, from that center. The growth of the popula- 
tion has, therefore, gone over these limits and outside of them; 
contiguous to the buildings of the city are numerous residences 
and a population of perhaps from three to five thousand that 
really belong to the city, constitutes a part of its population and 
does its business in it. Adding this to the population within the 
limits of the city there are not less than from thirty to thirty-five 
thousand people who are really citizens of Lexington. 

The public buildings are not only ample but handsome. The 
United States building used as a postoffice and offices for the 
Collector of Internal Revenue is a stone building of handsome 
architectural style. The new court house, which is almost finished 
and which sits upon the old square in the center of the city, is a 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 326 

still more imposing building. The two colleges have numerous 
and suitable edifices for their various purposes. 

Charitable Institutions. — Very early charity took a practical 
form in Lexington, and her citizens erected a private enterprise 
the first lunatic asylum west of the Alleghany mountains. It is 
now one of the largest asylums in the country. It is situated in 
the northwestern portion of the city, the State owning it, and 
having purchased some three hundred acres of land and erected 
buildings costing many thousands of dollars. The asylum is a 
community in itself of perhaps eleven hundred souls. Recently 
the Odd Fellows of Kentucky have established here the Widows' 
and Orphans' Home and purchased the commodious and hand- 
some residence of the late Robert McMichael. One of the sad re- 
sults of the terrific ravages of the cholera in 1833 was the large 
number of helpless orphans, and some of the charitable ladies 
of the city, with the aid of their husbands, founded the Lexington 
Orphan Asylum, and from time to time as necessity demanded 
other charitable institutions have been founded, and we presume 
that to-day there is not a city of its size where charities are more 
numerous or more wisely managed than in Lexington. During 
the past year the Houses of Reform have been located near this 
city, and are soon to be ready for occupancy. 

Though her advantages are thus meagerly outlined, the future 
of Lexington is most promising. Situated in the heart of a coun- 
try so fertile and so solvent, with a climate so salubrious, with a 
system of free turnpikes with ample railroad facilities, with cheap 
fuel and cheap freight, with such educational advantages, with 
abundant capital, there is no city of its size known to us which 
offers so many inducements for enterprising men of fair capital 
to invest their capital, provided they invest themselves with their 
capital; men who are skilled in any form of industrial work and 
who have sufficient capital to found any factory can find no place 
with more, if as many, advantages as is possessed by Lexington. 



Newport. 

(Revised 1901 by R. W. Nelson, Mayor.) 

Newport, Campbell county, is the third largest city in the State 
of Kentucky, and is situated on the south side of the Ohio river, 
and on the mouth of the Licking river and opposite of the city of 



326 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

Cincinnati, Ohio. Tho population is close to 32,000. The city was 
originally established by an act of the General Assembly of the 
State approved December 14, 1795, upon a tract of land of 180 
acres owned by General James Taylor, Messrs. Thomas Kennedy, 
Washington Berry, Henry Brashear, Thomas Lindsey, Nathan 
Kelly, James McClure and Daniel Duggan being appointed trus- 
tees by that act. 

In 1803 the United States purchased some five acres of land and 
established a military post known as "Newport Barracks" and 
by an act of the General Assembly of December 26, 1803, it gave 
the United States exclusive jurisdiction therein. 

By an act of February 24, 1834, of the General Assembly of the 
Commonwealth, the inhabitants of Newport were declared a body 
corporate and politic, with power to establish a municipal govern- 
ment composed of one principal officer, to be known as the mayor, 
and six trustees, all of whom to be elected for the first time for the 
term of one year, on the first Monday in March next, by a majority 
of the free white male inhabitants, said mayor and trustees being 
authorized to elect a suitable person to perform the duties of 
town clerk. Subsequently amendatory acts by the General As- 
sembly authorized the division of the town into wards, the 
election of councilmen, school trustees and other municipal offi- 
cers until the adoption of the new Constitution, when the city of 
Newport became one of the cities of the second class of the State of 
Kentucky and is now governed by its new charter adopted for such 
municipalities by an act of the General Assembly session of 1894. 

Newport is connected with Cincinnati, Ohio, by two magnifi- 
cent iron and steel bridges; one being known as the "Central 
Bridge,'' and the other as the Newport and Cincinnati Bailroad 
Bridge." The former was erected by the efforts of the citizens of 
Newport, in 1892, at a cost of over one million dollars, the city 
council exempting it from taxation for the period of five years as 
an inducement for its construction. The other bridge was origi- 
nally erected by the Pennsylvania railroad some twenty-five years 
ago, exclusively for railroad traffic, but lately said bridge was re- 
constructed at an outlay of one and a half millions of dollars and 
is now open for railroad, wagon and street car traffic and pedes- 
trians, and considered the finest bridge spanning the Ohio. New- 
port is also connected with her sister city, Covington, Kentucky, 
by two iron bridges across the Licking river, one of which is owned 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 327 

jointly by the cities just mentioned and the other is owned by New 
York capitalists. 

Newport has the finest system of electric street railway in the 
State, carrying passengers within ten minutes to the city of Cin- 
cinnatL at a cash fare of five cents. For religious and educational 
facilities Newport is unsurpassed; it has now eighteen Protestant 
churches and three Catholic churches, a public library building 
erected at a cost of |25,000, well stocked with books. Her school 
houses, seven in number for white, and one for colored, accommo- 
date some 3,000 pupils. Said public schools are conducted under 
the supervision of a board of education, employing one superin- 
tendent, six assistant superintendents and seventy-two teachers. 
The annual appropriation for educational purposes by city and 
State aggregate some |65,000. 

Newport has a complete sewerage system and good brick and 
macadam streets. Its water works, owned and controlled by the 
city, is considered the best and most complete in this vicinity, 
with a capacity of 6,000,000 gallons daily. The water is pumped 
by powerful engines about seven miles above the city from the 
Ohio river, into a large reservoir situated in the highlands back 
of Newport, thus securing clear and pure water. The pressure 
of the water is from eighty to one hundred pounds, and is so great 
that it throws a stream out of one and one-eighth inch nozzle 120 
feet high— thus Newport is one of the most desirable places for 
the establishment of manufacturing concerns. It has now one 
large rolling mill, employing 500 hands, one large pipe foundry, 
employing 400 hands, lithographing and printing works, employ- 
ing 250 hands, one watch case factory, one brass foundry, one car- 
riage specialty works and many others of minor importance. 

The large military post, known as Fort Thomas, situated in the 
highlands back of Newport, is unsurpassed for its magnificent 
and commodious buildings, etc. One battalion of the second 
United States Infantry, with military band are stationed there- 
in. Said fort is connected with Newport by an electric rail- 
way, and can be reached within fifteen minutes ride through su- 
perb scenery of the famous highlands of Campbell county. 



328 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



CITIES OF THE THIRD CLASS. 



Bowling Green. 

Situated on the Louisville & Nashville railroad, 113 miles south 
of Louisville, and near the intersection of the Memphis branch 
with the main line, and at the head of the slack water navigation 
of Green and Barren rivers, Bowling Green enjoys unusual facili- 
ties for communication with all parts of the country, Warren 
county, of which Bowling Green is the capital, is one of the wealth- 
iest, most fertile and prosperous counties in Southern Kentucky. 

The staples are corn, oats, wheat, tobacco, and grass — all of 
which are raised in prolific abundance. Besides these products, 
fruits of all kinds, especially apples, grapes, strawberries, and 
others of a similar kind, grow in large quantities. The farmers 
also devote much attention to raising horses, mules, sheep and 
hogs — ail of which are very proiitable industries. By a wise sys- 
tem of road building inaugurated several years ago, the county has 
constructed and repaired more than one hundred and twenty 
miles of macadamized and gravel roads. The roads radiate out 
from Bowling Green in every direction like spokes from the hub 
of a wheel, and the building of these highways has become so 
general that there is not a dirt road leading out of the city. The 
effect of this system of roads, all of which are free, has been 
wonderfully helpful to both city and country. 

Lying withing a few miles of the corporate limits are vast quan- 
tities of coal of a fine grade, much of which is suitable for coking 
purposes. Only a little beyond, and in the same immediate vicin- 
ity, are almost inexhaustible stores of iron ore of a superior type. 
In fact about the first iron ever made in Kentucky was made at 
the furnace in Edmonson county, only a short distance from Bowl- 
ing Green. It is only a question of a little time when these store- 
houses of wealth will be opened, a,nd when this is done, this place 
will naturally and inevitably become the beneficiary; steel plants 
and rolling mills will find their location here. 

Located near this place are several stone quarries of rare excel- 
lence. From two of them is shipped white building stone of the 
most beautiful kind, and it finds ready market everywhere, and can 
be seen in houses from New York to Texas. The curbing and 



Fourteenth Bientiial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 329 

flagging stone is also shipped in large quantities, and the supply 
is without limit. 

Few cities in Kentucky are so thoroughly equipped with all 
modern conveniences and improvements as this little city. 

She has as fine a system of water works as was, probably, ever 
devised, affording an abundant supply of water perfectly pure, 
sweet and wholesome. The reservoir is located on an eminence 
above the town, so high as to make the pressure sufficient to 
force the water, without the use of engines, over the tallest house 
in town. The protection thus afforded from fire is as perfect as can 
be made, and anything like a general conflagration is an impos- 
sibility. She has her streets brilliantly lighted with electricity, 
and the people have both electricity and gas for illuminating their 
residences and business houses. What is an especial mark of the 
prudence and good sense of the people here is that the city owns 
both her water works and her electric light plant; thus being free 
from the extortion of a private corporation, and thus being able 
to furnish to the people both water and light at actual cost. 

Her streets are graded admirably, her sidewalks well paved, 
and the cleanliness of both is as remarkable as it is rare. The 
drainage, natural and artificial, rids the town of those elements 
of filth and disease which so severely affect the health and com- 
fort of many places. In consequence of her location, the exhaust- 
less supply of pure water, and the general cleanliness of the place, 
it is as healthy a spot as can be found anywhere. 

Besides private schools the city has built and maintained at 
public expense as fine a system of free graded schools as was, 
perhaps, ever established anywhere. These schools are for both 
white and black. The buildings are large three-story brick houses, 
and are models of convenience as well as being structures of 
architectural symmetry and beauty. A child completing the 
course of studv prescribed by these graded schools acquires a 
good, substantial practical education. These schools have been 
one of the causes of the steady growth of the city. People come 
from all the surrounding country to educate their children, and, 
once located, it is a rare thing that a citizen of Bowling Green 
€ver leaves it to go anywhere. 

Besides being a city of schools this is a city of churches as wel . 
Almost everv denomination— Presbyterian, Baptist, Episcopal, 
Catholic, Methodist, Christian, etc.-has its own church edifice 
and place of worship, and the proportion of church communicants 



330 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agricuuure. 

is gratifying in the extreme to all who hold to the Christian, 
faith. 

A stranger going to this beautiful little city can not fail to be 
ini])n'ssed with the business thrift of her citizens, the high moral 
tone of her people, and the evidences of public spirit everywhere, 
both in public works and private atfairs. 

Whilst this place has never been extensively engaged in man- 
ufacturing, still it has always had many industries which offer 
employment to the people and bring revenue to the city. She has- 
large flouring mills, affording a good market for the farmers' 
wheat; an extensive ax-handle plant engaged in working up the 
hickory woods of the country; an extensive pork-packing house; 
several lumber mills, manufacturing the immense quantities of 
logs from up Barren river; a street car line running across the 
town; a head, stave and barrel factory, doing a large and thriving 
business; two large founderies, employing a good force of hands; 
bottling Avorks which ship its wares all over the country; a knit- 
ting factory, giving employment to many girls who need it; two- 
large ice factories with a capacity of eight and twelve tons per 
day, respectively, besides the machine and car repair shops of the 
Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company, which gives lucrative 
employment to a large number of people. 

The business houses of merchants and bankers, and the private 
residences of the citizens are of the most substantial and attrac- 
tive kind, and betoken prosperity and thrift and that comfortable 
ease that springs from an equable distribution of wealth. There 
is a remarkable absence of individual riches here, but there is also 
a remarkable absence of individual poverty — a miserable hovel 
crouched beside a magnificent palace is a sight never seen in 
Bowling Green. 

Not only is this place attractive as a business point and as an 
educational center, but as a place of residence it is simply delight- 
ful. The mild and genial climate, the unsurpassed beauty of the 
surrounding scenery, the generous yield of grain from field and 
fruit from orchard and succulent vegetation from garden, the 
culture and refinement of citizen and resident, the high moral tone 
of 'Spriest and people,'" — all combine to make this, as a place of 
residence, one of almost unequaled attractiveness. Nestling right 
in the heart of the town is as pretty a little gem as ever graced 
a city's breast. This gem is one of Bowling Green's parks — orna- 
mented with statuary, supplied with a large fountain whose 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 381 

falling water make eoiitimial melody; tilled every summer night 
with a gay and happy throng of idlers seeking fresh air; resonant 
with the glad laughter of hundreds of children at play, it is a 
lovely spot, and has yielded back the cost of it a hundred times 
over. 

Around the reservoir there is a larger park, containing some ten 
or twelve acres, aitistically laid-oif and plotted, and filled with 
every variety of tree indigenous to the soil — a place whose beauti- 
ful scenery affords a constant feast to every eye which enjoys the 
beautiful and every heart which is touched by Nature's handi- 
work. 

These little parks afford an insight to the spirit of the people 
of this little city, which is a spirit not only of progress, but of that 
kind of progress which elevates and ennobles as well as enriches. 



Frankfort. 

Frankfort is situated in the Bluegrass region of Kentucky, and 
in the midst of its hemp and tobacco producing district; is noted 
for its fine horses, both thoroughbred and trotters. Some of the 
finest specimens of each have been bred and trained in the county 
of Franklin and adjoining counties. 

Within a radius of five miles from Frankfort, the finest old-fash- 
ioned, hand-made sour mash, copper distilled bourbon whisky that 
the world produces is made to the amount of <^00 barrels per day, 
giving employment to 250 men. 

The city is situated on the Kentucky river, which is navigable 
to the great coal and iron and timber lands, which are boundless, 
of a superior quality, and are largely operated. 

It is the capital of the State, is a beautiful and picturesque 
city of about 10,000 inhabitants; it is the center of the lumber 
producing section of the State; has a large number of mills, cut- 
ting probably 15,000,000 of all kinds of lumber, pine, oak, poplar 
and ash, and for furniture ])urposes, walnut, maple, quarter oak, 
sycamore and beech, supplying one large furniture manufactory 
and the largest chair manufacturing plant in the South, these 
several enterprises employing more than 1,000 men. 

It has a large hemp twine manufactory which makes binder and 
commercial twine and gives employment to 150 men. 

It has wood working, broom and shoe manufactories, opcM-att^d 



832 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

on a liberal scale, and at a fair profit, employing about 400 men. 
It is supplied with transportation facilities, both river and rail, 
by competing lines and at satisfactory rates; has direct connec- 
tion with the seaboard through the great Chesapeake & Ohio rail- 
road and with the south and west through the Louisville & Nash- 
ville, with the North and East direct through the Frankfort & Cin- 
cinnati, and with the projected lines to the South and into the 
vast coal and iron fields of Eastern Kentucky and West Virginia; 
and by the Kentucky river with the interior of the State and 
Louisville and Cincinnati, Ohio, daily. 

It has two large flouring mills, one of 500 barrels capacity daily 
and one of 250, and many other smaller enterprises, employing, 
the mills included, some 200 men. It has practically unlimited 
water powder. Lock No. 4 of the Kentucky river system is located 
one mile below the city, with a dam sixteen feet high, which vast 
power is only slightly utilized. 

It has ample sites contiguous to the railroads and river for any 
number of manufactories where could be located all kinds of wood 
working plants with ample supply of material and of easy access 
to market, foundries and manufactories of small articles of iron, 
wire and nail works. Brass and copper articles could here be made 
very satisfactory enterprises and soap and glue factories could be 
profitably operated, with ample supply of material and ready 
market. 

A system of w^ater w^orks, two reservoirs, of a capacity of 40,- 
000,000 gallons, at an elevation of 342 feet, gives an abundance 
of best water and affords a fire protection that renders large 
fires quite impossible. Frankfort paid in fire insurance premiums 
last year over |68,000, and only sustained a fire loss of less than 
$11,000. 

To manufacturing enterprises Frankfort offers very many ad- 
vantages. 

The schools and school system of Frankfort are deservedly a 
public pride, and certainly there can not be any thing more com- 
mendable than close attention to educational matters. The num- 
ber and character of the school edifices, the ability of teachers 
and officers, and the large enrollment of pupils, all join in proof 
that educational lines are strong. The most costly building is 
the High School, which represents an outlay of |30,000. At the 
close of last year the enrollment of white pupils numbered 1,220. 
There were 505 colored children enrolled in the colored citv school. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 333 

The school system embraces a scientific laboratory, worth |1,200; 
a kindergarten department, manual training school, and a library 
containing upwards of |400 worth of books. In selecting a Board 
of Education, particular attention has always been paid toward 
securing men with interest and ability in school matters. 



Henderson. 

The city of Henderson, the county seat of Henderson county, 
is situated on the Ohio river, about midway between Louisville 
and Cairo, 111., at its mouth. It is 145 miles from Nashville and 
170 miles from St. Louis. It is on an air line from Chicago to 
Mobile and from St. Louis to Norfolk, Va. It is located on a 
bluff bank, and while all the cities of the State similarly situated, 
with possibly one or two exceptions, from the Big Sandy to the 
mouth of the Ohio, are largely inundated during the great rises 
in the river, Henderson stands unharmed, twenty-four feet above 
the highest water ever known. No part of the city has ever been, 
and from the nature of its location, can ever be, overflowed. It 
is acknowledged a city enjoying the finest health, and is known 
far and near for its natural and acquired beauty. In addition 
to the great commercial benefits derived from having the great 
Ohio flowing by her front, and capable of bearing the traffic of a 
nation, she is, owing to her railroads, the natural gateway to the 
South for all produce now shipped out of Green and Wabash 
rivers. It is the largest tobacco stripping market in the world. 

No city combines more geographical advantages of position 
than does Henderson. Comparatively she bears the same commer- 
cial relation in the South that Chicago does in the Northwest. 
We have the great Louisville &, Nashville railway connecting us 
with the South direct through Nashville, Tenn., a distance of 140 
miles, and with Chicago on the lakes and St. Louis at the West. 
The Illinois Central, running from Louisville to Memphis and 
Memphis to New Orleans via Paducah, is tapped only eighty miles 
away from us at Princeton by the Ohio Valley railway, thus giv- 
ing Henderson another competing outlet north, south, east and 
west well nigh as valuable as the Louisville & Nashville. The 
Louisville, Henderson & St. Louis road, formerly known as the 
^'Texas," parallels the Ohio river, giving Henderson the closest 
connection with Louisville, Cincinnati and the East. It can be 



334 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

cliiimed as auotlier and third compel iug line of raiiwav lunnina; 
out of Jlendei'son and by its connections attording a rapid and 
safe transit to all parts of the country. 

The great steel bridge spanning the Oliio river at this poinr, 
built by the Henderson Bridge Company, of which the L. ^: N. is 
the largest stockholder, is a model structure, costing in the neigh- 
borhood of 11,500,000, and is known to be one of the greatest feats 
of modern engineering ever so successfully undertaken in this 
country. 

We undertake to say, and that, loo, williout fear of success- 
ful contradiction, that there is no city more favorably provided 
with fuel and water than is Henderson. There is in the county 
alone live large and successfully oi)erated coal mines — firms amply 
equipped in eveiy way for supplying any required amount of coal 
at prices defying successful competition. Coals for manufactur- 
ing purposes are sold at prices to occasion some doubt of the 
truth by those places necessarily coni]»elled to purchase their 
fuel elsewhere than at their immediate doors. So, too, with do- 
mestic consumption; the price is very reasonable, if not low down 
in the scale. Henderson owns her own water woiks and is able 
to supply patrons at low prices. 

Henderson is the best lighted city in the country; she no( only 
owns her superioi- gas plant, but she is the owner of the best 
five brilliancy to an extent enjoyed by few fities in the Union. 
Remote and unfrequented portions of the city are as brilliantly 
illuminated as is required in the moiv densely settled portions 
of other cities enjoying electric light, and this is accountinl for 
by the fact that the city is the sole owner of the plant. 

No subject treated in a brief review of Henderson's advantages 
over otlier cities of like pretension is more imi)ortant than that 
of the provision made for the edncalion of llie youth. In this, 
as in other matters of public interest, Henderson I'auks with the 
foremost cities of the country. There are here three free public 
schools exclusiA'ely f«)r whites, conducted by a l)oard of trustees 
elected by the people, and two for the blacks c<nitrolled by the 
some board. Two buildings provided for the whites are impos- 
ing brick structures, one of fourteen rooms, the other of eight, 
both capable of comfortably accommodating between fifteen and 
i'ighteen hundred children. The third building is frame, with ca- 
l>acity of taking care of two hundred and fifty or three hundred. 
()n<^ of the l)uildiugs for the colored children is a liMudsonie brick. 



Fmrtixnth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 3S6 

tbe other a frame, both capable of accommodating six or seven 
rudred pupils. Tl>e three brick structures were built at a heavy 
■"i; e to he taxpayers and would i,e creditable to c.t.es o 
Zlun- population. In addition to the foregomg number there 
Ts a hioh school, where the higher grades are taught 
IS a ui„u s having the most iniposmg and 

Henderson justly lays clami to navii „ 
elegant buildings dedicated to the worship of (,od that aic to 
(,„n in cities ten times her population. Of all the rel.g.ous 
aeno mictions here represented, each has its own house of wo ■ 
shUr a building in every way highly creditable. Two of our 
church buildings cost exceeding »7o,n00 each, and the others cost 

•'X::re'hr^:::rtohacco stemmene. handnn^a^ shr, 

stiips go emcti lu f $800,000 are invested 

'"""■■'„'" in'tirr? ■ In audi on o our stemmeries, there is here 
:::' ^ e m u tt-v of chewing and smoUing tobacco and one 
Tauufactory engaged in making of trash leaf, a liquid wash which 
is pxnorted to Cermany and used there. 

There .re here two sour mash distilleries with capacity of 

,wen bi rel ,.er day of twenty-four hours each. An enormous 

•otto n 1 , em .loving over C.0(. operators; a woolen mil , employ^ 

!.im o.erators and a 110(1,001) brewery, a box factor,, a 

;.l" ra e ho:;:, manufacturing large quantities of ice, 

I'lc: fl^tory, capable of supplying a 'a-'ge ho^ie - - ^ 

,..o,.„fn.^tnHps several manufactories ot liainehs duu 

:adlef": f "ut "oV;, Houring mills, a foundry, a large saw 

saddles, a tiunitmi ,'',,„„,ber of blacksmith shops, an im- 

™'"' '7 " '""mil ^'ee ail. elevators, and numerous other 
mense liominy mill, Tiiiec -,iaiii 

concerns of minor importance. 

The health of Henderson is good all seasons of the yeau 
Such a thin- as an epidemic was never known here. Being sit 



336 FouHeenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

This, too, will hereafter go to reduce the tax rate which is by no 
means too high in a city striving to increase its population and 
advantages. The tax rate for all purposes, city, school, railroad, 
etc., amounts to |1.47 on the |100 valuation, which is small as 
compared with other cities. 

All the main thoroughfares are graveled for a distance of five 
miles, while our dirt roads are the very best and are kept in fine 
order and condition. Our county is improving in its agricultural 
methods from the fact that the crops are becoming more diversi- 
fied and better care is taken of farming lands. The fertility of 
the soil is improving. The main body of our land is exceedingly 
fertile, but, where the land has become impoverished, fertilizers 
are used. We have had a large immigration to our county, of all 
condition and classes, but mainly the manufacturing class, to 
our cotton and woolen mills. There has been an increase in our 
population of over 5,000 in the past few years. Audubon, a sub- 
urb of the city of Henderson, has grown to a town of 1,800 or 
2,000. 

The population is gradually increasing, 'and in the next decade 
it is predicted Henderson will take rank as the second or third 
county in the State. 

Henderson has five banks with near |1,000,000 capital. Her 
assessed valuation is |5,157,927, exclusive of the great river rail- 
road bridge which is assessed at |747, 000. Net income from water 
receipts per annum over |18,000. 

There are here two of the best provided sanitariums to be found 
in the State. 



Owensboro. 

Owensboro, Kentucky, is beautifully situated on the south bank 
of the Ohio river, 160 miles below Louisville, by water, and 112 
miles by rail. It was founded about the year 1798 by the cele- 
brated pioneer of the Green river country, "Bill Smothers," and 
was first called Yellow Banks. It was made the county seat in 
1815, platted as Rossborough in 1816, and its name changed to 
Owensboro in 1818, in honor of the gallant Colonel Abraham 
Owen, who fell at Tippecanoe. The town was known generally 
as Yellow Banks, however, until about the year 1838. The popu- 
lation is about 15,000. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 337 

The school facilities of the city are excellent. There are four 
large public school buildings for white pupils, situated in differ- 
ent parts of the city, costing originally over |100,000, and supplied 
with all the latest and best appliances for health and comfort, 
and all requisite apparatus for educational purposes. Two large, 
new brick and stone edifices have also been erected and equipped 
for the exclusive use of colored pupils, at a cost of |25,000. The 
enrollment of the Owensboro public schools for 1899 shows 2,800 
white pupils and 1,000 colored pupils. The faculty consists of 
thirty white teachers and ten colored teachers, all chosen by a 
competitive examination. 

The city has a number of excellent academies ana private 
schools. Among the former are the Owensboro Female College 
and St. Joseph Francis' Academy, each occupying large and hand- 
some buildings, equal to those of any college in the State. 

Owensboro has long been celebrated for the number and beauty 
of its church buildings. It has two Presbyterian, four Baptist, 
two Methodist, three German, one Episcopal, one Christian, one 
Hebrew, one Cumberland Presbyterian and three Catholic church- 
es. There are also a number of mission chapels in the suburbs, 
maintained by the leading congregations. The colored citizens 
own a half dozen churches in and about the city, one of them 
the costliest church in the State owned by the colored race. 

The city has eight banks and one safety vault and trust company, 
with an aggregate capital stock of over |1,000,000. There has 
never been a bank failure in the city or county. There are two 
banks in the county, outside of Owensboro. 

Owensboro has a first-class electric street car system, traversing 
the principal streets, and extending to Hickman Park, two miles 
in the country. It has a |250,000 water works and a |100,000 
gas and electric light plant, owned by private corporations. 

It has the best fire department in the State, occupying two hand- 
some engine houses in different parts of the city, fully equipped 
with the most approved apparatus, electric alarms, etc., including 
a chemical engine, hose, ladders, wagons and patent appliances 
for insuring speed and safety. Every member is a trained vet- 
eran, and all the horses educated to their duties. 

The police department has a city judge, prosecuting attorney, 
marshal, chief and full corps of day and night officers. 

Owensboro has a handsome government building, in which are 
located the post office, U. S. Revenue Collector's office for the 



338 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

Second District of Kentucky, and also the U. S. Court room, and 
offices for officials. It has a city hall, in which are the council 
chamber, surveyor's office, marshal's and tax-collector's offices, 
the offices of the fire and police chiefs, the city lock-up, city court- 
room, etc. The city has also a commodious work-house, where it 
utilizes its criminal classes. 

Hickman Park, containing twenty acres, with gravel walks, im- 
proved roadways, flower beds, fountains, and a zoological collec- 
tion, concert stands, bowling alleys, etc., is situated two miles 
south of the city. It is a popular pleasure resort, owned and main- 
tained by the city, with which it is connected by electric railway. 

Owensboro has upwards of fifty manufacturing establishments, 
many of them of large size, operated on a large scale. Among 
the important ones may be mentioned the Owensboro Wagon 
Works, Ames Carriage Works, Owensboro Wheel Factory, brick 
and tile works, Bluegrass canning factory, employing 250 hands; 
woolen mills, employing 500 hands; Marsden Cellulose Factory, 
which cost .fl50,000, four large planing mills, three large flour 
mills, with aggregate capacity of 1,000 barrels of flour per day, four 
tobacco manufactories, the large plants of the American Tobacco 
Company, and twenty-five large stemmeries, with capacity for 
handling over 10,000,000 pounds a year, two complete ice manu- 
factories, and many smaller factories. The city has four whole- 
sale grocery houses, five wholesale whisky houses, several beer- 
bottling establishments, three steam laundries, two daily and 
several weekly papers, and two general job-printing offices. With- 
in a short distance of the city are a dozen distilleries, whose pro- 
duct is known all over the world, also cooper shops, cattle yards, 
brick-yards, etc. 

Two telephone companies supply over 1,000 customers with effi- 
cient local and long-distance service. The Western Union and 
Postal Telegraph Companies have offices in the city. 

The Ohio river, the O. & N. division of the Louisville & Nash- 
ville railroad, the Louisville, Henderson & St. Louis railway, and 
the Owensboro, Falls of Rough & Green River division of the 
Illinois Central ofi'er unexcelled transportation facilities north, 
south, east and west. 

The principal products for which the city is a market are to- 
bacco, corn, wheat, oats, hay, potatoes, fruits and vegetables. A 
large amount of rough and dressed lumber is handled annually 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 3^9 

in Owensboi-o, and the annual sliiiJiiicnt.s of {toultry and live stock 
sire heavy. 

To tliose seelvinji a phice for i-esidcncc oi- invest niwit Owens- 
hoi-o otters exce[»tional indncenients. It is a jiirowing city, tiie 
metropolis of the richest aj^ricultnral and mineral section of Ken- 
tncky. Its location is healthfnl and i)ictnres(iiie; its streets i>r(»a<l 
and shaded; its hnsiness houses and ]>rivale i-esidences ele^;lnt, 
many of the lattei- palatial; its relioions and educational advan- 
taj>es nuirked; its peoide i-(-tined and hospitable. In ai-t. music, 
literature and the drama the city can boast of disriiiyuished 
patronajie, as is attested by the numerous rlubs niid or^ani/.jiiious 
devoted to social an<l ai-tistic eii<ls. 

( iK(»I!<;iO \'. Tltll'I.MTT. 



Paducah. 

(Revised 1901 by Mayor J. M. Lanj?.) 

Fadncah, Kentucky, the Queen City of the I'urchase, is lo<-ated 
in almost the extreme western part of the State and in the heart 
of the great IMississ-ippi Valley. It is situated upon the Ohio 
and Tennessee rivers, just twehe miles below the mouth of the 
Cumberland and fifty miles from the Mississippi. Paducah is 2l'G 
miles from Louisville, 1(>5 miles from St. Louis and 107 miles from 
Memphis and is the largest city between these points. With these 
cities and in fact with all points from Pittsburg and St. Louis to 
the (iulf, I'aducah has water connection as well as by rail. These 
comprehensive river and railroad facilities make good Paducah's 
claim to be the future leading gateway to the great South and 
Southwest. 

The origin of the name "Paducah" is surrounded in romantic 
mystery. But the theory most popularly accepted is that iij the 
(dden time an Indian chief found his last resting i>lace on the 
banks of the Tennessee near a ]>oi'tion of the city now known as 
Jersey. Whethei- the legend be true, the average I'aducahan will 
not willingly surrender the romance; and further the belief is cher- 
ished that the old warrior died not with cuises on his lips, but he 
was rather a fri(Mid to the white man who has chosen to per|»et- 
uate his name. 

The first house in Paducah was erected in April, 1S21; the city 



340 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau, of Agriculture. 

was platted in 1827 and incorporated in 1830. The strategic value 
of the city's location was recognized at once and Paducah quickly 
became a most important distributing point and the center of an 
immense commercial activity. One of the remarkable points of 
Paducah's development is the fact that the city has always had 
a commercial importance far out of proportion to its size. The 
old citizen fondly recalls the golden age of steamboating when 
from Pittsburg to the Gulf no city of the size did one-third as 
much business as Paducah. Cotton, tobacco, wheat and corn 
were marketed here in enormous quantities. Paducah's manufac- 
turning interests also early attained great importance and long 
before the war were second also only to her vast river trade. 

If there is one thing in which Paducah excels and in which the 
city has no close competition, it is in freight rates. Whether to 
the north or south, the east or the west, freight schedules are in 
her favor. This is because in addition to her splendid railroad fa- 
cilities, Paducah has four great rivers — the Ohio, the Tennessee the 
Cumberland and the Mississippi — which seens to have selected their 
courses with the single view of making Paducah an unrivalled com- 
mercial center. The vast benefits of far reaching waterways are 
seen to the greatest advantage in the transportation of raw mate- 
rials and heavy manufactured articles and in regulating freight 
rates. The river rate to New Orleans gives Paducah splendid 
exporting facilities and as a point from which to reach the trade 
of our new West Indian colonies, Cuba and Porto Rico, Paducah is 
unsurpassed. 

Paducah's railroad facilities are furnished by the Illinois Cen- 
tral railroad, the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis railroad and 
the Louisville & Nashville railroad, which is closely in touch with 
the N. C. & St. L. railroad. 

Paducah's population is estimated to-day to be over 23,000. In 
1880 the population was 8,036; 13,024 in 1890, and is still increas- 
ing at a very rapid rate. 

The city has twenty-three churches representing all the leading 
denominations, and some of the church buildings are the most 
beautiful to be found in the State. 

The public school system is one of the best in the South. There 
are eight public schools, one private academy, one kindergarten, 
one parochial school and one business college and night schools. 
The high school building has just been completed at a cost of 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 341 

$75,000, and is in every respect a model city school structure. The 
faculty numbers forty-three white teachers and thirteen colored. 

The electric street car system is first class and well equipped, 
operating fourteen miles of track inside the city limits. The street 
car line connects with a beautiful suburban park just outside the 
city limits, where a first class summer theater is conducted every 
season. 

The city is also supplied with a modern electric lighting system, 
gas system and water system. All these are comprehensive and 
up-to-date. 

Paducah has long been noted for the beauty of her streets. These 
streets have been made of a cement gravel. There is now a strong 
sentiment in favor of paved streets and this is likely to be Padn- 
cah's next great municipal improvement. Broadway is now 
paved from First street to Fifth street with cement sidewalks. A 
sewerage system covering a large part of the city has just been 
completed. 

The city has five banks with an aggregate capital of over one 
million dollars. 

The municipal government is that of the cities of the third class. 
Paducah's population entitles her to a place among the cities of 
the second class and this change will soon be made. The fire de- 
partment is thoroughly equipped and one of which the city is very 
proud. The members are all veterans, and the department is sup- 
plied with all the modern appliances. The eflSciency of this de- 
partment is attested by the remarkably low rates of insurance 
that the city enjoys. |100,000 worth of paved streets, modern, 
made in business part, will be made in 1902-3. 

Paducah has a very fine government building in which is located 
the postofifice and all the various offices of the United States Court. 
The city also has a handsome and commodious city hall. The 
county court house is also in the city and is a very handsome struc- 
ture. "The Kentucky" a new opera house, is just completed and 
is the finest one in the South. 

One telephone company, two telegraph and three express com- 
panies supply the wants of the city in their various lines. 

A site has just been secured for a $35,000 public library build- 
ing. 

The hotel facilities are of the best. There are four newspapers, 
a well conducted private infirmary and in fact all the other organi- 
zations that 20 to supply the wants of a progressive city. 



342 Fourteenth Bienniai Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

Paducah is essentially a manufacturing and wholesale town. In 
commercial imi)ortance she is second only to Louisville in this 
State. Indeed, Paducah is said to be the best wholesale city of its 
size in this country. The leading wholesale lines are groceries, 
whiskies and hardware. In addition there is a large wholesale 
queens ware house, two wholesale druggists, one clothing and one 
wholesale hat houses. There are nine wholesale grocery houses 
and five wholesale whisky houses. An idea of the business of the 
city in the wholesale line can be gotten from the fact that nearly 
300 traveling men represent Paducah houses alone. 

The distinctively manufacturing business of the cit^' is repre- 
sented by forty firms. The leading manufactured articles are cot- 
ton rope, tobacco, staves and heading, veneering, lumber, jugs and 
stoneware, furniture, saddles and harness, singletrees, spokes and 
rims, vinegar, cigars, pianos, proprietary medicines, trunks, chew- 
ing-gum, brick and tile, canned goods, flour, wagons, brooms, mo- 
lasses, shirts and pants, etc. These manufacturing plants have a 
monthly pay roll of nearly |60,000 and employ nearly 1,900 opera- 
tives. 

The railroad and river interests of Paducah are most important 
and contribute most largely to the city's prosperity. The Illinois 
Central shops employ nearly 600 people and the pay roll of that 
railroad in Paducah alone for its shops and its other employes who 
live here is $70,000 a month. In addition this is the terminus of 
the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis railroad and their pay roll 
(S a considerable sum. The monthly pay roll of the various river 
interests is $30,000. This includes the marine ways and the dry 
docks which do a vast amount of business. Right of way into city 
has been granted to Cairo & N. W. railroad to be completed in 
eighteen months. 

Paducah is also a large tobacco market. F'rom 16,000 to 24,000 
bogheads of tobacco are sold annually on the breaks by the four 
warehouses. There are also two stemmeries which handle a large 
amount of tobacco. 

There are also two ice plants which have a capacity of 150 tons 
of ice per day. In addition to lumber and tobacco Paducah is also 
a large market for poultry and live stock, wheat, corn, fruits and 
vegetables. The city's daily market is one of the finest in the 
South and makes living here very cheap. 

Paducah is rich in raw materials for manufacturing, chief 
among which are cotton, coal and iron, hardwood, fire and potter's 



Foui-teenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 343- 

clay and tobacco. These raw materials make this city a most de- 
sirable location for the manufacture of buggies, wagons, furni- 
ture and all kinds of tools and farming implements, tobacco, cot- 
ton, woolen and knit goods, all clay products and all iron products. 
Paducah has a well organized and progressive commercial as- 
sociation, which will take pleasure in answering all questions 
about the city and which is devoted to the up-building of the city. 
Investors and home seekers looking for a location will find that 
Paducah offers great advantages and many attractive inducements. 
Nature has given the city a beautiful and healthful location; the 
city's rivers and railroads guarantee low freight rates and unsur- 
passed transportation facilities. Raw materials abound, fuel is 
cheap and manufacturing sites and land for homes are very rea- 
sonable. In fact it is believed that Paducah is the ideal place for 
manufacturing industries and offers to a large degree those at- 
tractions that make life a pleasure. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture, 



CITIES OF THE FOURTH CLASS. 



Ashland. 

(Revised 1901 by Mayor W. A. Ginn.) 

Ashland, Boyd County, situated on the Ohio river and at the 
junction of the Ohio & Big Sandy and Louisville & Lexington 
divisions, with the main line of the Chesapeake & Ohio railway on 
the Ashland Coal & Iron Railway Co., with barge connection 
with the main line of the Norfolk & Western railway for handling 
car load freight, had a population according to the census of 1900, 
of 6,800, since which up to December 1, 1901, has grown to 8,000, 
with 2,500 additional population in two adjoining hill-top 
suburbs — Pollard and Oak View. Owing to the erection of a new 
mill almost completed, it is believed that 2,000 additional popula- 
tion will be added in the next year. 

The country round about is rich in coal ore, clay, stone, and 
lumber, which together with elevation above high water makes 
Ashland an especially desirable location for manufacturing in- 
stitutions. There are at present three pig iron furnaces, one nail 
mill, one galvanizing mill, one wire drawing mill, one steel billet 
mill, one rod mill, two firebrick plants, with numerous planing 
mills, furniture factories, foundries, machine shops, etc, whose 
pay roll for labor amount to |50,000 per week. 

The city does not own the water system, which is a good one, 
nor the lighting system, the former service being furnished by 
contract with the Ashland Water Co. and the latter by the Ash- 
land Electric Light & Power Co., the arrangement being more 
economical than ownership. 

There is also a splendid electric street railway, twenty miles 
in length connecting Ashland with Catlettsburg, Ky., Kenova, 
Central City, Huntington and Guyandotte, W. Va., affording cheap 
and quick transportation. 

The churches embrace all Christian denominations. Public 
schools are liberally maintained and are unexcelled in any city in 
Kentucky or elsewhere. There is a parochial, Lutheran and a 
Methodist school, affording splendid educational opportunities. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 345 



Bellevue. 

Bellevue is probably the largest town of its years in the State, 
situated on the Ohio river opposite Cincinnati, Ohio, and adjoin- 
ing Newport, Ky., on the east. It was projected in the year 1866 
by Col. A. S. Berry, at present Congressman from the Sixth Dis- 
trict, who platted fifty-two lots, which were added to by adjacent 
property owners, until now the number of lots is over 2,500, on 
which there are between 1,400 and 1,500 dwellings. It is essenti- 
ally a suburb of Cincinnati, Ohio, nine-tenths of its inhabitants 
doing business and being emplooyed there; five cents fare and 
twenty minutes time takes one to Fountain Square in Cincinnati. 

Two large public school buildings of nine rooms each are at- 
tended by 900 pupils. Said schools maintain a high school with a 
four years' course, fitting graduates to enter McMicken University 
in Cincinnati. One German and one English Catholic parochial 
school together contain 400 pupils. 

The oldest church is a Methodist Episcopal, there being six al- 
together, viz.: English Lutheran, Christian, German Evangeli- 
cal, English Catholic and German Catholic. 

Not being a business community, there are no banks, banking 
facilities being convenient either in Newport or Cincinnati. Loan 
and savings associations are numerous, there being four with a 
weekly total deposit of four to five thousand dollars in small sums, 
being the savings of wage earners. The funds are loaned mostly 
for the erection of homes. 

Electric trolley railways run cars at intervals of three minutes 
to Newport and Cincinnati, also to Fort Thomas and Dayton. 
The main line of the Chesapeake & Ohio railway runs through the 
town, bringing coal in cheap competition with the Ohio river. A 
private corporation furnishes water from Newport reservoir, giv- 
ing complete fire protection. The same company also furnishes 
street gas light and electric light. 

The fire department consists of three hose reels and ladder 
wagon, stationed in livery stables with swinging harness and 
quick notification by the fire alarm telegraph. The police act as 
firemen as well and consist of a chief, two night patrolmen and 
a special, under the direction of the mayor. All the streets and 
alleys of the city, amounting to twelve miles, are newly paved, 
at a cost of over |30,000. 



344 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

The Balke Opera House and Town Hall is a handsome edifice 
erected in 1886 at a cost of |35,000. 

There are no parks nor factories nor would any special induce- 
ments be offered, althoupjh the low price of ground, the great 
amount of skilled labor and proximity to the cities of Cincinnati, 
Newport and Covington, cheap fuel on the C. & O. or Ohio river 
and convenient shipping facilities should commend it to those 
looking for a favorable manufacturing site. 

C. W. Nagbl. 



Catlettsburg. 

(Revised 1901 by Hon. J. J. Montague, Mayor of Catlettsburg.) 

Catlettsburg is the capital of Boyd county, and is situated 
on the Ohio river, at the mouth of the Big Sandy river. It is on 
the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio railway, and is the distributing 
point for all that vast territory traversed by the Norfolk & West- 
ern, and the Ohio & Big Sandy railways, and is drained by the Big 
Sandy river, which is navigable by good sized steamers for one 
hundred and ten miles, for about nine months in the year, and with 
the completion of the improvements on the Big Sandy river, now 
under way, with one dam completed, and two others under course 
of construction, will, when completed, give slack water all the year 
around for sixty miles up the river. The trade of Catlettsburg 
will be greatly extended. 

Catlettsburg has an immense system of water works, from which 
the cities of Ashland, Kentucky, and Kenova and Ceredo, West 
Virginia, are supplied with water. She has electric lights, and the 
cities of Kenova and Ceredo, West Virginia, are lighted from the 
plant at this place. 

Natural gas is piped from W^arfield, Kentucky, to Catlettsburg, 
and furnished to the citizens for domestic purposes at twenty 
cents per one thousand cubic feet, with greatly reduced rates to 
manufacturers and large consumers. 

She has a splendid electric street car line over which commo- 
dious cars pass every fifteen minutes, from Hanging Rock, Ohio, 
to Guyandotte, West Virginia, passing through Ironton, Ashland, 
Catlettsburg, Kenova, Ceredo, Kellog and Huntington. 

Her streets are paved with vitrified brick. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 347 

She has one of the best high schools in Kentucky, and two graded 
common schools, besides a graded school for colored children. 

Churches of all denominations are to be found in Catlettsburg. 
and her citizens are moral, cultivated and hospitable. She enjoys 
all tlfe advantages of a modern city. 

The city is surrounded by a good farming country, traversed by 
free pikes and fine graded roads. Rich coal and iron fields, as 
well as the most abundant timber resources. 

Manufacturers using these raw materials would find location 
here, and liberal inducements in the way of free cites to locate 
here. 



Cynthiana. 

(Revised 1901 by F. S. Ashbrook, Mayor.) 

Sturdy and beautiful Cynthiana, nestled like a star in the 
corona of the Licking valley, is one of the most attractive munic- 
ipalities in the State of Kentucky. It is the county seat of Harri- 
son county, one of the most fertile and prosperous counties in the 
State, and the city presents attractions and advantages from a 
mercantile point of view enjoyed by but few places of her size, 
A historical and industrial review of Cynthiana would be a record 
of substantial growth and continued prosperity, which is an ex- 
ample and an inspiration to every community. Her people having 
become conscious of the grand opportunities by which they were 
surrounded and of which they are by nature possessed, have taken, 
advantage of them and pushed to the front the interests of the city, 
attracting capital and locating institutions which are a credit 
to the effort. In proper keeping with the advancement of the bus- 
iness interests of the city, the people have kept up public improve- 
ments and made Cynthiana one of the most desirable resident 
cities in the State. 

It is beautifully laid off in well shaded, macadamized streets, 
with brick, asphalt and artificial stone pavements, and has many 
imposing residences and handsome business houses. Her sys- 
tem of water works, put in a few years ago at a cost of about 
$50,000, is among the best in the State. The latest improved ma- 
chinery is in use at the pumping station and the standpipe is of 
immense capacity. The educational facilities of the city are de- 
servedly a public pride as Cynthiana has a most excellent public 



348 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

school system and several other institutions of education, includ- 
ing a female college and an excellent training school for young 
men. There are no less than ten flourishing churches which stand 
as evidence of the moral and religious culture of the citizens. 

Cynthiana's railroad facilities are furnished by the Louisville & 
Nashville which reaches out into the great southern territory, 
touching the gulf at New Orleans and Pensacola, connecting with 
the other great trunk lines at Cincinnati and St. Louis, giving 
easy access of shipment to all points of the United States. Prob- 
ably the most important industries of Harrison county are distil- 
leries and the stock farms with their headquarters at Cynthiana. 
There are four distilleries in the city and about ten located else- 
where in direct proximity. 

Stock raising is an important feature, the county being dotted 
with farms of this kind, many of which are very prominent. Two 
large flouring mills do an immense business. 

There is no question as to the importance of Cynthiana as a 
trade center, for its business houses are conducted by some of the 
best known and most influential citizens, who are energetic, wide- 
awake and enterprising, doing their share towards building up the 
name and fame of the city. 

Its financial institutions are notable for their solidity. They are 
careful, conservative and yet liberal in their policy toward pa- 
trons and the mercantile and business community generally. 
The individual heads of the banking houses have always been 
among the foremost citizens. As a location for manufacturing 
or a mercantile enterprise, Cynthiana offers great inducements to 
men of capital seeking suitable places for investment. The city 
is well represented in the matter of miscellaneous enterprise, but 
there is a yet room for a much greater number, especially pro- 
ductive industries. 

With ample facilities for transportation and an industrious pop- 
ulation steadily increasing and widening the home market, the in- 
centive to energy and rewards open to enterprise, exist here to an 
extent not excelled by any city of like size. To the manufacturer, 
the merchant, the man of affairs, the man having children to edu- 
cate, Cynthiana extends a cordial investigation of her claims. 

The city lies in a valley surrounded by beautifully picturesque 
hills, on whose slopes pose many magnificent residences. Just east 
of the city one finds the silent, beautiful city of the dead, known as 
Battle Grove, so called in memorv of the terrible conflict which 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 349 

occurred on these grounds at the close of the civil war. Many of 
the present residents of Cynthiana remember with distinct vivid- 
ness the date, June 11, 1861, when the first engagement of Battle 
Grove occurred, between Col. Conrad Garis, commanding the 168th 
Ohio Infantry and Gen. John H. Morgan's whole force, consisting 
of 1,200. The Federals were soon overpowered and fell back to 
the depot where Col. Berry was mortally wounded. During this 
engagement fire broke out in the heart of the city and the flames 
were not subdued until twenty-seven of the most valuable business 
houses were reduced to ruins. The panic of that day with its war 
and fire will never be forgotten. The following day, Sunday, June 
12, 1864, found a reverse of the Confederate victory of the day be- 
fore, for Burbridge marched into the town early in the morning and 
the tired, scattered forces of Morgan fell a prey in the unequal con- 
flict. This battle also occurred at Battle Grove and marked the 
last battle of the South. 

Thus it was that the spot, where so many brave men fell, was 
consecrated as holy ground, and its tall forest trees, its beautiful 
shrubbery, its winding walks, its monuments and statuary all com- 
bine to make it one of the most lovely resting places for the dead 
to be found in this country 



Danville. 

Danville, the county seat of Boyle, is a city of the fourth-class, 
with a population of six thousand. It is surrounded by a rich 
agricultural country which produces wheat, corn, hemp, etc., and 
which raises fat cattle and fine trotting, running and saddle 
horses. 

The town is located on the Cincinnati Southern railway, one 
hundred and thirteen miles from Cincinnati. Four miles south of 
Danville, at Junction City, is the intersection of the C. N. O. & T. P. 
and the Louisville & Nashville railroads, and at Burgin, eight 
miles north of Danville, the Louisville Southern railroad inter- 
sects the Cincinnati Southern. Danville is also one of the 
points proposed to be on the line of the contemplated extension 
of the Southern railway system from Harrodsburg to Jellico, Tenn. 
Besides these railroad facilities, Danville has eight splendid turn- 
pikes leading in all directions, which make the towm the trading 
center of a large and finely populated region. 



350 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

Danville has been noted as an educational center since the early 
years of the present century, when Center College (since consoli- 
dated with Central Universit}^ of Richmond and now known as 
the Central University of Kentucky) was founded. This college 
and other institutions of learning have sent out hundreds of gradu- 
ates who have become famous in all the professions and in 
national afifairs. Justice Harlan, Vice President Stevenson, 
Governor Crittenden, Senator Vest, John C. Breckinridge, and 
hundfreds of other men of eminence were educated in Danville. 
Besides Central University of Kentucky, there is Caldwell College 
for young ladies, and a number of lesser schools. The Kentucky 
school for the deaf, with an annual enrollment of about 400, is 
also located in Danville. 

Danville is noted for its handsome residences, its splendid 
streets, wide and well macadamized and side walked, its perfect 
system of water works, a complete system of modern sanitary 
sewers, its healthful location and its high moral tone. There has^ 
not been a licensed saloon in the town for twenty-five years and 
the violations of the local option laws are reduced to the mini 
mum. Danville is the headquarters of the Eighth Revenue Dis- 
trict, Hon. James A. Denton, the collector, having his oflSce in the 
city. 

The churches of Danville are the Presbyterian, Northern and 
Southern, the Methodist, the Christian, the Baptist, the Catholic 
and the Episcopalian. 

The town has three national banks with aggregate individual 
deposits of |600,000, and a building and loan association which has 
been in existence fourteen years. The Kentucky Advocate, which 
has been the leading newspaper for thirty-five years, is published 
tri-weekly, the Danville News, semi-weekly, and the Danville 
Courier, weekly. 

The city government is iMiergetir- but conservative, and tli(^ 
growth of the town has been steady and healthy for the past ten 
or fifteen years. The city tax rate for 1901 was seventy cents, 
thirty-five cents of which was for the purpose of ])aying off the 
water works and the sewer bonds, the water system belonging to 
the city and yielding a small surplus <)v<m- tlie cost of operation. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 351 



Dayton. 

The city of Dayton, in Campbell county, Kentucky, lies on the 
higher levels along the base of the hills on the southern shore of 
the Ohio river. These hills, with the country sloping southward 
for about fifteen miles, formed the southern limit of prehistoric 
I^ake Ohio; their formation, therefore, differing in some import- 
ant respects from that of the Ohio hills opposite. Thousands of 
beautiful building sites are found on the territory within the city 
lines, and the varied surface, with the bright sand underlying, 
affords excellent natural drainage and insures the best health con 
ditions. 

In many respects Dayton is the most inviting of the suburbs 
about Cincinnati. The city has electric street car service, taking 
passengers to the heart of Cincinnati in twenty minutes; and the 
Chesapeake & Ohio railway has two passenger stations in the city. 
A good system of electric lighting makes the street brilliant at 
night. The water works services is adequate for all domestic' 
and manufacturing uses, and gives a lire protection so efficient 
that, losses by fire are infrequent and light. This water supply 
comes from the river at a point far above any contamination 
from the cities on either side, and is clear and sparkling at times 
when floods in large and small tributaries foul the water supply of 
other places. The streets of Dayton are well constructed and well 
kept, while several turnpikes running eastward and southward 
afford opportunities for pleasant drives among the beautiful Ken- 
tucky hills. The markets are furnished with every staple and 
with all the delicacies that came from the four points of the com- 
pass. School advantages and church privileges are exception- 
ally good, and are mentioned with special emphasis. 

Finally the public affairs of Dayton are so arranged as to make 
ihe tax burden light while giving the people every facility and 
convenience of the most advanced modern cities. 

The present manufacturing establishments are the Winchester 
Distillery, Wadsworth Watch Case Company and Harvard Piano 
Company, and liberal inducements are given by the board of coun- 
cilmen to all new industries. 



352 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bvreau of Agriculture. 



Georgetown. 

Georgetown, the capital of Scott county, is one of the most beau- 
tiful cities in the famous Bluegrass section of Kentucky, with 
nearly 5,000 inhabitants. 

It is one of the educational centers of the State, containing many 
famous institutions of learning. Georgetown College is one of 
the oldest and most widely celebrated of Southern colleges. The 
churches are of all denominations and the buildings are strikingly 
beautiful and imposing. 

Georgetown has excellent railroad facilities. The Kentucky 
Midland, now the Frankfort & Cincinnati railroad, crosses the 
Cincinnati Southern here, and in addition the Louisville Southern 
has a line from Georgetown to Versailles. 

The city enjoys the advantages of all modern conveniences, such 
as water works, electric light plant, street railway, telephone 
exchange, etc. Georgetown is noted for its many handsome 
residences and for its beautifully shaded streets. 

A magnificent system of turnpikes, mostly free of toll charges, 
connect with every portion of the surrounding country. 



Harrodsburg. 

The site of Harrodsburg was selected by James Harrod and 
Daniel Boone, and it is historically the first civilized settlement 
in Kentucky. The wisdom of its selection is demonstrated by 
its steady and continued increase in population and wealth since 
the first cabin was erected at "Old Fort." In seeking a home, the 
paramount idea should be health. The undulating surface of the 
country gives it natural drainage. There is no spot on earth that 
has finer water, both fresh and mineral. At a comparatively 
trifling expense there is not an acre of ground in the city limits 
upon which good water does not gush forth from the earth, or 
on which it can not be secured by shallow drilling. 

The healthfulness is proverbial. Fine building stone that bears 
a polish like marble is everywhere in boundless supplies, and brick 
in large quantities are cheaply manufactured for transportation. 
The Kentucky river, navigable for steamers, is only seven miles 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 353 

distant. The Southern and Queen & Crescent railways pass 
through the county, with four daily passenger trains through the 
city. The county has about one hundred and eighty miles of free 
turnpike roads, sixteen of them converging in the city, reaching 
out into an agricultural territory unsurpassed for fertility 
Harrodsburg has more than fifty business houses, all occupied by 
prosperous tradesmen, supporting a large wholesale and retail 
business, fostered by the extensive and wealthy tributaries sur- 
rounding it. 

For educational purposes it maintains a fine graded school for 
ten months in the year, with the justly famed Beaumont College 
(formerly Daughters) and the deservedly well known Harrods- 
burg Academy. It maintains ten churches. It has an electric 
light plant, a telephone system, a complete water works system, 
afl^ording the best possible protection against fires, ice manufac- 
tory, two planing mills, two large flouring mills in the city, a first 
class laundry, one weekly paper, the Democrat, one semi-weekly, 
the Sayings, and one monthly, the Missing Link, a poultry pack- 
ing establishment, and numerous artisans' shops, manned by in- 
dustrious mechanics. It has a handsome opera house and a fine 
trotting track, unexcelled even in Kentucky. 

T. M. Cardwell. 



Hopkinsville. 

Hopkins ville, the county seat of Christian county, Kentucky, is 
two hours travel by the Louisville & ]N^ashville railroad from 
Evansville, Ind., and Nashville, Tenn., and seven hours from Louis- 
ville. It is finely located, well drained and healthful. Population 
is now about 7,950. 

The Louisville & Nashville and Illinois Central railroads inter- 
sect here, traversing the best coal, grain and tobacco lands in 
Western Kentucky. 

The white public graded schools, two buildings, have 700 pupils; 
colored public schools, 500 pupils. Two flourishing colleges, 
Bethel Female, for young ladies, and South Kentucky, for both 
sexes; also the Hopkinsville High School for young men, and other 
private schools, and also a college for colored people. Ten white 
and seven colored churches representing the leading denomina- 
tions. 
12 



364 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

One National and three State banks; capital, |300,000. Seven to- 
bacco warehouses which sell from 15,000 to 21,000. hogsheads ex- 
port tobacco annually, four stemmeries and rehandling houses, 
one prosperous manufactory of smoking and chewing tobacco, 
three cigar factories and one export leaf manufactory. 

Handsome opera house and a brick tabernacle, for large gather- 
ings, seating 5,000 people. 

Water works, gas works, electric lights and fire alarm system; 
steam fire department, carriage, wagon, ice, brick and lime fac- 
tories, two large planing mills, two merchant flouring mills, steam 
laundry and dye works, telephone exchange. 

Dr}^ goods and grocer}' trade |1, 500,000 yearly. 

City famous for culture, good order and healthfulness. New 
manufactories free from city tax for five years. Over seventeen 
miles of excellent macadamized streets. Sixty miles of free turn- 
pikes extending into fine farming sections. 

Excellent hotels, unsurpassed anywhere in the State. Pros- 
perous home building and loan associations, six newspapers, hand- 
somest business houses in Western Kentucky. 

Western Asylum for the Insane, with a population of 800, lo- 
cated within one mile of the city, spends |100,000 annually. 

F. W. Dabxey. 



Lebanon. 

Leban,on, the county seat of Marion, is situated in the morth 
central portion of the county, on the Knoxville division of the 
Louisville & Nashville railroad. It is one of the handsomest and 
most progressive towns in the Commonwealth. Its population 
is about 4,000. 

Few Kentucky towns have shoAvn as considerable and substan- 
Ttial growth as has Lebanon during the past two or three years. 
During this period many beautiful residences have been erected 
which in size and architectural excellence will vie with the hand- 
somest homes of metropolitan suburbs. In the year 1898 eleven 
of these model homes were completed, besides five large business 
houses; and in addition to these, there was erected one of the 
finest and most complete private hospitals in the State — an impos- 
ing, modern structure, with most elegant appointments through- 
out. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 355 

The iudustrial development of the city has kept pace with its 
structural growth. Located here is one of the Largest wheel fac- 
tories in the South, employing an average force of seventy-five 
men. One of the most extensive lumber yards in the city attracts 
trade from the timbered districts of Casey, Taylor and Adair 
counties. Three solid banking institutions afford financial facili- 
ties for the varied commercial interests. A superb system of 
water works gives an abundant and never-failing supply of pure 
and healthful water, and affords such ample fire protection that 
a very destructive conflagration is an impossibility. Th^ remark- 
able pressure of 125 pounds to the square inch obviates the neces- 
sity of an}' other force to cope with the fire fiend, and moreover 
furnishes a most steady, reliable and economical power for light 
manufacturing enterprises. . The well-paved streets are lighted 
with electricitj-. Artificial gas is also manufactured, and both 
gas and electricity are used bj^ the citizens for illuminating pur- 
poses. An excellent local telephone system furnishes a splendid 
internal service, while the connection extends to every portion of 
the county, and to outlying districts for many miles around, as 
also to the large cities of the East. Two good newspapers are 
effective advocates and exponents of the city's advantages and 
prosperit3^ An ice plant, steam laundrj', two large planing mills, 
three saw mills, large flour mills, tW'O cigar factories, and a plug 
tobacco factory, are among the important manufacturing enter- 
prises. Besides these several large distilleries are located near 
the town, whose pay-rolls add to its prosperity, and whose product 
advertises its name abroad. 

The people are exceptionally cultured and refined, and nine 
handsome churches, representing almost every shade of religious 
belief, bear testimony to the Christian character of the com- 
munity. Five well conducted schools afford excellent educational 
advantages, w'hich are rendered complete by the location within a 
few miles of the city, and in the county, of two boarding schools, 
wiiere young people of either sex may receive a literary finish 
equal to that imparted by any literary institution in the land. 

The various fraternal organizations are well represented, and 
several of them have handsome and well appointed lodge rooms, 
chief among which is the Masonic Hall, said to be the most elegant 
lodge room in the State, outside of Louisville. Other fraternities, 
with flourishing membership and maintaining handsomely ap- 



366 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

pointed halls, are the Odd Fellows, Maccabees, Knights of Honor^ 
Knights and Ladies of Honor, and Young Men's Institute. 

A capacious and well arranged opera house draws to the city 
many amusement attractions not enjoyed by many places of equal 
size. 

The tributary country combines beauty of scenery with fertility 
of soil. The products of the many beautiful farms surrounding 
the city find a ready market in Lebanon, and in turn her business 
houses carry extensive stocks from which the farmers' every 
need can be supplied. Free turnpikes conduce to a liberal ex- 
change of commodities, and general good feeling between the 
town and the country. Moreover, Lebanon is the principal sup- 
ply depot, and the metropolis of a large section of country — • 
notably that portion traversed by the C. & O. branch railroad, 
extending from Lebanon to Greensburg. 

The affairs of the city are most judiciously and economically 
administered by a mayor and six councilmen, and under the strict 
business methods in vogue, the tax rate is low, while the bonded 
indebtedness is inconsiderable and steadily decreasing. The 
sanitary condition of the town receives careful attention and the 
rate of mortality is low. The police protection is adequate, and 
the best of order is maintained. A paid fire department renders 
prompt and effective service, and the citizen is assured every pro- 
tection of person and property. 

Liberal inducements are offered to all manufacturing or indus- 
trial enterprises; and the home-seekers will find few places of- 
fering a combination of so man}^ advantages — commercial, social 
and educational. 

M. F. Hetherixgton. 



Ludlow. 

The city of Ludlow is located on the Ohio river opposite the 
western portion of Cincinnati, Ohio. 

It is connected with Cincinnati by a footway on the Cincinnati 
Southern railroad bridge, and by the Cincinnati, Covington and 
Newport system of street railways, the time for passengers over 
the latter, between Fountain Square and Ludlow, being twenty 
minutes. 

The extensive shops of the Queen & Crescent railroad system 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 357 

are located in Ludlow, and the Pullman Palace Car Company 
have extensive shops in the city. The other principal manufac- 
turing interests are Maloney, Craven & Oppenheimer, extensive 
manufacturers of ladies' shoes, the Novelty Dye Works; the Lud- 
low Lumber and Manufacturing Company (planing mill): Julius 
Schmidt, galvanized iron and tin works. 

The city is supplied with water pumped from the Ohio river 
Hfteen miles above Cincinnati, and gets a heavy pressure direct 
from the pipes, giving the best of fire protection. 

The city has a modern electric light plant, which furnishes public 
-and private lighting at very low figures. 

It has many brick streets, excellent public schools, giving the 
full four years' high school course, good churches of nearly all 
<ienominations, and it is noted for the good moral tone of the in- 
habitants, its nicely shaded and well paved streets, and its neat 
and attractive homes; its clean non-partisan municipal govern- 
ment, and its low rate of taxation. 

New and desirable manufacturing enterprises are welcome and 
receive substantial encouragement. 



Mayfleld. 

This city is the seat of justice for Graves county. It was lo- 
cated in 1824, and stands in the middle of the county. This town 
did not grow much until after 1857, when the first car -on the 
Paducah & Gulf railroad reached the city from the Paducah end 
of the line. The era of the beginning of her growth and pros- 
perity might properly be set in 1867. 

She is the marketing place for every product of the farm in this 
area, and a trade center for a large territory. 

The religious, moral and social status of her people is not ex- 
celled anywhere. Located 4{>0 feet above the sea level and situ- 
ated far from malarial causes, she is exceptionally healthy. The 
absolutely pure water, taken from a bed of pure white sand, two 
hundred feet below the surface, is an important factor in the 
health of the city, and it is said that this water reduces the preva- 
lence of typhoid fever at least fifty per cent. 

The business of the city is immense, and must be estimated by 
the reader from the following statistics: In the city there are 
sseven dentists, fourteen physicians and surgeons; two specialists 



358 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

and one infirmary; only fifty lawyers, and yet the country is peace- 
able, prosperous and out of debt; four banks and one building and 
loan association; five hotels and eleven restaurants and confec- 
tionaries; eleven churches; three Masonic lodges; one Odd Fel- 
lows; one A. O. U. W.; one K. P.; one Golden Cross, and one 
H. F. B. O. 

In educational facilities Mayfield is well fixed. West Ken- 
tucky College is a large and prosperous institution, liberally 
patronized by the city, county and surrounding counties of Ken- 
tucky and Tennessee. Five public schools and the Mayfield school 
of music. There are four newspapers published in the city and 
there are a number of job printing offices; and the usual number 
of shops and stores found in a thrifty young city of its size. There 
are four large tobacco warehouses. Tobacco is hauled in in the 
hand and on the stalk, and sold to dealers here, whose competi- 
tion in bidding makes a lively market, and is very catisfactory to 
the producers. As many as 300 tobacco wagons have been found 
on the streets on one day. 

The Mayfield Woolen Mills, and clothing manufactory, is the 
largest institution in the city. From a very small beginning it 
has spread out over nearly a whole block, having about |300,000 
invested, with an immense output. These mills work from 400 to 
500 hands. Its stock is at a good premium and is much sought 
after. 

Other industries and enterprises too numerous to mention here^ 
are found in our little city. 

There are but few, if any, places in our good State as well lo- 
cated and surrounded by as good conditions as Mayfield. 

We have plenty of room for more good people, and will welcome 
new enterprises with exemption from taxation for five years. 

M. B. HOBFIELD. 



Maysville. 

The beautiful little city of Maysville, is, by reason of its loca- 
tion, its industries, and its enterprising citizens, one of the most 
promising cities of the State, and whose future is bright with the 
promise of a glorious career. It has no boom, in fact Maysville 
is an old city, and one of the substantial kind, content to move as^ 
it has always done, slowly and quietly, but prosperously^, advanc- 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 359 

ing year by year, adopting metropolitan ideas to tlie advancement 
of its commercial interests and the comfort and pleasure of its 
inhabitants. 

We have not the space to enter into minute detail of the history 
of Maysville since its foundation. The site of the city is excep- 
. tionally favorable to commerce, comfort, and health; first, because 
of unexcelled shipping facilities by rail and river; second, because 
of surroundings, social and otherwise, which are pleasing, instruc- 
tive, and agreeable; third, because of a natural location that is 
steady and seasonable. 

Mason county, of which Maysville is its capital, is one of the 
richest and most productive in the State of Kentucky. The prin- 
cipal product is tobacco, which is known to that trade as among 
the finest qualities grown anywhere in this country. The city 
itself is sixty miles from Cincinnati on the Chesapeake & Ohio 
railway, and the Ohio river, which makes a magnificent bend at 
this point, forming an almost perfect crescent. The hills back of 
the city are beautiful, rising three hundred feet above the river, 
forming a most imposing and picturesque background. Back of 
these hills are hundred of fine farms, which explain in their appear- 
ance the thrift and prosperity of their owners. Maysville, as the 
leading source of supply for many important lines of trade, feels 
this advantage, and her merchants profit by it. With the other 
two accessories to a rich farming country— namely, commercial 
-enterprises and manufacturing industries— the city can not help 
but prosper and continue to forge ahead. 

The progress and advancement of municipal affairs is a sure 
index to the public spiritedness and generosity of its citizens. The 
method and manner of these convey to the visitor an idea of the 
prosperity of a city, and by these one can judge whether or not 
equal pace is kept with advancing civilization. The method of 
conducting municipal affairs in Maysville is almost beyond re- 
proach. "Progressiveness and improvement" are the watch words, 
yet the general public is not forgotten and crowded into excessive 
expense, but matters are conducted judiciously and economically. 
Among the especially noticeable features along the line of metro- 
politanism are the public schools and churches (including also a 
flourishing Young Men's Christian Association), the handsome 
and modern business buildings and residences, the telephone ex- 
change system, the artificial gas, water works supply, electric light 
plant, and electric street railway. 



360 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

It must be readily seen and admitted that all these features- 
enhance the beauty, comfort, and importance of Maysville. No- 
city of its size is better supplied in the way of schools and 
churches, and this is a feature its people are to be congratulated 
upon. Business men seeking a location are almost sure to direct 
their first inquiries to the school system and the denomination 
of churches represented. Two elegantly appointed public school 
buildings are soon to be added to her list, then the school system 
of Maysville will be second to none. Its miles of pleasant streets- 
are dotted with the attractive and comfortable homes of the mid- 
dle classes and the stately mansions of the wealthy. The business 
blocks are unusually imposing for a city of its size. The wholesale 
enterprises of the city represent almost every branch of trade, 
including grocery, dry goods, queensware, tobacco, and whisky 
concerns. Of the latter there are several which have a world- 
wide reputation. Banking interest are represented by solid in- 
stitutions doing a successful business on a conserv.ative policy. 
The individual heads of these banking houses have always been 
among the foremost citizens. 

With every facility for transportation possessed by the most 
favored cities, and an agricultural population steadily increasing^ 
and widening and strengthening the home market, the incentives 
to energy and rewards, open to enterprise, exist here to an extent 
not excelled by any city in the Union of proportionate size to 
Maysville. To the manufacturer, the merchant, the man of affairs, 
the man having children to educate, Maysville extends a cordial 
invitation for an investigation of her claims. 



Middlesborough. 

Middlesborough, called the Marvelous City, is situated in south- 
eastern Kentucky at the point where the historic Cumberland 
Gap divides the Cumberland mountains and affords the only pass- 
age between the States of Kentucky, Virginia and Tennessee to 
be found for hundreds of miles along this rugged range. 

The city is an outgrowth of that phenomenal period of develop- 
ment which began about 1889, and continued until the panic of 
1893, put a stop to further deA'elopment for a period of several 
years. The city increased in population at a marvelous rate and 
at one time had a population of over 8,000. At present its popula- 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agricultui-e. 361 

tion is about 4,000 and growing at a steady rate. It is the loca- 
tion of a number of factories, all of wliich have survived the panic 
and are now on a firm basis for future growth and development. 
Among the number are the U. S. Leather Co.'s large tannery, em- 
ploying hundreds of men and furnishing a market for the abund- 
ant supply of tan bark contained in the surrounding forests; the 
New South Brewery, which has a large trade for its product; two 
foundries and machine shops; two iron mills and one immense 
«teel plant. 

The county presents all the advantages to be had in the way of 
cheap raw materials. The mountains surrounding are underlaid 
with richest veins of coal and iron, while the forests abound in 
timber of all varieties and grades found in this latitude. The 
facilities, therefore, for furniture factories, or other classes of 
•wood-working establishments as well as those using iron and steel 
are unexcelled. Every inducement in the way of free sites, exemp- 
tions from taxation for five years, cheap water and coal, are offer- 
ed to factories locating here and with the general revival in bus- 
iness which is being felt a wonderful development of these re- 
sources may confidently be expected. 

Coal is mined by several companies and their product is stand- 
ard on the market. 

The L. & N. railroad runs through the city and connecting at 
Norton, Va., with the Norfolk & Western furnishes direct outlet 
to the coast. The city also has an outlet by the Southern system 
to Knoxville, Tenn., and the South. 

An electric railway furnishes transportation to all points in the 
€ity and to places of interest adjacent. 

The city is well lighted by a system of arc and incandescent 
lights supplied by the City Electric Light Company. 

The water supply is obtained from an immense reservoir con- 
structed in one of the mountain gorges, elevated so that the nat- 
ural fall furnishes sufiScient pressure for fire extinguishing pur- 
poses. 

The educational facilities are ample. The public school system 
comprises high school, two ward schools and a primary school, 
all employing fifteen teachers. In addition to this is the Middles- 
borough University. 

The city has an elegant city hall for the transaction of municipal 
business. All denominations are represented here by churches 
and their influence is making itself felt on the morals of the city. 



362 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



Mt. Sterling. 

. Mt. Sterling, the county seat of Montgomery county, is the 
principal town in East Central Kentucky. It has been aptly called 
the "Gate City," since it is the natural outlet from the Bluegrass 
into the mountains to the east of it. 

Settled in 1792, the town was originally called "Little Moun- 
tain," so named from the immense relic of the Mound Builders 
which stood within the limits of the town. The famous "Battle of 
Little Mountain," or "Estill's defeat," as it is sometimes called, 
a memorable conflict of the Indian wars, was fought within a mile 
of where the town now stands. 

Mt. Sterling is situated on the C. & O. railroad, thirty-three 
miles east of Lexington, in the midst of the best farming and graz- 
ing section of the far-famed Bluegrass. It is the distributing 
point for a great number of counties, forming a large section of 
the country to the east of it, and is the natural receptacle of the 
business of that district. 

The town has a splendid equipment of schools, both public and 
private, the standard of intelligence among the citizens demand- 
ing a high order of teaching talent among those entrusted with the 
education of the youth. There are ten churches: a Baptist, two 
Presbyterians, a Christian, an Episcopalian, a Methodist and a 
Catholic, with three colored churches. Three newspapers, the 
Advocate (weekly). Gazette (weekly), and the Sentinel-Democrat 
(semi-weekly), are published in the place. 

The town has machine shops, flouring mills, planing mills, to- 
bacco manufactory, tobacco rehandling houses, ice plant, etc., etc. 
Three ably conducted banks, two State and one National, furnish 
ample banking facilities. The city owns two splendid fire engines, 
with a first-class hook and ladder equipment and has an excellent 
company to manage its apparatus with an extensive system of 
cisterns, well located, to supply water in case of fire. The city has 
twelve and a half miles of paved streets. 

Mt. Sterling in one of the best cattle markets in Kentucky. Her 
stock sales on county court days probably surpass that of any 
town of whatsoever size in the State. In the palmy days of Short 
Horns there were more fine-bred cattle, of the several fancy 
strains within a radius of a few miles of Mt. Sterling than in the 
same area elsewhere in the world. These strains have been 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 363 

carefully looked after b}^ several of our dealers during the years 
of depression in the trade, and within a recent date this care is 
being repaid, in part, by some very satisfactory sales of pure 
Bates and other fancy strains. 

Fine saddle horses as well as toppy roadsters have always had 
a fascination for her horsemen, and to-day, as in the past, the high- 
est prices realized for fine saddlers has been secured by some of 
her dealers. 

Grain, tobacco, lumber, flour, fancy horses, export cattle, 
mules, hogs and sheep are her principal shipments. Three whole- 
sale grocery houses furnish a large part of the goods consumed, 
in their line to the merchants in the thirty-seven counties to the 
east and southeast of us. 

To the east of Mt. Sterling and within easy reach lie great quan- 
tities of the finest of both hard and soft woods native in Kentucky. 
Manufacturers that use such woods can find ample encouragement 
in the way of substantial inducements to locate in the city. To- 
bacco manufacturers would find it a point well w^orth investigat- 
ing, as a location for their plants, since the shipment of white 
Burley from Mt. Sterling exceed by far the shipment of the same 
product from any other point in the State. 

Altogether for general thrift, push, intelligence, health and all 
those things that go to make up a first-class town, Mt. Sterling 
^11 bear close comparison with the very best. 



Nicholasville. 

(Revised 1901 by Harry McCarty.) 

Nicholasville, the county seat of Jessamine, named for Col. 
George Nicholas, a pioneer and revolutionary hero, enjoys the rep- 
utation of being the only town of its name in the countr.v. 

Nicholasville of to-day is quite an enterprising, up-to-date town 
of 3,000 inhabitants, in the center of the county, twelve miles 
south of Lexington, and eight miles from the Kentucky river, 
whicli can be reached by six different pikes and two railroads, the 
Q. & C. and the Louisville & Atlantic. 

It has the following churches: three Methodist, two white and 
one colored; Presbyterian; two Christian churches, white and col- 
ored; two Baptist, white and colored; Catholic, and an Episcopal 
mission, which has not an edifice yet to worship in. Two lumber 



364 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

yards, a large saw mill, a first class furniture store, two tele- 
phone exchanges, two newspapers and job offices, three banks,, 
two tobacco factories, |20,000 hotel, two hemp factories, grain 
elevator, lake stocked with fish, bicycle repair shop, splendid 
graded school, Jessamine Female Institute, public library, and 
130,000 bequeathed for a public library, which will insure one of 
the finest in the State; training track, steam laundry, carriage 
factory, bakery, two clothing stores, three elegant dry goods 
stores, three shoe stores, a jeweler, gents' furnishing establish- 
ment, two hardware stores, about fifteen groceries, four livery 
and feed stables, a flouring mill, three millinery and notion stores, 
Noah's ark, three meat shops, a planing mill, three drug stores, 
etc. Nicholasville has water works, well paved streets, and a 
council that enforces good sanitary regulations. 

After such an enumeration of established enterprises, the out- 
look for Nicholasville of the future is much brighter since the 
organization of a Commercial Club, which aims to look after the 
welfare in every particular and push her business interests along 
every line. 



Paris. 

Paris, the capital of Bourbon county, with a population of about 
6,000, is at the confluence of Houston and Stoner creeks. It is 
the center of the noted Bluegrass region, which for beauty and 
productiveness is unsurpassed. It is claimed that within a radius 
of twenty miles around Paris lies the finest body of land in the 
world. Paris is the center of this rich and prosperous country. 

The early , historj^ of the city is involved in obscurity. The 
earliest authentic record shows that the land upon which it is 
built was pre-empted in the year 1784, by John Keed of Maryland. 
In 1786, the present site of Paris w^as selected as the county seat 
of Bourbon county, which was then a county of Virginia and com- 
prised all the northeastern part of Kentucky. By an act of the 
Legislature of Virginia in 1789, the town was established under 
the name of Hopewell. It was subsequently called Bourbontown. 
In 1790, the name was changed to Paris. The name of both ta 
county and city was given from a feeling of gratitude to France 
and the Bourbon dynasty for the part taken by the French people 
in the Revolutionary War. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 365 

Besides private schools Paris has an efficient system of public 
schools. At present the white school occupies a commodious 
ten-room, modern building, erected in 1890, at a cost of |25,()00. 
The average enrollment is 450, with an average enrollment of sixty 
in the high school department. The colored school has a wefl 
arranged seven-room building. The average enrollment is 350. 
The banking facilities of the city are excellent. There are five 
banks with an aggregate capital and surplus of |950,000. 

Paris has all the modern improvements, nine miles of paved 
sidewalks, water works, electric lights, gas plant, etc. 

Paris is a railroad center, roads radiating to the east, west, 
north and south. Here are the headquarters and most important 
shipping point of the K. C. division of the L. & N. railroad. It 
is also one of the termini of the Kentucky Midland railway. 

The city has a first-class fire department and all modern facili- 
ties for dealing with fires and an efficient police force. 

There are three newspapers, Kentucky-Citizen, Paris Eeporter, 
Bourbon News. 

The factories comprise two large and well equipped distilleries, 
a large flouring mill, with a daily capacity of 150 barrels, an ice 
factory and four establishments for handling and cleaning blue- 
grass seed. Many tons of this seed are sent yearly to Europe. 
The two streams furnish an abundance of water for manufactur- 
ing purposes. 

The city is a shipping point for immense quantities of wheat, 
corn, hemp, tobacco and walnut logs. 

The churches are numerous— two Presbyterian, Christian, 
Baptist, Episcopal, Roman Catholic and Methodist. A handsome 
stone church has this year been built by the latter denomination. 
There are for the colored people four churches— tAVO Baptist, 
Cliristian and Methodist. 

Such is a brief sketch of Paris. The growth of the city has been 
steady. Its citizens are enterprising, yet conservative, and have 
built up. their city upon a sure and lasting foundation. 



366 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



Richmond. 

Richmond, the county seat of Madison, is a city of the fourth 
class, of about 6,500 population, located in the midst of the most 
beautiful rolling and fertile portion of the Bluegrass region of 
Kentuckj^, near the foot hills of the Cumberland mountains, at 
an elevation of about 500 feet above the Ohio river. 

In point of healthfulness, this locality is unsurpassed by any in 
the country. It is absolutel}' free from malaria, which complicates 
nearly every disease. In winter the climate is of that invigor- 
ating, bracing character, best adapted to secure the greatest 
mental and physical activity, while in summer the elevation in- 
sures cool nights, so indispensable to comfort and rest. 

Richmond is situated on the main stem of the Kentucky Cen- 
tral railroad, from Cincinnati to Knoxville, and is in direct com- 
munication with the Louisville & Nashville railroad at Richmond 
Junction, near by, and with the Cincinnati Southern railroad at 
Nicholasville, via. the R., N., I. & B. R. R., which is completed to 
Irvine, 20 miles east. 

The city has entering it seven trunk lines of turnpike and three 
dirt roads, all of which are free of toll, 

Richmond has eight large and commodious brick churches re- 
presenting the various denominations and a handsome frame 
Catholic church, together with two frame Protestant churches, 
and the colored people have four large churches, one a brick. 

Richmond can not be excelled in the State for its educational 
advantages; in fact it has grown to be the educational center for 
Central Kentucky; the oldest institution dating away back of ante- 
bellum days, is the Madison Female Institute, is now under suc- 
cessful operation as it has ever been; the next is the Central 
University of Kentucky, one of the strongest universities of the 
The Caldwell High School, with its nine teachers, and the Colored 
High School with eight teachers,' both large commodious brick 
buildings, with water and gas, free to the children of the respec- 
tive color. 

The city is lighted by both gas and electricity. The manufactur- 
ing plants consits of a large brick yard, two flouring mills, a to- 
bacco factory and a cigar factory; a medicine factory, steam 
laundry and an ice factory, two carriage factories, and two marble 
vworks, together with the gas plant nnd electrical power house. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 367 

We also have two large stock yards, Richmond now being recog- 
nized as the best live stock market in Central Kentucky, aside 
from Mt. Sterling. 

We have a large amphitheater for fair purposes, and race tracks 
and several training stables for blooded horses. 

The Standard Oil Company has located here one of its large 
tank stations, and all the large coal mines in the State, and especi- 
ally those at Jellico, are represented. 

We have three National banks and one State bank and trust 
company, aggregating a capital and surplus of over |600,000; also 
several building and loan associations from abroad, together with 
one local, which is the very strongest of its kind in the South. 

The city is governed by a board of councilmen and a mayor. 
We have a splendid police force, and also fire department, which 
largely accounts for the low rate of fire insurance in this city, 
the water being available directly from the stand-pipe, which is 
located in the city, to all parts of it, under a heavy natural pres- 
sure, and the pressure can be increased as necessity may require 
at the pumping station, which is located outside of the city limits. 

The city is well "hotelled," the Glyndon being one of the best 
hostelries in the State, outside of Louisville and Lexington. 

We have a splendid teleplione system largely patronized, with 
connections to Lexington and other points. 

The population of Richmond consists of a thrifty and moral 
people; nearly every citizen owns his own horse and cow, and culti- 
vates his own garden and poultry. 

The colored element constitutes a large percentage of the city's 
population, but is mostly colonized in one section of the town, 
the majority of whom own their homes and give the city no trouble 
as a class. 

Richmond need factories, a good creamery, a broom factory, 
a spoke, wheel and wagon factory, bottling works, a pressed brick 
factory, a larger buggy and carriage factory, a packing house, 
a cannery for all kinds of fruit and berries, a planing mill for ex- 
port stuff, a stoneware and tiling works, the clay being close at 
hand and the best in the world, so says the medal taken by it at 
the World's Fair over all competitors, and other manufactories 
which the promoters would be willing to undertake in Richmond 
with cheap transportation and close proximity to raw material, 
with the advantages above mentioned and five years' release from 
taxation, and a warm, hearty Richmond welcome and support. 

Claude Smith. 



368 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



Shelbyville. 

(Revised 1901 by Mayor L. C. Willis.) 

Shelbyville, a city of the fourth-class, with a population of 4,000, 
is located thirty miles east of Louisville and twenty-two miles west 
of Frankfort, the State capital. It is the county seat of Shelby 
county, the twelfth formed and the third after the admission of the 
State. The county and city were named in honor of Isaac Shelby, 
the first governor of Kentucky. Shelbyville is now, and has been 
for years, known for its religious and educational facilities, its 
moral influences and its excellent citizenship. Churches of the 
Methodist, Baptist, Christian, Presbyterian, Episcopal and Cath- 
olic denominations are here, and the pulpits of all are occupied 
regularly by ministers of ability. 

Of the schools, the Shelby graded school, which is free during 
the whole scholastic year, employs a principal and he is assisted 
in the conduct of the school by ten competent teachers. The aver- 
age number of pupils who attend this school is about four hundred, 
and one of either sex who has taken all the courses taught here is 
qualified to enter any college in the country. Besides the free 
school, there are two female seminaries, Science Hill, established 
in 1825, by Mrs. Julia A. Tevis, and Shelbyville College. Science 
Hill has educated more girls than any similar institution in the 
South, and the enviable reputation made fbr it by Mrs. Tevis was 
fully maintained by her successors, and is still kept at the same 
high standard it has borne for seventy-four years, by its present 
principal and owner. The other educational institution, the Shelby- 
ville College, is ably conducted. Until five years ago it was 
known as Stuart's Female College. Both these institutions are 
largely patronized by the people of the community, and the board- 
ing department of each is well filled with girls from a distance. 

Shelbyville is fortunate in the railroad facilities she has, being 
on the L. & N., C. & O., and Southern railways, with passenger 
and freight trains in and out of the city almost every hour. There 
are but few factories here, which is surprising when the cheap- 
ness of fuel, abundance of water and the accessibility to market 
are considered. Shelby county has over 500 miles of turnpike, 
(more than any other county in the Sta;te,) is the banner wool 
county of Kentucky; is the bluegrass and white Burley districts 
and ranks high as a hemp producing county. Fine horses and cat- 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 869 

tie are raised in the county in abundance, and Shelbyville is the 
point from which nearly everything is shipped to the markets. 
There are twenty-one cities of the fourth-class in the State, but 
Shelbyville is the only one of them that can lay claim to as many 
advantages as it has with so low a tax rate. Shelbyville has not 
a cent of bonded indebtedness, a floating debt of less than |4,000, 
which will be entirely wiped out in another year; is excellently 
lighted by arc electric lights, and has a water service for domestic 
and fire protection purposes, equalled by few, and excelled by not 
another city, regardless of its size, in the State. The tax rate for 
municipal purposes is only thirty-five cents on the one hundred dol- 
lars, and out of the fund raised at this rate the expenses of the 
city has been paid. A beautiful fountain has been erected in the 
public square and three blocks of vitrified brick streets have been 
recently constructed. 

Besides the advantages enumerated above, Shelbyville is con- 
ceded to be the best business town in the State in proportion to its 
size. Her merchants are all safe business men, are doing a healthy, 
prosperous business, and the city is gradually but surely improv- 
ing every way. There are three banks, and one trust company, 
whose capital stock and surplus amounts to |625,000, two roller 
mills, each with a capacity of two hundred barrels of flour per day, 
undertakers, physicians and lawyers. This is due to the fact that 
there are few deaths; it is a remarkable healthy community and 
there is but little litigation in court. A hemp factory, tobacco 
factory or woolen mill, or all three of them would pay well in 
five large tobacco warehouses, where hundreds of thousands of 
dollars' worth of the weed is handled every year, three newspapers, 
and other enterprises too numerous to mention, in the city. The 
owners of every business in the city make good money, except the 
Shelbyville, and prospective promoters of enterprises if this kind 
would be encouraged by the residents of the city. 

The very enviable reputation which is enjoyed by the city of Shel- 
byville is largely due to the fact that her citizens have always btcn 
fortunate in their selections of those who manage the affairs of the 
corporation. Honest men only are elected to city ofiices, and all 
of them work harmoniously to the best interests of the tax payers. 
There has not been a charge or even a suspicion during the past ten 
years of a single cent of the city's money being wasted, and the 
mayor and each of the six councilmeu, which compose the legisla- 



370 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

tive departments of the city, has considered himself a committee 
of one to scrutinize bills when presented, and everything which 
is suspected of containing fraud is handled by the entire body 
without gloves. 



Somerset. 

(Revised 1901 by Mayor J. W. Parker.) 

Somerset, the county seat of Pulaski county, is called in the 
State a mountain town, but compared with the really mountainous 
portions of Kentucky, it is only hilly. It is one of the cities, 
under the statutes, of the fourth-class. Like many towns of the 
State located in the early days, the site was determined by a big 
spring, rather than the favorable lay of the land, and regardless 
of topography adapted for convenient and elegant streets. At 
least this one was so jQxed that by any considerable expansion 
rugged ground must be encountered. The variations of contour 
hewever add charms to the views. When the Cincinnati railroad 
was built, the puzzle of getting a feasible line for it by Somerset, 
resulted in the depot for this place being located a mile south from 
town. Then followed a building up about the depot of an exten- 
sion of addition. Hence, the village, then growing into a city, 
came to have two divisions — a new and an old part — "North Somer- 
set" and "South Somerset.." The line of connection between the two 
centers — the court house the one and the depot the other — is a 
section of the old State road leading from Lexington, Ky. to Jacks- 
boro, Tenn., and a branch from Somerset to Huntsville. In the 
location of these old roads, established a hundred years ago, they 
seem not to have contemplated more than horseback riding, or 
possibly, the use of salt wagons, always supplied with brakes or 
lock-chains. The viewers marking the route through the forests, 
coming to a hill usually made a direct line up and down from top 
to the bottom. So the toil of "Wait's hill," here has taxed all the 
travel on this line, pedestrians, equestrians, wagons, trains and 
troops, till now a daily transit of from two to five hundred vehicles 
ascend the diflBcult way. But this is not because an easier way, 
a better grade, can not be made. It is because of the stubborn or 
stupid inclination of the people to follow a rut. 

Somerset is a political and commercial representative and center 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 37 1 

of a wide extent of country, there being no considerable urban 
rival in a radius of twenty-five or thirty miles. It is the metro- 
polis of an important territory fifty to a hundred miles across. 
It so stands for a peculiar region of country, border land to Ken- 
tucky and Tennessee, and in many respects the middle of the 
United States. Multiplied interests and varied natural resources 
characterize this territory. It includes among its hills and valleys 
many bodies of fertile land, if not always the richest yet possess- 
ing great varieties of soil with inexhaustible forests of timber; 
with minerals, coal mines, oil wells and water powers. The 
climate is temperate; the country is supplied with abounding 
springs and flowing streams of excellent water. Everywhere there 
are attractive sites for healthy homes. 

Somerset is just at the head of steam navigation on the Cum- 
berland river. It is half way between Cincinnati and Chattanooga, 
on the great trunk line, Cincinnati Southern, between the grand 
systems of railroads to the north and the south. Here, directly 
between the rich wheat fields on the north and hundreds of miles 
of bread market to the south, is a place for manufacturing cereal 
products. Surrounding supplies of timber suggest manufactor- 
ies in wood. Close by are fuel and heavy materials that come 
from the earth, ready to support various industries, and, beside 
the fuel, near by are water falls for converting portable power in 
electricity. 

The people of this city and vicinity have to awaken to the op- 
portunities for manufacture and enterprise for which the location 
is so eligible, or others will come and take the advantages. There 
is room for both. Even now, as mensurate of the industrial import- 
ance of this focus and field, it can be stated that the tariff upon 
transportation in this county, Somerset being the most import- 
ant point, amounts to over 1100,000 per annum. There is now in 
the yards here awaiting shipment, thousand of carloads of feight, 
and five enormous oil tanks filled, and others to build. Somerset 
needs manufactories, oil refineries, and another railroad. 

Now there come into the city of Somerset daily streams of 
transportation on w^agons, by at least three routes on which, if 
there were collected half the usual rate of toll on turnpikes, a 
fund suflScient to build macadamized roads on the same lines would 
be realized in six to ten years. This has been the case for the 
last twenty years, and will continue for decades to come. Yet 
the people of this country have in the past period expended half 



372 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

a million of dollars for imported wagons, and worn them out on. 
bad dirt roads and stony ways. Who will make these wanted and 
profitable improvements? 

Socially, the city is full of churches; it has flourishing graded 
schools, with two elegant buildings; one of the largest court houses. 
in the State; a fine Masonic Temple, a splendid Odd Fellows* 
building, a spacious chamber for the Knights of Pythias and a 
magnificent Opera hall. Business is Hush and homes are full. 



Versailles. 

Versailles is one of the oldest towns in the State, having been 
laid out in 1793. The limits now include about one square mile. 
The population is 3,000 at a low estimate. The town is justly re- 
garded as one of the loveliest and most attractive in the State. All 
of the stores are new and modern in design, built almost without 
exception of brick with metal roofs. The court house, hotel,. 
Masonic Temple and Odd Fellows Hall are all modern buildings 
of a creditable character. There are a large number of handsome 
residences, and the streets are well supplied with shade trees,, 
which contribute ornament, health and comfort. The public 
school building, erected at a cost of |8,000, is one of the hand- 
somest in the State. It is admirabl}^ located, with ample grounds,, 
and supplied with an efficient corps of teachers. Henry Academy,, 
for boys, and Rose Hill Female Seminary, are widely known and 
well sustained. 

There are five white churches, all handsome structures, Baptist, 
Christian, Episcopal, Methodist, Presbyterian and Catholic. 
There are three colored churches, one Baptist and two Methodist. 

Versailles has one grain elevator, with capacity of 150,000 
bushels, and storage warehouse for 250,000 more. There are two 
banks, one building and loan association, two dry goods houses, 
two boot and shoe and gents' furnishing goods stores, three tailor- 
ing establishments, one clothing store, eight groceries, three stove 
and tinware stores, one furniture dealer and undertaker, one har- 
ness maker, one general hardware store, one hedge fence company, 
one large steam flouring mill, one carriage factory, two wagon 
and blacksmith shops, two drug stores, two meat markets, four 
confectionery stores, two connected with restaurants and one 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of AgrieuUure. 37S 

with bakery, oue hotel and several large boarding houses, three 
tobacco buyers, one lumber yard, three grain commission firms, 
(all of whom handle coal), two firms dealing principally in coal 
and building material, one brick yard with capacity of 30,000 brick 
per day, three livery and two training stables, two ice dealers^ 
two extensive market gardens with green houses, two boarding 
and four day schools, besides public schools, six insurance agents, 
one marble shop, three barber shops, etc. 

Versailles has a well-organized fire department, a new Ahrens 
steam engine, 1,000 feet of hose, hook and ladders, etc., and fire cis- 
terns conveniently located in all parts of the town. 

Versailles is connected with Louisville and Lexington by the 
Southern railroad, with a branch to Georgetown connecting with 
Cincinnati Southern railroad; a branch also through Mcholasville 
and Richmond extends to Beattyville. 



Winchester. 

Winchester, the capital of Clark county, has a population at 
present of about 8,000, the number of legal voters being between 
1,500 and 1,600. The town was given the place of honor by the 
United States census of 1890, as having made the largest per- 
centage of growth in the State in proportion to its population dur- 
ing the previous decade, the percentage of increase being about 
98 per cent. 

Its school facilities are equal to those of any town in the State. 
It has four public school buildings, two brick and two frame, cost- 
ing, exclusive of the land, |30,000. In addition are several j)ri- 
vate schools and the Kentucky Wesleyan College, which cost, ex- 
clusive of its fine campus, about |50,000. The total value of pub- 
lic and private school properties in the town is about $100,000. 

The (Churches of the city are seventeen in number and distributed 
among all the leading denominations and represent a property 
value of $125,000. In addition are flourishing societies of the Y, 
M. C. A., Y. M. L, King's Daughters, Epworth League and Christ- 
ian Endeavor. 

The banking facilities are comprised in three banks and twO' 
buildings and loan associations, one of the latter being the largest 
of its class in the South, with a paid-up capital of about $500,000, 
and an installment capital of $1,555,000. The bank capital and 



374 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

surplus aggregate about |825,000 in addition and the buildings 
are among the handsomest in the State. 

Winchester has a splendid system of water works costing over 
$100,000, and amply sufficient for a population of 50,000. There 
are two electric light plants and a street railway of two miles. 

Transportation facilities are most excellent, Winchester being 
the junctional point for three great railways, the L. & N., C. & O., 
and L. & E., the latter leading to the rich mineral and timber 
regions of Eastern Kentucky, with which Winchester is more 
closely in touch than any other town, and is consequently known 
as the Gate City. The Kentucky river bordering the county for 
thirty miles is being locked and dammed by the United States 
Government, and within two years will provide water transpor- 
tation. 

The city has an excellent fire department, with an engine house 
and two branch houses and a fire company of 100 members. 

The police department consists of a chief and three subordin- 
ates. 

The town has over twenty miles of macadamized streets and ten 
turnpikes connect the town with all parts of the county. 

The public buildings are a handsome court house, jail and city 
hall, and the public parks are two in number. 

The manufacturing interests of Winchester are represented 
at present by two planing mills and hogshead factories, a pottery, 
rolling flouring mills and bluegrass seed cleaner. All of these 
institutions aie extremely prosperous and have been built up from 
the smallest beginnings. Winchester is, without doubt, the finest 
location for the manufacture of furniture, and all kinds of wooden 
ware, shoes, brooms and other articles to meet the mountain de-' 
mand for a section of 10,000 square miles. 

Winchester with unequaled transportation facilities, presents 
wonderful openings for live manufacturers, to whom liberal in- 
ducements will be offered. 

The assessed value of all property in the town including banks 
and railways, is about |3,000,000. 



STATISTICAL TABLES. 



TAKEN FROM REPORT OF 



BOARD OF EQUALIZATION 



376 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



TABLE No. 2.— Showing Number of Acres of Land, Assessed Value of Land, 
Equalized Value of Land, Average Assessed Value Per Acre, and Average Equalized 
Value Per Acre, by Counties. 



Counties. 




Adair 

Alien 

Anderson . . . 

Ballard 

Barren 

Bath 

Bell 

Boone 

Bourbon . . . . 

Boyd 

Boyle 

Bracken . . . . 
Breatliitt . . . 
Breckinridge 

Bullitt 

Butler 

Caldwell . . . 
Calloway . . . 
Campbell . . . 
Carlisle .... 

Carroll 

Carter 

Casey 

Christian . . . 

Clark 

Clay 

Clinton 

Crittenden . . 
Cumberland 

Daviess 

Edmonson . . 

Elliott 

Estill 

Fayette 

Fleming 

Floyd 

Franklin . . . . 

Fulton 

Gallatin 

Garrard 

Grant 

Graves 

Grayson 

Green 

Greenup 

Hancock .... 
Hardin 



235,116 
192,265 
124,168 
153,839 
292,327 
161,869 
181,775 
152,922 
181,885 

76,734 
109,253 
124,842 
277,926 
301,858 
189,972 
253,912 
188,835 
240,975 

84,402 
111,327 

80,350 
235,452 
211,438 
416,104 
156,702 
246,263 

97,165 
214,410 
143,275 
271,544 
100,341 
141,116 
123,593 
176,246 
212,585 
257,692 
123,831 
112.286 

59,081 
134,589 
155,878 
312,695 
291,716 
158,527 
181,010 
109,379 
359,610 



$ 979,971 

827,523 

1,423,225 

1,267,015 

1,906,620 

2,321,019 

846,917 

4,515,735 

8,710,296 

936,219 

3,335,741 

2,067,235 

714,106 

1,781,942 

1,376,760 

1,123,637 

1,510,586 

1,794,328 

4,007,043 

1,053,509 

1,392,520 

981,441 

1,076,257 

4,927,765 

5,265,010 

869,988 

526,654 

1,502,268 

791,851 

5,167,194 

765,956 

572,759 

747,722 

10,728,574 

3,115,811 

881,794 

2,410.130 

1,512,958 

858,017 

2,906,478 

2,158,369 

3,664,204 

991,374 

673,835 

1,114,870 

1,011,779 

2,301,394 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureait of Agriculture. 
TABLE No. 2— Continued. 



377 



Counties. 


!2i 
p 

o 

i-is 

n 

CD 
CO 


Assessed Value 
of Land 


Harlan 


427,121 
189,829 
231,925 
265,152 
177,762 
145,098 
324,463 
191,305 
204,384 
106,384 
181,633 


1,131,507 


Harrison 


4,086,723 


Hart 


1,628,855 


Henderson 


5,074,034 


Henry . 


2,669,460 


Hickman ... . 


1,947,460 


Hopkins . . 


2,176,486 


Jackson 


651,293 


Jefferson 


' 10,388,749 


Jessamine 


3,516,745 


Johnson 


851,443 


Kenton . . . . . 


4,090,360 


Knott . . 


236,595 
196,409 
159,901 
$225,041 
229,371 
146,612 
245,343 
284,913 
313,127 
186,607 
186,142 
320,698 
138,131 
261,548 
199,582 
194,708 
206,423 
178,376 
148,425 
159,550 
148,778 
197,228 
112,359 
153,557 
168,388 
190,990 
116,185 
235,675 
266.524 
255,967 
121,951 
344,182 
116,833 
199,840 
113,697 
167,681 
237,229 


613,152 


Knox 


1,077,403 


Larue 


1,400,419 


Laurel 


$954,452 


Lawrence 


1,280,822 


Lee 


497,362 


Leslie 


587,148 


Letcher 


714,808 




1,525,131 


Lincoln 


2,978,091 




1,274,498 


Logan 


3,180,990 




730,199' 


Madison 


5,569,250 


Magoffin 


667,381 


Marion . 


1,692,01& 


Marshall 


1,311,406 


Martin 


468,639 




5,523,942 


McCracken 


1,601,885 




1,056,710 


Meade 


1,496,296 




343,228 


Mercer 


3,085,580 


Metcalfe 


783,044 


Monroe 


833,320 


Montgomery 

Morgan '. 


2,842,754 
1,033.759 




1,160,422 


Nelson 


3,417,777 




2,294,160 


Ohio 


2,045,314 




1,937,675 


Owen 


2,209,795 




499,503 


Pendleton . 


2,172,640 




526,419 



378 



Fourteenth Biennial Report But^au of Agriculture. 
TABLE No. 2— Continued. 



Counties. 




O CD 
l-ljC« 

sa en 

: *^ 



Pike ...^ 

Powell 

Pulaski 

Robertson 

Rockcastle 

Rowan 

Russell 

Scott 

Shelby 

Simpson 

Spencer 

Taylor 

Toda 

Trigg 

Trimble 

Union 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Webster 

Whitley _ 

Wolfe 

Woodford 

Total for 119 Counties. 



686,673 
84,798 
360,648 
61,010 
179,311 
182,322 
182,320 
186,877 
240,226 
144,274 
115,107 
116,833 
222,838 
278,160 
88,723 
211,617 
327,494 
178,160 
315,844 
198,508 
403,681 
158,290 
115,549 



1,571,597 

379,744 

1,786,955 

617,025 

614,095 

425,948 

642,766 

5,479,219 

5,671,110 

1,404,509 

1,238,136 

635,211 

1,895,790 

1,497,231 

1,141,625 

4,680,480 

4,053,318 

1,806,757 

1,143,903 

1,636,985 

1,335,752 

601,060 

5,387,600 



$23,506,965 



$246,648,721 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture, 
STATEMENT No. 2— Continued. 



379 



Counties. 



Adair 

Allen 

Anderson , . . 

Ballard 

Barren 

Bath 

Bell 

Boone 

Bourbon 

Boyd 

Boyle 

Bracken . . . . 
Breathitt . . . 
Breckinridge 

Bullitt 

Butler 

Caldwell . . . 
Calloway . . . 
Campbell . . . 

Carlisle 

Carroll 

Carter 

Casey 

Christian . . , 

Clark 

Clay 

Clinton 

Crittenden . 
Cumberland 

Daviess 

Edmonson . 

Elliott 

Estill 

Fayette 

Fleming . . . 

Floyd 

Franklin . . . 

Fulton 

Gallatin .... 

Garrard 

Grant 

Graves 

Grayson 

Green 

Greenup 

Hancock . . . 

Hardin 

Harlan 

Harrison . . . 



M 


> 


> 




ro ro < 


^n^ 




3 ^ 


gCD 


: < 


: <"" 


S^ 


■ p 




-^P, 


• CD 


• CO 1 


i-i 1 


$ 979,971 


? 4 17 


$ 4 17 


910,275 


4 19 


4 60 


1,451,690 


11 46 


11 69 


1,330,366 


8 31 


8 73 


1,982,885 


6 52 


6 78 


2,321,019 


14 34 


14 34 


889,263 


4 66 


4 89 


4,515,735 


29 53 


29 53 


8,971,605 


47 37 


48 79 


936,219 


12 20 ■ 


12 20 


3,435,813 


30 53 


31 45 


2,149,924 


16 55 


17 21 


714,106 


2 57 


2 57 


1,888,859 


5 39 


5 71 


1,486,901 


7 69 


8 31 


1,146,110 


4 42 


4 51 


1,540,798 


7 99 


8 15 


1,794,328 


7 45 


7 45 


4,167,325 


47 47 


49 37 


1,106,184 


9 46 


9 93 


1,531,772 


17 33 


19 06 


1,040,327 


4 12 


4 37 


1,087,020 


5 09 


5 14 


4,927,765 


11 87 


11 87 


5,265,010 


34 24 


34 24 


869,988 


3 53 


3 53 


526,654 


5 42 


5 42 


1,532,313 


7 01 


7 15 


831,444 


6 23 


6 54 


5,167,194 


18 80 


18 80 


765,956 


7 64 


7 64 


572,759 


4 05 


4 05 


777,631 


6 04 


6 29 


10,728,574 


60 87 


60 87 


3,240,443 


14 65 


15 24 


978,791 


3 42 


3 80 


2,410,130 


19 46 


19 46 


1,633,995 


IS 47 


14 39 


1,029,620 


14 53 


17 44 


3,138,996 


21 59 


23 32 


2,417,373 


13 85 


15 50 


3,664,204 


11 71 


11 71 


1,040,943 


3 39 


3 56 


707,527 


4 25 


4 46 


1,148,316 


6 15 


6 46 


1,021,897 


9 25 


9 34 


2,301,394 


6 40 


6 40 


1,131,507 


2 64 


2 64 


4,250,192 


21 58 


22 44 



380 



Fourtanth Biennhil Rvport Bureau uf Ai/ricultiuc. 
STATEMENT No. 2— Continued. 



Counties. 



o^ 






"=c 


"^ ^Z 




-s S «> 






1 




^ 'S. 


2 ^^ 






: X 




C hri 


: < 


: < 




CD^ 


■ £ 


E en 


"SF, 






1 


i-S 1 


1,742,875 


7 


02 


7 51 


5,175,515 


19 


13 


19 51 


3,123,268 


15 


01 


17 5C 


1,947,460 


13 


42 


13 42 


2,263,545 


6 


70 


6 97 


651,293 


3 


40 


3 40 


10,388,749 


50 


79 


50 79 


3,551,912 


33 


02 


33 35 


884,461 


4 


68 


4 87 


4,131,264 








613,152 


2 


17 


2 17 


1,077,403 


5 


49 


5 49 


1,470,440 


8 


75 


9 19 


$954,452 


$4 


24 1 


$4 24 


1,280,822 


5 


54 


5 54 


497,362 


3 


39 


3 39 


628,240 


2 


39 


2 54 


714,808 


2 


50 


2 50 


1,555,634 


4 


87 


4 96 


3,395,024 


15 


96 


18 19 


1,274,498 


6 


82 


6 82 


3,371,849 


9 


91 


10 50 


744,803 


5 


28 


5 39 


5,569,250 


21 29 1 


21 50 


720,771 


3 


34 


3 61 


1,861,218 


8 


69 


9 56 


1,311,406 


6 


35 


6 35 


492,071 


2 


62 


2 75 


6,021,097 


37 


21 


40 56 


1,697,998 


10 


04 


10 64 


1,215,217 


7 


10 


8 17 


1,571,111 


7 


58 


7 96 


343,228 


3 


05 


3 05 


3,054,724 


20 


82 


20 62 


783,044 


4 


65 


4 65 


883,319 


4 


36 


4 62 


2,899.609 


24 


46 


24 94 


x,033,759 


4 


38 


4 38 


1,160,422 


4 


35 


4 35 


3,417,777 


13 


35 


13 35 


2,523,576 


18 


82 


20 70 


2,045,314 


5 


94 


5 94 


2,015,182 


16 


68 


17 35 


2,386,579 


11 


02 


11 90 


499,503 


4 


38 


4 38 


2,411,630 


12 


95 


14 37 


526,419 


2 


21 


2 21 


1,571,597 


2 


28 


2 28 



Hart 

Henderson , 

Henry , 

Hickman . . 
Hopkins . . . 
Jackson . . . . 
Jefferson . . . 
Jessamine . , 
Johnson . . . 

Kenton 

Knott 

Knox 

Larue 

Laurel 

Lawrence . . 

Lee 

Leslie 

Letcher 

Lewis 

Lincoln 

Livingston . 

Logan 

Lyon 

Madison . . . 
Magoffin . . . 

Marion 

Marshall . . . 

Martin 

Mason 

McCracken . 
McLean . . . 

Meade 

Menefee . . . 

Mercer 

Metcalfe . . . 
Monroe . . . 
Montgomery 

Morgan 

Muhlenberg 

Nelson 

Nicholas . . . 

Ohio 

Oldham 

Owen 

Owsley 

Pendleton . . 

Perry 

Pike 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 
TABLE No, 2— Continued. 



381 



Ojuntiks. 


• < 
■ E- 


Average As- 
sessed Value 
per Acre 


>-t 1 


Powell 


379,744 

1,786,955 

684,898 

614,095 

425,948 

642,766 

5,753,180 

5,671,110 

1,474,734 

1,275,280 

654,267 

2,123,285 

1,497,231 

1,164,458 

4,680,480 

4,053,318 

1,806,757 

1,143.903 

1,686,095 

1,362,467 

601,060 

5,549,228 


4 47 

4 95 

10 11 

3 42 

2 33 

3 52 
29 43 
23 66 

9 73 
10 75 

4 04 
8 55 

5 38 
12 15 
22 12 
12 37 
10 13 

3 62 
8 24 
3 30 
3 79 
46 62 


4 47 


Pulaski 


4 95 


Robertson 


11 22 


Rockcastle 


3 42 


Rowan 


2 33 


Russell 


3 52 


Scott 


30 90 


Shelby 


23 66 


Simpson 


10 22 


"SupTifpr 


11 07 


Taylor 


4 16 


Todd • 


9 34 


Trigg 


5 38 


Trimble 


12 39 


Union 


22 12 


Warren 


12 37 


Washington 


10 13 


Wayne 


3 62 


Webster . 


8 48 


Whitley 


3 36 




3 79 


Woodford 


48 02 


Total for 119 Counties 


$254,034,820 








382 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



TABLE No. 3— Showing for 1898 Adult Males, Legal Voters, Enrolled Militia, 
Children between Six and Twenty Years of Age, Tobacco, Hemp, Hay, Corn, Wheat, 
Oats, Barley, and Other Crops, and Acreage of Wheat, Corn, Tobacco, Meadow and 
Woodland. 



Counties. 






o o 



cr5 



78 



o 



79 









80 



Adair 

Allen 

Anderson . . 

Ballard 

Barren 

Bath 

Bell 

Boone 

Bourbon . . . 

Boyd 

Boyle 

Bracken 

Breathitt . . 
Breckinridge 

Bullitt 

Butler 

Caldwell . . . 
Calloway . . 
Campbell . . 

Carlisle 

Carroll 

Carter 

Casey 

Christian . . 

Clark 

Clay 

Clinton 

Crittenden . 
Cumberlandi 

Daviess 

Edmonson . 

Elliott 

Estill 

Fayette 

Fleming . . . 

Floyd 

Franklin . . 

Ful«ton 

Gallatin . . . 
Garrard . . . 

Grant 

Graves 

Grayson . . , 
Green 



3,210 

3,078 
2,229 
2,727 
5,518 
3,408 
2,910 
2,971 



3,969 
3,342 
3,057 

2,282 
4,594 
2,125 
3,580 
2,758 



2,322 
2,432 
2,958 
3,212 
8,114 
4,203 
2,657 
1,545 
3,232 
2,025 
8,195 
1,952 
1,882 
2,103 
3,383 
2,814 



2,398 
2,147 
1,196 
626 
3,299 
6,589 
4,379 
2,444 



3,210 
3,071 

2,227 
2;i78 
5,518 
3,409 
2,909 
2,971 



3,969 
3,336 
3,057 
2,541 
4,609 
2,125 
3,580 
2,771 



2,322 
2,432 
1,555 
3,212 
8,122 
4,203 
2,657 
1,545 
3,232 
2,037 
8,194 
2,077 
1,882 
2,103 
3,834 
2,805 



2,398 
2,250 
1,196 
626 
3,303 
6,589 
4,376 
2,444 



1,959 
2,329 
1,640 
2,727 
130 



2,178 
1,988 



2,537 
2,158 



2,727 

1,119 

65 



539 
2,230 
5,636 
2 
2,263 
1,094 



1,33» 



1,43? 
1,180 



2,621 
2,464 



2,538 
993 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



i83 



TABLE No. 3— Continued. 



Counties. 



p CD 



O O 






78 



79 



Greenup . . . 
Hancock . . . 
Hardin . . . . 

Harlan 

Harrison . . 

Hart 

Henderson , 

Henry 

Hickman . . . 
Hopkins' . . . 

Jackson 

Jefferson . . . 
Jessamine 
Johnson . . , 

Kenton 

Knott 

Knox 

Larue 

Laurel 

La^v^rencel . . 

Lee 

Leslie 

Letcher 

Lewis 

Lincoln . . . . 
Livingston , 

Logan 

Lyon 

Madison 

Magoffin . . . 

Marion 

Marshall . . 

Martin 

Mason 

McCracken 
McLean . . . 

Meade 

Menefee . . . 

Mercer 

Metcalfe . . . 
Monroe . . . . 
Montgomery 

Morgan 

Muihlenberg 

Nelson 

Nicholas . . . 
Ohio 



1,960 


1,960 


2,054 


2,054 


4,612 


4,717 


1,742 


1,745 


3,977 


3,979 


7,981 


7,981 


4,207 


4,207 


2,774 


2,794 


6,458 


6,660 


2,036 


2,038 


2,665 


2,665 


2,268 


2,504 


5,027 


6,123 


1,460 


1,466 


3,. 13 


3,713 


2,499 


2,509 


3,675 


3,663 


3,985 


4,130 


1,567 


1,579 


1,348 


1,376 


1,567 


1,614 


3,851 


3,889 


3,854 


3,854 


2,523 


2,524 


6,567 


6,699 


1,955 


1,955 


6,154 


6,154 


2,067 


2,115 


3,543 


3,543 


2,786 


2,970 


1,031 


1,041 


3,254 


3,425 


4,101 


4,101 


2,761 


2,761 


2,484 


2,484 


1,292 


1,289 


3,592 


3,592 


2,135 


2,242 


2,691 


2,723 


2,206 


2,206 


2,636 


2,891 


4,321 


4,321 


3,813 


3,790 


2,854 


2,854 


6,465 


6,438 



384 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 
TABLE No. 3— Continues. 



Counties. 



HCjgji 



w 

2,0 

. < 

IS»CD 

a> 



78 



Oldham 

Owen 

Owsley » , . . 

Pendleton 

Perry 

Pike 

Powell 

Pulaski 

Robertson 

Rockcastle 

Rowan 

Russell 

Scott 

Shelby 

Simpson 

Bpencer 

Taylor 

Todd 

Trigg 

Trimble 

Union 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Webster 

Whitley 

Wolfe 

Woodford 

Total for 119 Counties 



1,716 
3,666 
1,456 
3,380 
1,485 
4,645 
1,351 
6,263 
1,168 
2,708 
1,636 
2,167 



3,967 
2,879 
1,689 
2,467 
3,849 
3,161 
1,836 
3,952 
7,180 
3,114 
2,987 
4,299 
4,598 
1,775 
2,952 



79 



1,716 
3,666 
1,465 
3,380 
1,485 
4,645 
1,351 
6,382 
1,168 
2,708 
1,657 
2,167 
2,967 
3,967 
2,879 
1,689 
2,467 
3,849 
3,161 
1,836 
3,952 
7,193 
3,114 
2,987 
4,299 
4,850 
1,839 
2,951 



W 



CD 



80 



1,103 
2,227 
1,128 

" "53 

46 

2,265 



1,953 

3,760 
"768 

1,555 



357,722 



358,023 



101,595 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 
TABLE No. 3— Continued. 



385 



Counties. 



Adair 

Allen 

Anderson . . . 

Ballard 

Barren 

Bath 

Bell 

Boone 

Bourbon 

Boyd 

Boyle 

Bracken . . . . 
Breathitt . . , 
Breckinridge 

Bullitt 

Butler 

Caldwell . . . 
Calloway . . . 
Campbell . . . 
Carlisle .... 

Carroll 

Carter 

Casey 

Christian . . . 

Clark 

Clay 

Clinton 

Crittenden . . 
Cumberland 

Daviess 

Edmonson . . 

Elliott 

Estill 

Fayette 

Fleming 

Floyd 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Gallatin 

Garrard 

Grant 

Gi'aves 

Grayson 

Green 

Greenup 

Hancock . . . . 
Hardin 

13 



o 

assr 



MS 

'. 3 



81 



4,228 
3,838 
2,911 
2,890 
5,262 
3,242 
1,139 
2,418 

5,348 
3,203 
1,421 
4,653 
5,757 
2,383 
4,720 
2,924 



2,819 
2,309 
4,709 
4,474 
7,116 
2,933 
4,934 
2,290 
4,119 
2,743 
7,371 
3,201 
3,618 
3,031 
4,541 
4,144 



1,977 


8 


2,530 


5 


630 


6 


448 


4 


3,236 




7,000 


2 


6,228 


17 


282 


17 


3,280 




2,472 




5,457 


lOS 



!25 

jy;-. O to . 
P S ^ » 

UQ ^ en O 
w 7 w^ 






82 



11 

28 

6 



30 
9 



6 
21 

7 
11 

6 



4 
13 

2 
23 

4 
17 
28 
18 



26 
10 
7 
25 
26 
24 
21 



64 



386 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

TABLE No. 3— Continued. 



Counties. 


o 

iss3 

Oo- 

Hj CD 

■ 3 


No. of Studs, 
Jacks and Bulls 
for which Ser- 
vice Fee was 
Charged 


P 
ri- 
ce 

>-l 
oo 
a 

o 

3 




81 


83 


83 


Harlan 


2,642 
4,481 






Harrison 


7 


16 


Hart 




Henderson 


6,328 
3,225 
3,507 
7,379 
3,471 


15 
10 
20 


94 


Henry 


67 
148 


Hickman 


Hopkins 


5 


Jackson 


41 


56 


Jefferson 


Jessamine 


1,842 

4,115 
11,357 
2,776 
1,895 
2,963 
5,251 
5,455 
2,476 
2,409 
2,993 
2,799 
3,793 
3,302 
5,558 
2,095 
5,376 
3,674 
3,463 
3,248 
1,816 
2,419 


19 
20 


117 
40 


Johnson 


Kenton 


Knott 


10 


18 


Knox 


Larue 


15 

33 

155 

4 

1 

33 
12 
17 
14 
24 
14 
25 
32 




Laurel 




Lawrence , 


57 
7 
5 
29 
36 
71 


Lee 


Leslie 




Lewis 




Livingston 


73 




QT 


Lyon 


64 




lO.'i 


Magoffin 


67 




22 


Marshall 


9 








Mason 


9 








McLean 


2,950 
3,244 
2,183 
2,937 
2,872 
3,724 
945 
4,517 
4,175 
4,550 
2,732 
8,247 
1,022 
2,416 
2,277 
4,383 








18 
16 
36 
17 
13 


47 


Menef ee 


35 




63 


Metcalfe 


3.025 
40 




Montgomery 






44 

5 

16 


91 


Muhlenberg 


10 






Nicholas 






28 
10 
21 
20 

24 


118 


Oldham 






24 


Owsley 


32 




80 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bweau of Agriculture. 
TABLS No. 3— Continued. 



387 



Counties. 



26 I— i 

^^ 

>-i CD 
• 3 



81 



Perry 

Pike 

Powell 

Pulaski 

Robertson 

Rockcastle 

Rowan 

Russell 

Scott 

Shelby 

Simpson 

Spencer 

Taylor 

Todd 

Trigg 

Trimble 

Union 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Webster _ 

Whitley 

Wolfe 

Woodford 

Total for 119 Counties 



2,684 
7,433 
1,943 
8,698 
1,340 
3,572 
2,543 
2,966 
1,517 
2,365 
1,919 
1,584 
2,730 
2,131 
3,948 
1,338 
2,741 
6,700 
3,458 
4.317 
4,769 
5,945 
2,935 
2,332 



401,419 



TO 



!z! 

H— N-. W CD • 

ffl 2 "^ « 

JQ ^ Ol O 

P-CD o 3 
^ fP tit Pj 

P <-i >— GD 
CO I CO - 



82 



2 

18 
7 

42 

4 

5 

11 

21 

21 

7 

2 

2 

31 



15 



40 



41 
5 



26 
2 



5d 

p 



83 



116 
36 
23 

393 

"ie 
11 

47 
146 

516 
20 
76 

65 



152 

"99 
32 

"39 
15 



1,665 



7,806 



388 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



TABLE No. 3— Continued. 



Counties. 



3 o c 
c=r*S. <» 

CC EC O 

?e -, O 
. p 
• ^ cs 



84 



«< C6 &j 

i-S i-i, 
P- 

■ |2.<* 
: a" 5 

■ cnsTJ 



85 



' p-r: 

a p 



86 



Adair 

Allen 

Anderson . . 

Ballard 

Barren 

Bath 

Bell 

Boone 

Bourbon . . . 

Boyd 

Boyle 

Bracken . . . 
Breathitt . . 
Breckinridge 

Bullitt 

Butler 

Caldwell ... 
Calloway . . 
Campbell . . 

Carlisle 

Carroll 

Carter 

Casey 

Christian . . 

Clark 

Clay 

Clinton 

Crittenden . 
Cumberland 
Daviess .... 
Edmonson . 

Elliott 

Estill 

Fayette 

Fleming . . . 

Floyd 

Franklin . . . 

Fulton , 

Gallatin .. .. 

Garrard 

Grant 

Graves 

Grayson 

Green 

Greenup . . . , 
Hancock ... 
Hardin 



487,153 

709,383 

1,533,300 

1,476,280 

825,949 

670,200 

10 

2,680,400 

850 

384,100 

3,196,005 

5,112 

4,121,065 

111,300 

229,001 

4,340,545 



977,700 

2,739,550 

124,650 

210,850 

2,039,915 

3,381,400 

27,706 

2,140,600 

154,927 

7,760,700 

142,650 

12,226 

14,092 

2.767,700 

1,875 

'i,528,i66 
510,350 
926.330 
169,900 

4,077,110 
285,100 
195,100 

1,057,839 
236,000 

2,558,725 
87,080 



2,510 
13,000 



50 

658,200 

7,000 



512 
18,000 



560,000 
79 



201 



80,000 
3,005 



136,900 



200 
1,150 
2,500 



2,137 

1.477 

1,284 

3,394 

743 

851 

172 

5,866 



2,704 
5,163 
1,237 

117 
2,179 
3,492 
1,740 

929 



1,727 
2,898 

680 
2,069 
3,838 
3,150 
1,410 

585 
2,946 
1,081 
4,440 

387 
1,144 

479 

3,294 

92 



2,010 

2,509 

982 

212 

2,691 

147 

3,081 

71,028 

1,115 

1,266 

3,565 



Fourteenth Biennial Eeport Bureau of Agriculture. 



389 



TABLE No. 3— Continued. 



Counties 



V (0 ""^ 

ps o 

i-s P-cr 

• C ?a 



84 



ID 

V- a> P- 
P o 

;• ^w 

: 5*5 



85 



Harlan 

Harrison . . . 

Hart 

Henderson . 

Henry 

Hickraan_. . . 
Hopkins . . . 

Jacksoja 

Jefferson ... 
Jessamine . . 
Johnson . . . . 

Kenton 

Knott 

Knox , 

Larue 

Laurel 

Lawrence . . 

Lee 

Leslie 

Letcher ..... 

Lewis 

Lincoln .... 
Livingston . 

Logan , 

Lyon 

Madison . . . 
Magoffin . . . 
Marion .... 
Marshall . . . 
Martin . . . . , 

Mason 

McCracken . 
McLean .... 

Meade 

Menefee . . . . 

Mercer 

Metcalfe . . . 
Monroe .... 
Montgomery 
Morgan . . . . . 
Muhlenberg 

Nelson , 

Nicholas . . . 

Ohio 

Oldham .... 

Owen 

Owsley .... 



4,484 
4,369,595 

'7,48V,276 

3,753,000 

970,200 

5,182,610 

5,846 

'sVVioo 

20,291 

942,600 

10,814 

i'34,366 

23,172 

33,841 

10,030 

3,232 

6.843 

1,260,800 

115,b68 

692,000 

7,128,900 

2,972,900 

1,047,400 

5,953 

260,450 

2,826,020 

8,925 

4,972,300 

'3,001,656 

60,400 

10,050 

838,500 

1,119,670 

69,000 

1,212,000 

9,405 

1,701,700 

837,700 

3,407,700 

3,828,988 

215,200 

4,328,255 

19,040 



8,150 



3 



697,750 
' 11,566 



12 
43,847 



20,200 

143 

90 



800 



102,500 
1,100 



25 

2,500 

10 



50 



390 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agricultwre. 
TABLE No. 3— Continued. 



Counties. 



^ O 53 



fO cc o 



P P 



84 



•-d 

^ SS 3 

i-i i-ij 
Pi 

c W 

•-S CD 

5" 3 



85 



H 

CD P- 
P< 
3 P 



86 



Pendleton 

Perry 

Pike 

Powell 

Pulaski 

Robertson 

Rockcastle 

Rowan 

Russell 

Scott 

Shelby 

Simpson , 

Spencer 

Taylor 

Todd 

Trigg 

Trimble 

Union 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Webster 

Whitley 

Wolfe 

Woodford 

Total for 119 Counties 



4,674,100 

8,682 

18,179 

18,692 

1,993,000 

6,705 

600 

51,471 

5,309,925 

4,741,600 

1,062,400 

35,000 

512,480 

2,766,500 

4,068,800 

2,732,150 

3,202,500 

1,873,141 

1,949,300 

8,136 

3,634,800 

6,021 

5,917 

3,526,600 



161,834,319 



50 

287 



68,440 

160,000 

1,500 



1,510 



50 
674,360 



3,178,138 



2,833 

379 

494 

265 

4,318 

796 

804 

1,240 

1,490 

8,467 

5,785 

238 

536 

1,982 

423 

633 

740 

3,899 

2,949 

1,999 

1,748 

1,729 

2,315 

864 

3.812 



225,356 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 
TABLE No. 3— Continued. 



391 



Counties. 



!< fC 2- 

fD PJCC 
P 

i-S O 
p. i-u 

|g 

CH5 3 



87 



Adair ...... 

Allen 

Anderson . . 

Ballard 

Barren 

Bath 

Bell 

Boone 

Bourbon . . . 

Boyd 

Boyle 

Bracken . . . 
Breathitt . . 
Breckinridge 

Bullitt 

Butler 

Caldwell . . . 
Calloway . . 
Campbell . . 

Carlisle 

Carroll 

Carter 

Casey 

Christian . . 

Clark 

Clay 

Clinton .... 
Crittenden . 
Cumberland 

Daviess 

Edmonson . 

Elliott 

Estill 

Fayette 

Fleming . . . 

Floyd 

Franklin . . . 

Pulton 

Gallatin 

Garrard 

Grant 

Graves 

Grayson . . . . 

Green 

Greenup 

Hancock . . . 
Hardin 



493, 

470, 
266 
420 
265 
176 
49 
552 

121 
392 
180 
329 
916 
533 
622 
32 



138 
075 
807 
283 
269 
255 
520 
.741 

688 
,790 
,900 
,698 
,515 
,166 
,989 
,879 



198, 
224, 
120, 
526, 
162, 
548, 
499, 
116, 
590, 
395 
506, 
380, 
413, 
350, 
480, 
323, 



565 
175 
258 
411 
710 
725 
859 
.930 
655 
,655 
.430 
962 
339 
116 
990 
,671 



148 

341 

94 

84 

408 

27 

796 

351 

166 

294 

908 



877 
180 
595 
660 
299 
275 
961 
,985 
960 
,354 
861 



W 
CD ^-cr 



en 



CD 



CD p. CO 
i-S o 

crq p 



88 



57,745 
38,395 
87,732 
204,617 
330,139 
64,860 

" 39,848 

* 15,307 

370,519 

79,283 

30 

183,348 
97,069 
29,643 

104,032 



162,070 
29,151 
10,205 
27,371 

130,433 

196.945 

5,854 

21,048 

112,945 
30,205 

257,057 

19,762 

29,434 

4,802 

129,121 
12,643 

' *84,383 

321,867 

12,623 

34,849 

73,352 

9,336 

133,431 
50.071 
23,725 
69.746 

517,216 



392 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 
TABLE No. 3— Continued. 



Counties. 



VJ CD 2. 

i-j o 

p. 1-15 

I? 

3 i-J 

cr5 s 



87 



td 

(TD ^* sr 
CB Is 

>-< cr 
a 2 



88 



'^ » cr 
'^ o o 

P- Ms 

a P 



89 



Harlan 

Harrison . . 

Hart 

Henderson 

Henry 

Hickman . 
Hopkins . . 
Jackson ... 
Jefferson . . 
Jessamine , 
Johnson .. 
Kenton . . . 

Knott 

Knox 

Larue . . . . . 
Laurel . . . 
Lawrence 
Lee 



Leslie 

Letcher 

Lewis 

Lincoln 

Livingston . . 

Logan 

Lyon 

Madison 

Magoffin 

Marion 

Marshall 

Martin 

Mason 

McCracken . 

McLean 

Meade , 

Menef ee 

Mercer 

Metcalfe . . . 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

Morgan 

Muhlenberg 

Nelson 

Nicholas . . . 

Ohio 

Oldham 

Owen 

Owsley 



292,104 
621,541 

568,154 
365,500 
432,122 
382.634 
314,2y2 

153,677 
353.980 
149,425 
274.625 
8,400 
512,250 
311,726 
583,070 

84,019 
217,569 
285,062 
208,245 
377,557 
622,445 
754,535 

43,980 
587,000 
398,869 
350,945 
352,070 
147,180 
416,135 

' 247,735 
394,602 
155,430 
363,305 
339,063 
378,395 
166,910 
555,095 
159,601 
790,160 
330,335 
742,673 
250,000 
322,817 
164,910 



103 
193,079 



207,689 
61,100 

588,447 

55,990 

8.967 



204,030 

16,431 

7,660 

255 

43 

254,600 

10.660 

43,094 

426 

135 

2,631 

29,225 

148,579 

86,307 

413,210 

34,371 

131,555 

7,157 

111,417 

67,978 

25 

247,785 

* 46,311 

107,692 

3,506 

265,985 

32,730 

38,183 

38,180 

20,814 

42,031 

273.358 

133,670 

70,804 

69,705 

77.545 

5,687 



1,033 
14,494 



3.464 

31,225 

520 

5,779 
34.451 



228 
28,602 



41 

50 

16,805 

31,341 

23,446 

9,978 

1,941 

2,730 

4,665 

10,778 

16,527 

28,025 

16,185 

6,770 

10,522 

42,106 

400 

1,146 



23,363 

5,005 

3,765 

53.598 

35.427 



26.995 
6.257 

19,631 
6,590 

77,580 
8,935 

11.865 

22,523 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 
TABLE No. 3— Continued. 



393 



Counties. 



Pendleton 

Perry 

Pike 

Powell 

Pulaski 

Robertson 

Rockcastle 

Rowan 

Russell 

Scott 

Shelby 

Simpson 

Spencer 

Taylor 

Todd 

Trigg 

Trimble 

Union 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Webster 

Whitley 

Wolfe 

Woodford 

Total for 119 Counties 



dd 


bd 


td 


c-M-s e 


rt-l-j t3 


<r^ >-* C 


srpB S 


trp w 


ir» g 


^ w^ 


^s-g" 


<^ S'tr 


V! o 2- 


«< CD 2. 


«•- CD 2. 


(TC Pj cc 


CD &iCC 


CD P-K 


P 


f» O 


P 


'-! O 


'-S Ms 


i-S o 


Pj "-15 


: &^ 


• ^ 1-fs 


• E= ^ 


. B 


• '-' Q 


. >-t tr 


^ O 


: 5-^ 
• op; 3 


: ag 




87 


88 


89 


411,230 


135,350 


8.460 


253,990 


529 


1,145 


735,543 


3,728 


9.867 


164,125 


1,107 


429 


580,715 


51,306 


67,386 


163,319 


53,980 




346,124 


10,930 


13,788 


207,947 


2,692 


8,224 


380,455 


34,347 


11,490 


416.644 


184,472 


6,804 


640,640 


262,110 


15.010 


119,065 


131,857 


3,050 


306,740 


148,302 


1,800 


365,618 


77,144 


16,881 


172,010 


126,600 


975 


466,402 


101,263 


2,723 


• 255,860 


162,099 


6,528 


918,954 


476,073 


150 


928,169 


252,145 


125,154 


389,300 


127,180 


18,265 


429,159 


38,339 


50,123 


219,595 


50,621 


1,172 


434,269 


15,353 


1,019 


296,268 


12,979 


16,805 


344,892 


470,223 


48,945 


40,665.306 


11,302.091 


1.667.279 



394 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 
TABLE No. 3— Continued. 



Counties. 



-. — '==' 

CD Pj i-u 
P 

• c p 

• >-* <-t 



w 

P.C/2COC: 
^fC p.fD_ 

ft) 2 <- f» 
P 5 ft> cc 

Hj P-P-J CO 



(TO 5' * 

s= o 

3 P 



90 



91 



92 



Adair 

Allen 

Anderson . . . 

Ballard 

Barren 

Bath 

Bell 

Boone 

Bourbon 

Boyd 

Boyle 

Bracken 

Breathitt . . . 
Breckinridge 

Bullitt 

Butler 

Caldwell . . . 
Calloway . . . 
Campbell . . . 
Carlisle .... 

Carroll . • . . . 

Carter 

Casey 

Christian . . 

Clark 

Clay 

Clinton 

Crittenden . 

Cumberland 

Daviess 

Edmonson . 

Elliott 

Estill 

Fayette 

Fleming . . . 

Floyd 

Franklin . . . 

Fulton 

Gallatin 

Garrard 

Grant 

Graves 

Grayson 

Green 

Greenup . . . 

Hancock . . . 

Hardin 



171 



273 



115 
200 



50 
180 

58 



100 
90 
10 



1,138 



95 



15 



1,673 



13 
116 



86 



35 
78,i2b 
" "62 

" ' ' 46 
5 

'""14 



600 
19 



50 

32 
5 



21,118 



4,520 



802 



2,400 
"132 



250 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 
TABLE No. 3— Continued. 



'^% 



Counties. 





bd 




a 
cr 




<rM-j 


fti 


crS 


Tt 










«< (t 


o 


a> p- 


i-is 


p 




>-s &W 


■ c 


P 



90 



w 

P-C0 02C 

CD cc <5 p 

p CD ct> en 



91 



S-3 o 

CD 5*3 

v; CD (n 

CD P* 

Pi 

: ^o 
92 



Harlan 

Harrison . . . 

Hart 

Henderson . 

Henry 

Hickman . . 
Hopkins . . . 

Jackson 

Jefferson . . . 
Jessamine . . 

Johnson 

Kenton 

Knott 

Knox 

Larue 

Laurel 

Lawrence . . 

Lee 

Leslie 

Letcher 

Lewis 

Lincoln .... 
Livingston . 

Logan 

Lyon 

Madison . . . 
Magoffin . . . 

Marion 

Marshall . . . 

Martin 

Mason 

McCracken . 

McLean 

Meade 

Menefee 

Mercer 

Metcalfe . . . 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

Morgan 

Muhlenberg 

Nelson , 

Nicholas . . . . 

Ohio 

Oldham 

Owen 

Owsley 



50 
99 



50 



85 

200 

10 



35 
75 



130 



555 



2 
530 



148 



35 

io 

48 



450 
453 



135 



2,430 
14 



825 
15 



2,108 
31,735 



396 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



TABIiE No. 3— Continued. 



CoTJNTIBS. 



Pendleton 

Perry 

Pike , 

Powell 

Pulaski 

Robertson 

Rockcastle 

Rowan 

Russell 

Scott 

Shelby 

Simpson 

Spencer 

Taylor 

Todd 

Trigg 

Trimble 

Union 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Webster 

Whitley 

Wolfe 

Woodford 

Total for 119 Counties 



a (5 EC 

"^ p-td 
; c p 



90 



222 



150 
100 



2,814 



(^ P-PB ^ 

m cc <« p 

p g CD CO 



91 



8,028 
2,022 



214 



5 

4 

2,800 



354 



6.221 



54.995 



P' 

3 p 



92 



23 



100 



40,000 

500 

46 



96,386 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



397 



TABLE No. 3— Continued. 




Adair 

Allen 

Anderson 

Ballard 

Barren 

Bath 

Bell 

Boone 

Bourbon 

Boyd 

Boyle 

Bracken 

Breathitt 

Breckinridge 

Bullitt 

Butler 

Caldwell 

Calloway 

Campbell 

Carlisle 

Carroll 

Carter 

Casey 

Christian 

Clarli 

Clay 

Clinton 

Crittenden 

Cumberland 

Daviess 

Edmonson 

Elliott 

Estill 

Fayette 

Fleming 

Floyd 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Gallatin 

Garrard 

Grant 

Graves 

Grayson 

Green 

Greenup 

Hancock 

Hardin 



398 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



TABLE No. 3.— Continued. 



COITNTIBS. 



H 

(H g IB 

v; 1^ o 

p |T) 

93 



94 



H 


H 


o 


o 


s 


3 


on 


CO 


O 


o 


l-l3 


l-tj 


w 


td 






o 




o 

3 


1— 1 
o 




3 



95 



40 



300 



25 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agricultwre, 



39ff 



TABLE No. 3— Continued. 



Counties. 



<B g t» 

^ a o 

p^crq 

crq £, 



o 

a 



bd 



H 
o 



»— t 

i-s 
o 

3 



93 



94 



95 



Pendleton 

Perry 

Pike 

Powell 

Pulaski 

Robertson 

Rockcastle 

Rowan 

Russell 

Scott 

Shelby 

Simpson 

Spencer 

Taylor 

Todd 

Trigg 

Trimble 

Union 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Webster 

Whitley 

Wolfe 

Woodford 

Total for 119 Counties 



14 
10 



370 



324 



400 



Fonriecnih Biennial Report Bureau of Agricnltnre. 
TABLE No. 3— Continued. 





z 1 


ii 1 


^^ 


•2!, 


i? 




0. 

Whe 
duri 


0. 

Coi 
duri 


go 

CD 


O 

o o ! 




Counties. 


a ?9 -n 


r-c H-* 




p. <->> 


c > 




&■ « 






2 " 


■ a 




® '-* 13 

=<; 5-. en 




■ w 


p- ^ 

■ 05 
• V. 






fD «i 


a> vi 










p 2 o 


SB 2 o 


■ o 


■ O 1 


• o 




i-S pJ i->j 


l-« P- 1-^5 


l-U 


! 


1"^ 




96 


97 


98 


99 1 


100 


Adair 


7,321 


24,554 


3,837 


78,635 


833 


Allen 


7,125 


22,443 


5,698 


50,635 


978 


Anderson . . . 


7,201 


10,448 


1,445 


244 


1,911 


Ballard 


13,913 


17,107 


2,594 


23,913 


4,060 


Barren 


4,455 


13,392 


1,064 


19,594 


1,079 


Bath 


3,492 


4,758 


1,628 


3,231 


1,671 


Bell 

Boone 


9 


2,411 


482 


14,304 




4,400 


15,797 


7,720 


5,627 


2,579 


Bourbon . . . 
Boyd '. 












1.966 


5,496 


20,877 


14,621 


187 


Boyle 


14,022 


9,484 


4,898 


11,921 


322 


Bracken 


6,164 


6,402 


2,365 


1,132 


3,971 


Breathitt . . 


7 


21,382 


198 


104.298 


5 


Breckinridge 


20,022 


47,108 


3,210 


81,590 


6,027 


Bullitt 


8,099 


18,230 


4,729 


45,502 


133 


Butler 


5,099 


40,317 


4,031 


88,687 


384 


Caldwell . . . 


9,172 


20,111 


1,439 


20,869 


4,779 


Calloway . . 
Campbell . . . 
Carlisle 






















10,190 


8,431 


44 


460 


1.269 


Carroll 


2,418 


6,790 


2,107 


3,259 


3.171 


Carter 


1,362 


4,576 


947 


14,509 


651 


Casey 


3,206 


23,931 


3,425 


109,577 


225 


Christian . . 


9,380 


9,760 


912 


19,628 


3.282 


Clark 


8,635 


13,053 


2,885 


776 


2,981 


Clay 


1,167 


26,573 


3,016 


91,328 


7 


Clinton 


' 2,149 


6,063 


633 


21,988 


3 


Crittenden . 


12,378 


35,038 


3,047 


44,601 


2,714 


Cumberland 


3,497 


19,421 


1,336 


61,525 


254 


Daviess 


16,165 


24,220 


5,470 


14,031 


9,416 


Edmonson , 


3,642 


23,250 


422 


71,439 


217 


Elliott 


3,740 


20,425 


1,744 


50,510 


14 


Estill 


738 


15,752 


99,429 


41.869 


2 


Fayette 


8,047 


16,065 


4,547 


2,341 


2,974 


Fleming . . . 
Floyd 


334 


13,693 


986 


70,449 














Franklin . . . 




1 3,540 


2,489 


1 1.076 


501 


1,013 


Fulton 


1 18,177 


11,445 


2,056 


31.381 


686 


Gallatin 


1 1,057 


2,828 


1,216 


558 


974 


Garrard .... 


2,031 


2,081 


2,286 


405 


111 


Grant 


6,278 


13,763 


4,191 


7,862 


4,210 


Graves 


833 


885 


252 


1.134 


445 


Grayson 


18,101 


46,796 


1.945 


84,878 


303 


Green 


1 5.476 


17,043 


1.982 


20,983 


1.558 


Greenup 


1 2,480 


6,430 


1,445 


17,435 


299 


Hancock . . . 


5,988 


15,568 


1,451 


8,059 


3,496 


Hardin 


35,723 


41,137 


3,916 


76,414 


239 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



401 



TABLE No. 3— Contiaued. 



Counties, 



Harlan 

Harrison 

Hart 

Henderson . , 

Henry 

Hickman . . . 

Hopkins 

Jackson . . . . , 
Jefferson . . . . 
Jessamine . . 
Johnson .... 

Kenton 

Knott , 

Knox 

'.arue 

Laurel 

Lawrence . . , 

Lee 

Leslie 

Letcher 

Lewis 

Tjincoln .... 
Livingston . , 

] iOgan 

Lyon 

Madison . . . , 
Magoffin . . . 

Marion 

Marshall 

Martin 

Mason 

McCracken . 

McLean 

Meade 

Menefee 

Mercer 

Metcalfe . . . 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

Morgan 

Muhlenberg 

Nelson 

Nicholas 

Ohio 

Oldham 

Owen 

Owsley 



-3 55 r->5 

en? ^ 

CD Hj I-! 

g fO o 



96 

10 
12,084 



16,991 
4,770 

34,425 
6,362 
1,190 



7,929 
2,739 



51 



21,064 

2,517 

7,328 

124 

24 

421 

2,295 

9,061 

10,444 

31,856 

2,418 

8,144 

1,079 

4,782 

7,734 

6 

3,694 



4,899 

10,323 
375 

47,340 
5,629 
5,900 
2,072 
3.960 
3,922 

20,265 
7,242 

10,209 
5,818 
3,144 
1,118 



CO© 

£ o ■ 

h£-i-s O 

^ "^ s 
S 2 ® 



97 

16,327 
15,541 



27,998 
12,106 
20,357 
24,835 
20,527 



2,914 

23,527 



13,197 
345 
22,812 
21,850 
32,033 
12,401 
13,825 
14,978 

8,579 
12,525 
31,488 
37,747 
19,200 
16,934 
18,292 

6,051 
22,924 

8,403 

4,008 



17,731 
16,694 
10,328 
45,395 
21,440 
25,236 

4.340 
28,764 
11,695 
26,436 

9,054 
46,655 

8,042 

7,463 
14,553 



p. «j 



98 



931 
6,199 



3,488 
3,140 
10,798 
3,871 
1,824 

1,633* 
1,691 



2,385 

129 

1,057 

5,785 

3,918 

1.086 

215 

499 

2,765 

4,725 

4,664 

2,298 

3,738 

3,938 

611 

1,780 

1,641 

45 

1,690 



2,678 
2,766 

315 
4,203 
1,725 
1.158 

836 
2.306 
2,052 
5,422 
3,261 
6,522 
3,831 
2,214 
1,134 



o 
o o 

P, 1-15 
P-HJ 



99 



96,733 
5,707 



17,206 
2,570 
31,371 
53,274 
64,190 



1,289 
54,800 



94,075 
1,430 
32,303 
61,955 
59,455 
36,179 
96,649 
93,009 
45,349 
5,994 
44,843 
52,756 
26,923 
3,760 
56,925 



42,717 

60,548 

265 



28,443 
25,939 
61,516 
4,215 
47,901 
71,312 



135,906 

28,553 

52,237 

2,977 

84,634 

7,319 

7.965 

42,520 



o • 
o tt» 



100 



5,281 



10,094 

4,818 

1,314 

6,746 

5 



662 



185 



1,197 

110 

1,007 

9,444 

3,280 

1,017 

59 

308 

4,318 

7 

1,452 



3,959 

63 

14 

780 

1,819 

88 

1,185 

4 

2,360 

667 

3,500 

5,514 

247 

4,571 

47 



402 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 
TABLE llo. 3— Continued. 



Counties. 


No. of Acres of 
Wheat raised 
during the year. 


No. of Acres of 
Corn raised 
during the year 


No. of Acres of 
Meadow 


o 

o o 

CLi Ms 

2 « 

P"-S 
. o 

. w 

• o 


o • 

o ^ 
. CD 

■ © 




96 


97 


98 


99 


100 


Pendleton . . 
Perry 


10,807 

99 

333 

167 

6,820 

4,289 

1,200 

418 

3,401 

9,890 

20,191 

10,702 

11,032 

7,555 

7,610 

13,760 

3,153 

35,355 

19,673 

9,910 

5,772 

5,489 

2,976 

1,880 

25,691 


i\ 

17,791 
15,122 
33,679 

7,470 
42,915 

6,717 
20,168 
11,391 
21,788 
10,604 
17,646 

7,732 
10,497 
17,866 

7,280 
24,406 

9,264 
29,678 
41.501 
12,616 
29,022 
13,045 
27,183 
14,729 
10,206 


4,843 

268 

555 

448 

6,415 

1,569 

1,092 

2,077 

2,999 

4,075 

7,059 

726 

583 

3,075 

335 

1,363 

2,705 

4,074 

3,921 

3,517 

1,996 

2,418 

3,759 

1,624 

3,868 


6,222 

96,166 

298,613 

28,704 

112,530 

3,298 
50,112 
47,666 
63,074 

2,371 

6,608 

8.435 
12,466 
40,900 

5,535 
64,043 

9,639 

7,150 
48,515 

9,844 

135,971 

16,447 

29,082 

58,743 

4,770 


5,836 


Pike 

Powell 

Pulaski 

Robertson . . 
Rockcastle . 


58 

2 

34 

2,519 


Rowan 




Russell 

Scott 

Shelby 

Simpson . . . 
Spencer .... 


228 
3,561 
4,882 
1,838 


Taylor 

Todd 

Trigg 

Trimble 

Union 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Webster . . . 
Whitley .... 

Wolfe 

Woodford . . . 


693 
2,945 
6,234 
3,189 
3,712 
2,740 
2,389 
1 
5,194 

io 

3,336 


Total 


849,130 


1,942,814 


401,312 


4,325,319 


194.976 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 
TABLE No. 1 



403 



Counties. 


No. of Thorough- 
bred or Stand- 
ard Stallions. . 


< 
p 

CD 


No. of Thorough- 
bred or Stand- 
ard Geldings. . 


No. of Column in Assessor's Book 


19 


20 


21 


Adair 


1 


$ 50 




Allen 




Anderson 


1 

2 
5 


100 

275 
450 




Ballard < 




Barren 


3 


Bath 


Bell 








Boone 


1 
13 


75 
2,210 




Bourbon 


15 

1 
11 


Boyd 


Boyle 


12 


2,950 


Bracken 


Breathitt 








Breckinridge 


3 
3 
1 


'750 
305 
150 


2 


Bullitt 




Butler 




Caldwell 




Calloway 






Campbell 








Carlisle 


4 
2 


600 
200 




Carroll 


5 
1 


Carter 




2 
6 
2 


300 

2,525 

150 


Christian 


3 

2 

1 


Clark 


Clay 


Clinton 






Crittenden 


3 

1 

10 


300 

150 

2,450 


2 




Daviess 


2 


Edmonson 


Elliott 






1 


Estill 






Fayette 


105 
2 


102,500 
150 


117 


Fleming 


2 


Floyd 


Franklin 


9 
1 

2 


1,100 
100 
200 




Fulton 




Gallatin 


10 

1 


Garrard 


Grant 


1 




Graves 


2 

2 
6 


400 
390 1 
200 1 
150 
300 
750 


1 


Grayson 


Green 


2 


Greenup 


Hancock 




Hardin 


4 



404 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 
TABLE Xo. 1— Continued. 



Counties. 



No. of Column in Assessor's Book 

Harlan 

Harrison 

Hart 

Henderson 

Henry 

Hickman 

Hopkins 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Jessamine 

Johnson 

Kenton 

Knott 

Knox 

Larue 

Laurel 

Lajwrence 

Lee 

Leslie 

Letcher 

Ijcwis 

Lincoln 

Livingston 

Logan 

Lyon 

Madison 

Magoffin 

Marion 

Marshall 

Martin 

Mason 

McCracken 

McLean 

Meade 

Menefee 

Mercer 

Metcalfe 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

Morgan 

Muhlenberg 

Nelson 

Nicholas 

©hio 

Oldham 

Owen 

Owsley 



No. of Thorough- 
bred or Stand- 
ard Stallions. . 


< 


1 19 £ 


50 






8 


2,040 
200 
500 
350 
600 
350 


2 ■ 
4 
2 
2 
1 




1,550 
350 


2 










1 
2 


75 
210 






















8 


Pl,300 






1 


100 


1 


75 










1 

1 
1 
1 


100 
150 
100 
100 


8 
1 


1,425 
75 


7 


1,000 






1 


100 


1 


200 


1 


100 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agricultwe. 



405 



TABLE No. 1— Continued. 



Counties. 



No. of Column in Assessor's Book 

Pendleton 

Perry 

Pike 

Powell 

Pulaski 

Robertson 

Rockcastle 

Rowan 

Russell 

Scott 

Shelby *. . . 

Simpson 

Spencer 

Taylor 

Todd 

Trigg 

Trimble 

Union 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Websiter 

Whitley 

Wolfe 

Woodford 

Total for 119 CJounties 







&1 


PB 


o-o 


<-s 


i-S 




P'. 


(T> 


o 




Q' 


f-» 






H 


?6 




cr 






o 




rf 


f^ 


o 




o 


3 


P 




!B 


3or; 




(2-cy 



19 



< 



20 



2?? 
tLcb o 

» o 

CI'; p c 

CO 3(J15 

: s^ef 



21 



39 



335 



100 



350 



1,250 
200 



100 
150 
100 



100 
500 
600 
150 



8,375 



$143,255 



21 



269 



406 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



TABLE No. 1— Continued. 



Counties. 



No. of Column in Assessors Book 



1 

CD 


No. of Thorough- 
bred or Stand- 
ard Mares and 
Colts 


< 


22 


23 24 










1 $ 


75 








2 

9 

35 


175 


$ 300 


440 
500 








4 
291 

8 

230 

10 


700 


1,060 
100 
855 


L8,435 
490 

L6,450 
450 






135 


4 
1 
1 


150 
50 




40 








5 
1 


240 




75 






525 
80 






2 

3 

50 

47 

9 


75 
90 


245 
70 
75 


5,910 

2,220 

370 


200 


6 
21 
59 


250 
600 


250 


5,270 


40 


3 


100 


16,500 
150 


3,317 30 

2 


6,840 
75 




213 

2 


8,875 




675 


400 




150 


23 
5 


610 

400 


200 


300 








75 


7 
12 


1/0 
360 






370 


6 


250 



Adair 

Allen 

Anderson . . 

Ballard 

Barren 

Bath 

Bell 

Boone 

Bourbon . . . 

Boyd 

Boyle 

Bracken 

Breathitt . . 
Breckinridge 

Bullitt 

Butler , 

Caldwell 

Calloway . . 
Campbell . . , 

Carlisle 

Carroll 

Carter 

Ca^ey 

Christian . . . 

Clark 

Clay 

Clinton 

Crittenden . . 
Oumberland 

Daviess 

Edmonson . . 

Elliott 

Estill 

Fayette 

Fleming 

Floyd 

Franklin . . . 

FuLton 

Gallatin . . . . 

Garrard 

Grant 

Graves 

Grayson 

Green 

Greenup 

Hancock 

Hardin 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 
TABLE No. 1— Continued. 



407 



Counties. 



No. of Column in Assessor's Book 





< 


No. of Thorough- 
bred or Stand- 
ard Mares and 

Colts 


< 


22 


23 24 








125 


73 


5.025 
205 




12 

24 

3 

5 

1 

53 

79 


720 


50 

100 

40 


890 
325 
325 

75 


885 
40 


3,175 

4,800 

25 














150 






210 


3 
1 


180 
$ 140 
































68 


2,495 


$ 75 










1 
23 

7 
2 


150 




1,030 
355 
200 


40 


















25 


8 


330 




3 


130 






225 


100 
2 


6,875 
80 






750 


70 


2,000 


36 
150 


1 
26 

1 
14 

9 


50 

2,550 

75 


160 


890 
900 





200 1 . 





Harlan 

Harrison . . , 

Hart 

Henderson . . 

Henry 

Hickman 

Hopkins 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Jessamine . 

Johnson 

Kenton 

Knott 

Knox 

Larue 

Laurel 

Lawrence . . 

Lea 

Leslie 

Letcher 

Lewis 

Lincoln 

Livingston . 

Logan 

Lyon 

Madison . . . 
Magoffin . . . 

Marion 

Marshall . . 

Martin 

Mason 

McCracken 
McLean . . . 

Meade 

Menefee . . . 
Mercer .... 
Metcalfe . . . 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

Morgan 

Muhlenberg 

Nelson 

Nicholas . . . 

Ohio 

Oldham . . . . 
Owen 



408 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



TABLE No. 1— Continued. 



Counties. 



No. of Column in Assessor's Book 

Owsley 

Pendleton 

Perry 

Pike 

Powell 

Pulaski 

Robertson 

Rockcastle 

Rowan 

Russell 

Scott 

Shelby 

Simpson 

Spencer 

Taylor 

Todd 

Trigg 

Trimble 

Union 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Webster 

Whitley 

Wolfe 

Woodford 

Total for 119 CJounties 






22 



!z5 
o *^ *^ ' 

ES S 



23 



510 
150 



50 
120 



2,100 



$27,971 



12 



134 
31 



14 
1 



501 



5,685 



24 



395 



6,445 
1,530 



255 
400 

45 

500 

100 

50 

115 

'50.165 
$465,645 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



409 



TABIiE No. 1— Continued. 



Counties. 



No. of Column in Assessor's Book 

Adair 

Allen 

Anderson 

Ballard 

Barren 

Bath 

Bell 

Boone 

Bourbon 

Boyd 

Boyle 

Bracken 

Breathitt 

Breckinridge 

Bullitt 

Butler 

Caldwell 

Calloway 

Campbell 

Carlisle 

Carroll 

Carter 

Casey 

Christian 

Clark 

Clay 

Clinton 

Crittenden 

Cumberland 

Daviess 

Edmonson 

Elliott 

Estill 

Fayette 

Fleming 

Floyd , 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Gallatin 

Garrard 

Grant , 

Graves 

Grayson 

Green 

Greenup 

Hancock 

Hardin 



Wo o 
O o 



25 



15 
11 

12 
12 
18 
4 
1 
13 
17 
17 
10 
14 



9 

4 

18 

10 

14 

22 

6 

2 

7 

5 

17 

14 

5 



13 
3 
6 



5 

4 

84 

4 

30 
3 
4 
2 
2 
12 
20 
3 

10 
1 
2 






26 



900 

625 

725 

1,025 

1,345 

240 

75 

1,350 

1,665 

780 

515 

1,250 



855 
295 

1,015 
800 

1,675 

1,225 
700 
180 
365 
300 
950 

1,320 
250 



665 

200 

1,025 



380 

450 

11,525 

340 

1,460 

200 

450 

50 

55 

1,050 

2,485 

215 

685 

25 

205 

580 



410 



Fourteenth Biennml Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



TABLE No. 1— Continued. 



Counties. 



No. of Column in Assessor's Book 

Harlan 

Harrison 

Hart 

Henderson 

Henry 

Hickman 

Hopkins 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Jessamine 

Johnson , 

Kenton 

Knott 

Knox 

Larue 

Laurel 

Lawrence 

Lee 

Leslie 

Letcher 

Lewis 

Lincoln 

Livingston 

Logan 

Lyon 

Madison 

Magoffin 

Marion 

Marshall 

Martin 

Mason 

McCracken 

McLean 

Meade 

Menef ee 

Mercer 

Metcalfe 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

Morgan 

Muhlenberg 

Nelson 

Nicholas 

Ohio 

Oldham 

Owen 

Owsley 



coo o 
§ 2, 

3k 
o o 

3 
3 CB 



25 



<1 



26 



13 


995 




785 
590 


7 


14 


890 


12 


1,250 


2 


110 


5 


240 


67 


6,745 


209 


5,980 




1,600 




6 


370 


7 


540 


3 


240 




50 




t) 


310 


1 


65 


5 


800 


9 


915 


10 


1,240 


15 


1,360 


4 


225 


11 


720 


4 


295 


45 


2,115 


6 


575 


2 


110 


9 


885 


9 


590 


2 


200 


4 


375 


1 


30 


5 


350 


5 


240 


2 


65 


1 


40 


2 


175 


2 


100 


14 


2,010 


16 


1,345 


10 


880 


6 


650 


7 


620 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 
TABLE No. 1— Continued. 



411 



Counties. 



No. of Column in Assessor's Book 

Pendleton 

Perry 

!Pike 

Powell 

Pulaski 

Robertson 

Rockcastle 

Rowan 

Russell 

Scott 

Shelby 

Simpson 

Spencer 

Taylor 

Todd 

Trigg 

Trimble 

Union 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Webster 

Whitley 

Wolfe 

Woodford 

Total for 119 Counties 



lO o 



^n' 



gs 



25 



12 







2 


175 


14 


715 


7 


1,050 


1 


100 






304 


5,438 


5 


500 


5 


425 


4 


130 


5 


170 


3 


250 


10 


870 


7 


665 


1 


100 


24 


1,650 


16 


985 


7 


355 


6 


500 


3 


230 


21 


972 


8 


1,300 



1,516 



26 



970 



$97,690 



OiO go 

C-M-lj^- 

O ?= o 
. O P ^ 

: f= p-pl 

>-' Q 3 

• o ^crq 
: a^^ 

27 



5,091 
868 
2,832 
1,045 
5,381 
1,992 
2,570 
13,098 
2,572 
3,455 
4,418 
2,2ia 
2,918 
2,835 
2,368 
2,752 
2,974 
3,903 
5,857 
2,432 
3,078 
2,757 
2,704 
1,777 
3,466 



374,388 



412 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 
TABLE No. 1— Continued. 



Counties. 



No. of Column in Assessor's Book 

Adair 

Allen 

Anderson 

Ballard 

Barren 

Bath 

Bell 

Boone 

Bourbon 

Boyd 

Boyle 

Bracken 

Breathitt 

Breckinridge 

Bullitt 

Butler 

Caldwell 

Calloway 

Campbell 

Carlisle 

Carroll 

Carter , 

Casey 

Christian 

Clark 

Clay 

Clinton 

Crittenden 

Cumberland 

Daviess 

Edmonson 

Elliott 

Estill 

Fayette 

Fleming 

Floyd 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Gallatin 

Garrard 

Grant 

Graves 

Grayson 

Green 

Greenup 

Hancock 

Hardin 



28 



^ 


< 


SP 




£o 




CO <-^ 




«s 








: f» 




. a 




■ p' 




29 a 





1,325 % 


52,834 


2,503 


96,922 


325 


12,015 


1.789 


74,227 


3,283 1 


28,204 


847 


29,190 


501 


29,072 


610 


22,625 


1.213 


51,760 


238 


16,536 


1,204 


62,490 


71 


1,840 


533 


32,225 


2,006 


90,485 


779 


30,914 


2,305 1 


04,316 


1,964 


77.064 


2,284 1 


05,560 


53 


2,795 


1,038 


43,600 


331 


12,665 


619 


30,781 


1,245 


61,186 


5,203 2 


24.060 


1.270 


61,060 


1,580 


85,965 


581 


29.210 


1,443 


65,660 


1,115 


47,922 


2,569 1 


08,465 


1,035 


49,328 


581 


29,959 


746 


29,954 


1,578 


80,985 


581 


25,618 


613 


31,670 


441 


17,892 


1,349 


69,880 


171 


5,490 


1,016 


47,225 


438 


14,015 


4,414 1 


97,020 


1.484 


53,390 


1.644 


47,352 


645 


29,895 


543 


23,775 


2,226 


81,394 



1153,092 

117,789 

95,960 

J29,198 

1^9,059 

50,890 

16,049 

122,930 

86,367 

79,093 

79,670 

73.795 

65.602 

228.435 

118.768 

161,798 

108,852 

154.136 

53.845 

96,495 

75,215 

112,503 

143.498 

183,560 

110,375 

66,097 

40.475 

135,110 

71.953 

282,269 

92.416 

89,330 

64,464 

175,275 

167,495 

77,965 

90.519 

99.632 

19,362 

113,498 

135,870 

303,623 

206,620 

77,900 

78.820 

86.646 

227.231 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



413 



TABLE No. 1— Continued. 



Counties. 






■ OS 

: 3 

- p. 


< 


-No of Column in Assessor's Book 


28 


29 I 


)0 






Harlan 

Harrison 


45,873 

184,390 

164,813 

184,564 

128,850 

150,425 

174,105 

79,124 

195,547 

70,500 

74,044 

95,050 

45,770 

43,110 

129,585 

107,360 

158,162 

49,190 

32,577 

55,664 

67,795 

100,242 

133,441 

173,315 

74,100 

145,070 

67,104 

93,484 

127,986 

28.072 

80,560 

66,220 

129,390 

130,353 

47,999 

97,480 

99,749 

109,190 

47,820 

123,401 

102,179 

151,055 

73,730 

307,299 

64,415 

58,235 

44,767 


575 
519 


33.508 
19,085 


Hart 


79,107 


Henderson 


3,303 1 

581 
1,819 
3,503 1 

815 
1,192 

738 

741 


32.854 


Henry 

Hickman 


18,885 
93.560 


Hopkins 

Jackson 


31.640 
37.817 


Jefferson 


82.505 


Jessamine 


31.755 


Johnson 


40.763 


Kenton '. 


3,925 


Knott 

Knoi 

Larue 


372 
1,023 
1.035 

1,159 

492 

330 

636 

604 

323 
1,368 
2.014 

4,201 1 
1,471 
1,805 

941 
1,986 
1,976 

131 

430 

600 
1,267 

828 

296 

692 
1,255 
1,470 

722 
1,082 
2,005 
1,558 

316 
2,688 ] 

880 

241 

570 


23.530 
57.192 
46.120 


Laurel 

Lawrence 

Lee 

Leslie 


56,447 
28,488 
17,955 
40,843 


I-#etcher 

Lewis 


36,855 
15,640 




62,200 


Livingston 


90,527 


Logan 


53.155 


Lyon 


57,525 




75,220 


MagoflBn 


48,542 


Marion 

Marshall 


81,255 
83,490 




13,825 


Mason 


13,155 


McCracken 


18,220 


McLean 


48,905 




33,885 


Menefee 


14,566 




31,465 


Metcalfe 


50,458 




67.585 


Montgomery 


23.985 




54,701 


Muhlenberg 


80.684 




72,295 


Nicholas 


12,810 


Ohio 


17.181 


Oldham 


34,975 




8,695 


Owsley 


24,191 



414 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bvreodi of Agriculture. 
TABLE No. 1— Continued. 



Counties. 



No. of Column in Assessor's Book 



to 



28 






9^ 

O c 






29 



30 



Pendleton . 

Perry 

Pike 

Powell • . . . 

Pulaski 

Robertson . 
Rockcastle 
Rowan . . . . 
Russell . . . . 

Scott 

Shelby . . . . 
Simpson . . . 

Spencer 

Taylor 

Todd 

Trigg 

Trimble . . . 

Union 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Webster . . . 

Whitley 

Wolfe 

Woodfbrd . 



Total for 119 Counties $12,968,231 



156,355 

40,340 

136,206 

33,547 

205,904 

64,348 

93,990 

55,966 

91,805 

108,775 

113,110 

74,222 

55,210 

90,030 

89,470 

105,093 

94,090 

103,425 

221,231 

70,690 

116,883 

100,100 

117,300 

73,268 

124,175 



130 

517 
1,386 

490 

2,541 

27 

633 

448 
1,128 

678 
1,504 
1,585 

445 
1,009 
2,476 
3,197 

292 
2,531 
3,966 

882 
1,763 
1,467 
2,100 

570 
1,096 



4,565 
33,840 
87,456 
21,165 

124,295 
900 
30,792 
23,937 
47,697 
27,270 
62,370 
59,625 
8,370 
36,195 

107,170 

124,269 
11,030 
69,945 

176,144 
32,080 
93,649 
54,405 

116,449 
31,020 
57,325 



145,746 



$6,470,342 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Btireaii of Agriculture. 
TABLE No. 1— Continued. 



415 



Counties. 



No. of Column in Assessor's Book 

Adair 

Allen 

Anderson 

Ballard 

Barren 

Bath 

Bell 

Boone 

Bourbon 

Boyd 

Boyle 

Bracken 

Breathitt 

Breckinridge 

Bullitt 

Butler 

Caldwell 

Calloway 

Campbell 

Carlisle 

Carroll 

Carter 

Casey 

Christian 

Clark 

Clay 

Clinton 

Crittenden 

Cumberland 

Daviess 

Edmonson 

Elliott 

Estill 

Fayette 

Fleming 

Floyd 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Gallatin 

Garrard 

Grant 

Graves 

Grayson 

Green 

Greenup 

Hancock 

Hardin 



31 



33 
42 
33 
22 
49 
32 
2 
6 

36 

1 

83 

3 

8 

25 

12 

24 

28 

29 



17 
13 
5 
29 
42 
38 
17 
22 
20 
13 
11 
10 
16 
18 
15 
33 
4 
6 
14 
1 

30 
12 
54 
15 
29 
3 
7 
33 



32 



2,240 

2,158 

1,950 

1,695 

2.910 

1,275 

200 

925 

1,690 

50 

7,100 

80 

565 

2,370 

1,355 

2,325 

2,250 

3,890 



1,975 

970 

395 

1,920 

2,955 

2,405 

885 

2,595 

1,655 

980 

1,230 

630 

1,305 

695 

1,700 

2,030 

415 

450 

775 

100 

2,060 

850 

5,992 

1,300 

1,840 

225 

1,875 

3,345 



416 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 
TABLE No. 1— Continued. 



Counties. 



No. of Column in Assessor's Book 

Harlan 

Harrison 

Hart 

Henderson 

Henry 

Hickman 

Hopkins 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Jessamine 

Johnson 

Kenton , 

Knott 

Knox , 

Larue , 

Laurel 

Lawrence 

Lifee 

Leslie , 

Letcher , 

Lewis 

Lincoln 

Livingston 

Logan 

Lyon 

Madison 

Magoffin 

Marion 

Marshall 

Martin 

Mason 

McCraoken , 

McLean 

Meade , 

Menef ee , 

Mercer 

Metcalfe 

Monroe 

Montgomery , 

Morgan 

Muhlenberg 

Nelson 

Nicholas 

Ohio 

Oldham 

Owen 

Owsley 





^ 


< 




o 


» 




o 


= 




r^ 


"D 




^H 






P 






Ci 






?r 






CD 






31 82 


1 






46 


3,780 
2,915 




10 


2,360 




23 


1,800 




30 


3,155 




55 


4,020 




8 


505 




28 


2,170 




71 


2,195 




6 


400 
200 
100 J 




1 




13 


1,172 




15 


1,475 




14 


935 




9 


650 




3 


300 




1 


60 




2 


140 




15 


875 




64 


5,030 




22 


2,495 




92 


4,965 




8 


540 




117 


4,840 




14 


1,500 




79 


4,900 




30 


2,560 




20 


1,245 




20 


1,180 




17 


1,600 




11 


1,065 




6 


340 




25 


2,350 




13 


1,140 




34 


1,860 




21 


2,055 




14 


1,015 




27 


1,638 




46 


5,960 




31 


1,620 




25 


2,878 




15 


1,105 




33 


1,855 




7 


545 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bvrean of Agrieulture. 
TABLE No. 1— Continued, 



417 



Counties. 


!2l 

p 

O 

«3 


< 


p 
o 

i-b 
«H 

s 

3 
(D 

CO 


No. Qf Column in Assessor's Book 


31 £ 


S2 


33 




7 

3 

2 

5 
48 

2 
15 

1 
24 
70 
27 ■ 
36 
10 
18 
31 
34 

3 
11 
83 
64 
26 
23 
21 

9 

8 


650 

300 

300 

240 

3,405 

200 

1,015 

30 

1,625 

4,285 

2,110 

2,020 

725 

795 

1,925 

2,215 

500 

395 

5,835 

4,440 

1,995 

1,580 

1,315 

660 

945 




Perry 


1 


Pike 


2 


Powell 


3 


Pulaski . 


29 


T^nhprt^nn 




Rockcastle 


5 


Rowan 


5 


Russell 


22 


Scott 


41 


Shelby 


17 


Simpson 


17 


Spencer 


3 


Taylor 


6 


Todd 


34 


Trigg 


18 


Trimble 




Union , 


11 


Warren 


93 


Washington ' 


56 


Wayne 


11 


Webster 


22 


Whitley 


12 


Wolfe . : 


2 


Woodford 


6 






Total for 119 Counties 


2,717 $2 


02,593 


2,138 







14 



418 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



TABLE No. 1— Continued. 



Counties. 


t 

c 


No. of Thorough- 
bred or Stand- 
ard Bulls 




No. of Column in Assessor's Book 3 


4 


35 36 


Adair % 


300 

272 
445 
902 
210 
445 


4 
1 


% 120 


Allen 


20 


Anderson 




Ballard 


7 
8 
4 


75 


Barren 


320 


Bath 


145 


Bell 




Boone 


50 

475 


8 

48 

8 

5 

1 

1 

13 

1 

2 

1 

2 

3 

7 

5 

5 

7 

14 

19 

3 

1 

7 

4 

11 


430 


Bourbon 


1,880 


Boyd 


270 


Boyle i 


2,825 


215 


Bracken 


50 


Breathitt 


60 
220 
5 
320 
335 
170 


30 


Breckinridge 


615 


Bullitt .' 


50 


Butler 


60 


Caldwell 


50 


Callowav 


90 


Campbell 


125 


Carlisle 


225 
55 


320 


Carroll 


255 


Carter 


165 


Casey 


871 
555 
570 
100 
978 
145 
90 


185 


Christian 


420 




1,060 
65 


Clay 


Clinton 


55 


Crittenden 


590 


Cumberland 


110 


Daviess 


570 


Edmonson 


40 
360 
205 
975 
335 
25 
30 
110 




Elliott 












Fayette 


62 
5 
2 
4 
S 


2,875 


Fleming 


300 


Floyd 


65 


Franklin 


155 


Fuiton 


290 






Garrard 


490 
70 

277 
65 

120 


5 

8 

10 

6 


175 




290 


Graves 


295 




275 


Green 


60 




1 
2 

19 


50 


Hancock 


40 
530 


65 




830 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 
TABLE No. 1— Continued. 



419 



Counties. 



No. of Column in Assessor's Book 

Harlan 

Harrison 

Hart 

Henderson 

Henry 

Hickman 

Hopkins 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Jessamine 

Johnson 

Kenton 

Knott 

Knox 

Larue 

Laurel 

Lawrence 

Lee 

Leslie 

Letcher 

Lewis 

Lincoln 

Livingston 

Logan 

Lyon 

Madison 

Magoffin 

Marion 

Marshall 

Martin 

Mason 

MoCracken 

McLean 

Meade 

Menefee 

Mercer 

Metcalfe 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

Morgan 

IMuhlenberg 

Nelson 

Nicholas 

Ohio 

Oldham 

Owen 

Owsley 



34 



p cr©"' 
ac6 o 

cT O 

new 



35 



se^Lij 



570 
360 

90 
240 
675 
650 

96 
320 
200 

55 



210 

200 

210 

120 

20 

30 

28 

230 

1,720 

240 

800 

12 

2,080 

103 

775 

155 

25 

160 

240 

125 

75 

15 

225 

110 

280 

350 

270 

207 

1,110 

305 

35 

195 

405 

90 



21 



9 
9 
5 

2 
1 
8 
20 
5 



1 

1 

3 

17 

10 

2S 

4 

10 

2 



2 

3 

11 

7 
1 
4 
1 



1,090 
530 
355 
390 
310 
45 
30 
775 
735 
195 



75 

180 
200 

270 
145 



50 

30 

140 

788 

490 

1,070 

81 
370 

60 



100 



2,680 
15 



260 



445 

100 

130 

96 



115 

70 
390 
235 

50 
135 

30 



420 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



TABLE No 1— Continued. 



Counties. 



No of Column in Assessor's Book 

Pendleton 

Perry 

Pike 

Powell 

Pulaski 

Robertson 

Rockcastle 

Rowan 

Russell 

Scott 

Shelby 

Simpson 

Spencer 

Taylor 

Todd 

Trigg 

Trimble 

Union 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Webster 

Whitley 

Wolfe 

Woodford 

Total for 119 Counties ... 






34 



10 
65 
30 

508 



80 

70 

515 

785 

370 

170 

60 

95 

445 

200 



10 
1,032 
600 
170 
190 
247 

30 
120 



$35,508 



?9 cr o 



t^ »-M r-^ 

!Tr * o 



35 



3 

6 
6 
1 
15 
1 
1 



1 
10 
20 

6 



7 

4 

1 

27 

10 



14 



< 



36 



713 



85 
245 
295 

30 
395 

50 

50 

20 

460 

1,220 

265 

"85 
65 
225 
145 
40 
917 
395 

" "so 



635 



$33,022 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 
TABLE No 1— Continued. 



421 



COUXTIES. 



No. of Column in Assessor's Book 

Adair 

Allen 

Anderson 

Ballard 

Barren 

Bath 

Bell 

Boone ,. • • 

Bourbon 

Boyd 

Boyle 

Bracken 

Breathitt 

Breckinridge 

Bullitt 

Butler 

Caldwell 

Calloway 

Campbell 

Carlisle 

Carroll 

Carter 

Casey 

Christian 

Clark 

Clay 

Clinton 

Crittenden 

Cumberland 

Daviess 

Edmonson 

Elliott 

Estill 

Fayette 

Fleming 

Floyd 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Gallatin 

Garrard 

Grant 

Graves 

Grayson 

Green 

Greenup 

Hancock 

Hardin 



.erg' 

■4 H^ . 



P l-J HJ . 

O -3 l^:r 



25 ?» = 



37 



16 
1 



14 

92 

9 

5 

216 

49 

198 

1 

2 

26 

21 

13 



6 

3 

2 

33 

18 



148 

317 

27 

1 

1 

o8 

36 



44 



375 

15 

1 

10« 

e 



105 
28 
12 
13 
16 



1 
271 






38 



% 80 
25 



360 

1,800 

220 

220 

8,570 

1,196 

5,700 

25 

75 

1,215 

740 

279 



177 
285 
65 
940 
350 



2,860 

13,565 

425 

20 

150 

709 

1,160 



804 



17,140 

450 

30 

2,345 

245 



^,410 
875 
335 
325 
170 



20 
5,485 



422 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 
TABLE No. 1— Continued. 



Counties. 



fo. of Column in Assessor's Book 

larlan 

larrison , 

lart , 

[enderson , 

[enry 

[ickman_ 

[opkins 

ackson 

efferson , 

essamine , 

ohnson 

lenton 

Inott 

Inox 

larue 

laurel 

lawrence 

(66 , 

i6slie 

letcher 

.6wis 

ancoln , 

(ivingston , 

iOgau 

iyoDL 

ladison 

lagoffin 

larion 

larshall 

dartin 

lason 

IcCracken , 

iIcL6an 

I6ade , 

lenef ee 

lercer 

letcalf e 

lonroe , 

lontgomery 

lorgan , 

luhlenberg 

Jelson 

licholas 

)hio r. . . 

)ldhain 

)wen 

)wsl6y ." , 



!2^ 

P It! Hj . 

o 3 tr 

2 3(KJ 



37 



< 

to 



38 



OP o© 

O 3 O • 



CD OCO 



39 



2 

90 



42 

52 

7 

3 

9 

210 

70 

7 



79 

14 
81 

3 
66 

6 



4 

70 

12 

4 

5 



50 
6 



22 

1 

9 

1 

38 

37 

13 

1 



25 

5,815 

635 

870 

1,250 

190 

100 

195 

7,298 

2,690 

220 



70 
320 



50 
50 



2,401 

500 

2,985 

jlijS 

2,280 
100 



60 

4,680 

255 

130 

170 



2,400 
100 



405 

35 

225 

20 

1,525 

760 

410 

145 



6,994 
7,342 



8,873 
8,077 
5,076 
7,939 
5,573 
5,556 
4,680 
7,180 



5,029 
5,680 
6,052 
8.273 

11,314 
3,462 
4,977 
5,988 
3,969 
9,490 
8,518 
8,320 
4,231 

20,290 
7,674 
6,271 
5,403 
2,728 
7,388 
2,356 
5,053 
6,368 
3,025 
5,922 
4,886 
6,013 
9,844 
8,601 
6,275 

10,783 
6,638 

12,920 
6,223 
4,100 
3.448 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bm'eau of Agriculture. 
TABLE No. 1— Continued. 



423 



Counties. 



Tfo. of Column in Assessor's Book 

Pendleton 

Perry 

Pike 

Powell 

Pulaski 

Robertson 

Rockcastle 

Rowan 

Russell 

Scott 

Shelby 

Simpson 

Spencer 

Taylor 

Todd 

Trigg 

Trimble 

Union 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Webster 

Whitley 

Wolfe 

Woodford 

Total for 119 Counties 



p i-< i-S • 

CO CC3 

rr O 

p P C 

p.P-D' 



37 



50 



2 

177 

482 

27 



32 
2 
7 
2 
1 

90 

33 
8 

27 
1 



47 



4,313 






38 



225 



245 
1,662 



50 

3,445 

9,500 

590 



690 
50 

155 

50 

40 

4,975 

1,430 

250 

290 
30 



1,675 



$147,006 



O 3 O • . 



39 



7,074 
6,071 

12,917 
3,023 

10,452 
2,444 
4,646 
3,167 
3,521 
7,690 

10,919 
3,108 
5,446 
4,936 
4,125 
7,031 
4,012 
8,594 

11,720 
5,606 
8,765 
4,098 

12,242 
4.407 
5,541 



785,487 



42 1 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 
TABLE No. 1— Continued. 



Counties. 



No. of Column in Assessor's Book 



Adair 

Allen 

Anderson . . 

Ballard 

Barren 

Bath 

Bell 

Boone 

Bourbon 

Boyd 

Boyle 

Bracken 

Breathitt . . 
Breckinridge 

Bullitt 

Butler 

Caldwell ... 
Calloway . . 
Campbell . . 

Carlisle 

Carroll 

Carter 

Casey 

Christian . . 

Clark 

Clay 

Clinton 

Crittenden . 
Cumberland 

Daviess 

Edmonson . 

Elliott 

Estill 

Fayette 

Fleming . . . 

Floyd 

Franklin . . 
Fulton . . . . 
Gallatin . . . 
Garrard . . . 

Grant 

Graves 

Grayson . . . 

Green 

Greenup . . . 
Hancock . . . 
Hardin 



40 



$ 98,719 

88,869 

99,960 

73,834 

152,807 

145,072 

35,566 

183,045 

539,485 

98,048 

197,444 

59,310 

122,316 

176,225 

104,819 

121,582 

66,718 

63,388 

39,290 

44,013 

67,787 

130,294 

101,487 

114,840 

415,270 

118,811 

33,673 

79,935 

57,954 

142,132 

73,143 

96,103 

92,794 

260,395 

224,030 

107,402 

101,914 

44,525 

22,617 

188,826 

119,241 

143,631 

143,225 

71,587 

89,520 

49,655 

223,146 



S5 
o 



41 


42 


4,528 


% 8,577 


5,260 


9,246 


8,033 


22,359 


499 


942 


6,953 


13,102 


2,534 


4,992 


698 


1,069 


20,717 


68,114 


30,492 


101,445 


1,460 


3,690 


8,882 


25,140 


2,730 


5,415 


4,435 


7,757 


7,976 


18,975 


3,497 


8,182 


6,186 


11,627 


2,171 


3,627 


2,098 


3,728 


1,636 


4,500 


858 


1,975 


4,126 


9,763 


2,264 


4,694 


5,792 


11,696 


4,627 


9.540 


23,546 


78,692 


4,388 


8,098 


2,889 


3,507 


3,677 


7,275 


2,621 


4,179 


3,506 


7,822 


3,464 


7,116 


2,761 


5,514 


1,413 


3,013 


12,503 


37,300 


9,407 


25,820 


3,949 


5,612 


4,282 


11,095 


2,255 


4,940 


2,867 


6,881 


11,132 


32,966 


12,417 


32,507 


3,747 


7,189 


9,269 


17,496 


3,227 


5,584 


1,267 


2,680 


1,469 


3',192 


9,893 


23,349 



Fotiiteoith Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 
TABLE No. 1 -Continued. 



425 



Counties. 



No. of Column in Assessor's Book. 

Harlan 

Harrison 

Hart 

Henderson 

Henry 

Hickman 

Hopkins 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Jessamine 

Johnson 

Kenton 

Knott 

Knox 

Larue 

Laurel 

Lawrence 

Lee 

Leslie 

Letcher 

Lewis 

Lincoln 

Livingston 

Logan 

Lyon 

Madison 

Magoffin 

Marion 

Marshall 

Martin 

Mason 

McCracken 

McLean 

Meade 

Menefee '. 

Mercer 

Metcalfe 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

Morgan 

Muhlenberg 

Nelson 

Nicholas 

Ohio 

Oldham 

Owen 

Owsley 



40 



41 



87 

184 

154 

119 

145 

70, 

104 

91 

120 

92 

116 

78, 

68 

78 

100 

129 

195 

63 

76 

80 

69 

168 

119 

112 

52 

418 

116 

112 

71, 

47 

133 

28 

63 

106 

53 

112 

74 

72 

233 

147 

61 

218 

108 

187 

123 

63 

75 



,458 
,760 
,346 
,849 
030 
,621 
,410 
,567 
,379 
,045 
967 
125 
711 
,977 
,715 
,854 
,715 
,526 
,572 
,321 
,707 
,277 
531 
,675 
,024 
570 
,895 
,362 
703 
,052 
,852 
760 
,730 
343 
,075 
,580 
061 
615 
.570 
377 
836 
679 
160 
755 
,175 
941 
,726 



2,713 
17,447 



1,730 
9,146 
3,921 
3,627 
3,685 
2,563 
9,713 
2,559 



3,939 
2,747 
3,184 
4,766 
3,731 
1,366 
2,230 
4,180 
2,622 

10,424 
2,634 
5,373 
1,120 
8,342 
3,730 
5,826 
3,274 
1,148 

12,313 

419 

2,065 

5,262 

1,315 

20,596 
3,874 
3,950 
4.795 
6,016 
3,208 

15,649 

12,681 
7,524 

10,092 
9,045 
2,883 



426 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 
TABLE No. 1— Continued. 



Counties. 



No. of Column in Assessor's Book. 



40 



i2i 
O 






41 



42 



Pendleton . 

Perry 

Pike 

Powell . . . . 

Pulaski 

Robertson . 
Rockcastle 
Rowan . . . . 

Russell 

Scott 

Shelby . . . . 
Simpson . . . 

Spencer 

Taylor 

Todd 

Trigg 

Trimble . . . 

Union 

Warren . . . 
Washiington 

Wayne 

Webster . . . 

Whitley 

Wolfe 

Woodford . 



Total for 119 Counties $13,724,413 



138,885 


9,613 


79,202 


4,031 


166,725 


7,261 


55,222 


802 


172,535 


8.816 


46,359 


4,510 


75,405 


2,617 


57,263 


1,454 


58,952 


4,172 


170,494 


20,778 


206,830 


16,198 


40,643 


2,517 


63,580 


8,961 


70,715 


2,358 


53,025 


2,391 


86,435 


8,732 


69,050 


2,617 


109,990 


1,097 


185,565 


6,233 


98,895 


11,705 


131,318 


7,851 


49,215 


1,098 


187,632 


7,485 


84,936 


3,449 


127,121 


7,617 


.724.413 






25,205 

• 6,273 

10,672 

1,700 

16,974 

12,641 

5,929 

2,955 

7,541 

58,590 

43,560 

4,119 

17,680 

4,610 

4,620 

6,834 

6,360 

1,640 

13,622 

31,125 

12,006 

1,760 

13,469 

7,403 

26,613 



$1,660,948 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 
TABLE No. 1— Continued. 



427 



Counties. 



No. of Column in Assessor's Book. 



Adair 

Allen 

Anderson . . . 

Ballard 

Barren 

Bath 

Bell 

Boone 

Bourbon 

Boyd 

Boyle 

Bracken 

Breathitt . . . 
Breckinridge 

Bullitt 

Butler 

Caldwell . . . 
Calloway . . . 
Campbell . . . 
Carlisle .... 

Carroll 

Carter 

Casey 

Christian . . . 

Clark 

Clay 

Clinton 

Crittenden . . 
Cumberland 

Daviess 

Edmonson . . 

Elliott 

Estill 

Fayette 

Fleming 

Floyd 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Gallatin 

Garrard 

Grant 

Graves 

Grayson 

Green , 

Greenup . . . . , 
Hancock . . . , 
Hardin 



o 



W 
o 



43 



12,765 

15,082 

6,776 

14,433 

17,950 

5,175 

2,932 

15,349 

7,443 

5,571 

6,895 

3,994 

13,258 

22,070 

13,014 

19,015 

10,766 

13,830 

1,661 

9,yo0 

4,366 

9,481 

12,670 

23,973 

8,753 

16,016 

5,444 

14,623 

10,798 

14,065 

11,917 

11,696 

8,801 

8,225 

10,726 

15,520 

3,831 

11,384 

1,686 

8,672 

11,727 

30,192 

22,913 

9,028 

4,573 

6,860 

20,245 



< 



44 



$31,906 
35,116 
29,816 
35,251 
54,098 
20,009 

6,489 
65,930 
30,582 
19,453 
28,542 
12,885 
27,073 
58,260 
36,621 
42,425 
27,442 
27,448 

7,861 
24,231 
20,781 
26,446 
33,172 
70,285 
35,554 
39,995 
11,606 
35,760 
23,912 
45,451 
29,616 
29,421 
26,829 
34,690 
51,429 
30,566 
17,325 
30,795 

5,758 
45,614 
41,880 
75,258 
53,178 
20,039 
15,920 
20,263 
74,037 



428 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 
TABLE No. 1— Continued. 



Counties. 



No. of Column in Assessor's Book 




Harlan 

Harrison 

Hart 

Henderson . . 

Henry 

Hickman 

Hopkins 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Jessamine . . . 

Johnson 

Kenton 

Knott 

Knox 

Larue 

Laurel 

Lawrence . . . 

Lee 

Leslie 

Letcher 

Lewis 

Lincoln 

Livingston . . 

Logan 

Lyon 

Madison 

Magoffin 

Marion 

Marshall 

Martin 

Mason 

McCracken . 
McLean . . . 

Meade , 

Menefee 

Mercer 

♦Metcalfe > • . 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

Morgan 

Muhlenberg 

Nelson 

Nicholas . . . 

Ohio 

Oldham 

Owen 

Owsley 



11,256 
9,055 



17,996 

7,517 

16,117 

17,244 

10,141 

7,353 

6,250 

9,667 



13,038 

6,786 

11,677 

11,407 

15,642 

6,388 

10,636 

12,829 

4,213 

6,392 

18,536 

16,343 

9,469 

13,529 

12,135 

8,342 

16,957 

5,716 

7,869 

2,932 

12,585 

17,113 

5,178 

8,351 

11,385 

13,846 

3,703 

3,557 

11,235 

13,021 

3,777 

17,442 

5,182 

2,453 

8,448 





<1 


<- 


p 


3 n"fo 






c < 


2 "^ c 


a 


3 p » 




^•^a 






«>- 






B^ 








44 


45 


24,284 


2,413 


50,120 


38,235 


43,973 


21,074 


54,297 


44,6oo 


30,196 


25,530 


48,022 


49,557 


43,365 


38,060 


26,931 


3.761 


29,184 


38,340 


23,655 


20,015 


27,450 


4,592 


12,230 


3,850 


25,394 


2,482 


17,965 


6,882 


36,515 


35,055 


30,244 


9,320 


44,323 


11,491 


15,452 


4,516 


23,585 


1,520 


24,992 


4.865 


15,053 


13.422 


27.095 


23.136 


44,103 


25.923 


55,305 


63,630 


21,973 


11,122 


48,050 


16,000 


27,468 


5.937 


30,047 


24,134 


32,038 


40,496 


11,805 


767 


30,460 


10,220 


9,297 


11,679 


27,360 


12,885 


49,832 


27,746 


13,630 


1,378 


33,420 


22.830 


22,696 


10.834 


31,060 


7,870 


11.288 


4,683 


32,684 


12,278 


24,641 


22,957 


47,792 


38,440 


15,680 


13,230 


62,553 


37,824 


18,805 


20,080 


12,544 


10,530 




20,676 1 


6,567 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 
TABLE No. 1— Continued. 



429 



Counties. 



No. of Column in Assessor's Book. 



o 


P6 


1 = ^ 




I! 


a> ^ 


o 


S) 


3 P o 


i-is 




^^° 


o 

CP3 




■ 3^ 


02 




: cj>£ 


43 44 


45 


10,399 


39,735 


26,735 


13,376 


27,016 


2,775 


26,938 


55,422 


7,002 


4,416 


11,894 


1,933 


20,928 \ 


50,677 


16,390 


4,357 ] 


L6,552 


3,756 


9,607 2 


J4,651 


8.020 


5,994 ] 


L5,327 


7,233 


12,171 5 


56,091 


10,036 


6,710 C 


54,357 


17.845 


13,654 4 


8,840 


48,760 


9,316 2 


6,348 


31.790 


10,592 1 


8,535 


9,230 


8,174 2 


3,935 


8.710 


9,729 3 


6,655 


25 


15,887 3 


6,337 


28,987 


4,919 1 


8,665 


16,795 


19,646 5 


3,250 


35,405 


25,036 7 


6,762 


54,694 


6,258 2 


0,952 


13,900 


18,929 3 


6,547 


12,634 


7,716 2 


2,865 


26,125 


18,835 3 


8,734 


16,429 


7,828 1 


7,788 


6,804 


5,668 3 


1,494 


39,165 


1,303,582 ?3,78 


5.979 


$2,323,896 



Pendleton . , 

Perry 

Pike 

Powell 

Pulaski . . . . 
Robertson . . 
Rockcastle . 

Rowan 

Russell 

Scott 

Shelby 

Simpson . . . 

Spencer 

Taylor 

Todd 

Trigg 

Trimble 

Union 

Warren . . . . 
Washingtca 

Wayne 

Webster . . . 
Whitley . . . 

Wolfe 

Woodford .. 



Total for 119 Counties. 



430 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



TABLE No. 1— Continued. 



Counties. 



No. of Column in Assessor's Book 

Adair 

Allen 

Anderson 

Ballard 

Barren 

Bath 

Bell 

Boone 

Bourbon 

Boyd 

Boyle 

Bracken 

Breathitt 

Breckinridge 

Bullitt 

Butler 

Caldwell 

Calloway 

Campbell 

Carlisle 

Carroll 

Carter 

Casey 

Christian 

Clark 

Clay 

Clinton 

Crittenden 

Cumberland 

Daviess 

Edmonson 

Elliott 

Estill •. 

Fayette 

Fleming 

Floyd 

Franklin 

Fuliton 

Gallatin 

GaiTard 

Grant 

Graves 

Grayson 

Green 

Greenup 

Hancock 

Hardin 



< 
Ms- OP- HE- EL 



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■ - 1— CO 



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46-7-8 



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49 



CD SB 

CD C 
P/CD 

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$ 450 



1,223 

350 

805 

1,795 

3,895 

666 

5,335 

3,695 

30 

4,325 

1,308 

745 

5,113 



200 



15,425 

190 

1,800 

1,080 

5,320 

558 

133 

725 

896 

1,660 

314 

575 



9,575 
1,015 

27 
955 



50 

1.420 

5.315 

4,686 

310 

420 

595 

125 

1,040 



$30,566 
28,994 
38,270 
37,959 
58,582 
20,305 
7,458 
55,015 
39,970 
31,860 
40,795 
23,220 
7,419 
50,705 
37,576 
34,274 
32,520 
55,148 
92,275 
25,695 
31,172 
19,310 
32,227 
84,210 
42,168 
12,029 
10,017 
34,160 
16,940 

108.150 

19,957 

7,613 

12,870 

140,455 
46,304 
7,463 
41,350 
35.298 
7,699 
37,230 
40,137 

115,935 
33,203 
17,450 
18,445 
19.615 
69,928 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of AgrieuUure. 
TABLE No. 1 — Continued. 



431 



Counties. 



No. of Column in Assessor's Book 

Harlan 

Harrison 

Hart 

Hendjerson 

Henry 

Hickman 

Hopkins 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Jessamine 

Johnson 

Kenton 

Knott 

Knos 

Larue 

Laurel 

LaiwrencQ 

Lea 

Leslie 

Letcher 

Lewis 

Lincoln 

Livingston 

Logan 

Lyon 

Madison 

MagoflSn 

Marion 

Marshall 

Martin 

Mason 

McCracken 

McLean 

Meade 

Menefee 

Mercer 

Metcalfe 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

Morgan 

Muhlenberg 

Nelson 

Nicholas 

Ohio 

Oldham 

Owen 

Owsley 



fD "^ ►I C 

O H^i-OIQ 

I'll" 






.1-3 p: £, 
O C K, 

Off? 

I? ° *? 



46-7-8 



155 
440 

4,821 
15,470 

7,427 
125 
125 
329 

3,190 

1,500 
411 



214 
696 
285 
704 
477 
283 
108 
413 
2,265 



120 
300 
717 
1,400 
184 



1,530 



500 
140 



705 
10 

725 
2,461 

335 

325 
25 



4,250 



1,858 

350 

300 

98 



CO cc p o 

3 <« ^ 

2 ^W3 



49 



5,842 
51,420 
39,901 
74,239 
32,160 
49,916 
70,310 
10,213 
207,557 
28,220 

8,474 
179,040 

3,365 
13,662 
36,344 
23,954 
24,322 

5,661 

4,868 

7,083 
2-1,054 
35,31S 
37,591 
63,560 
17,885 
48,430 

7,052 
28,932 
42,431 

2,987 
29,945 
33,105 
38,300 
33,858 

7,396 
45,250 
23,176 
25,205 
22,575 
15,933 
35,734 
59.704 
19,265 
69,669 
24,035 
20,350 

7,277 



432 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Ayriculture. 



TABLE No. 1— Continued. 



Counties. 



W 



No. of Column in Assessor's Book 

Pendleton 

Perry 

Pike 

Powell 

Pulaski 

Robertson 

Rockcastle 

Rowan 

Russell 

Scott 

Shelby 

Simpson 

Spencer 

Taylor 

Todd 

Trigg 

Trimble 

Union 

WaiTen 

Washington 

Wayne 

Webster 

Whitley 

Wolfe 

Woodford 

Total for 119 Counties ... 



a~^ Sis ,_,ff 

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c K|C" 2 Z'Z. 

t- *-* ^ ^ ^ p 
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: 46-7-8 



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49 



« c 

>2, 

3 

3 5" 
™3q 



50 



2,570 
100 
160 
330 

1,414 



53 

273 

1,129 

2,355 



1,136 

800 

130 

75 

1,916 

50 

1,710 

6,218 

225 

819 

1,265 

4,896 

405 



$197,944 



49,045 
5,343 
17,351 
7,625 
50,665 
13,082 
16,525 
12,372 
18,983 
40,370 
43,660 
28,187 
21,710 
24,890 
40,070 
40,641 
25,475 
43,285 
79,545 
24,590 
21,441 
33,805 
29,093 
10.382 
57,065 



$4,260,709 



65 

55 

340 



38 
155 

30 
150 



90 



60 

375 

7,516 



35 
33 



240 

93 

100 



$27,009 



STATISTICAL TABLES. 

TAKEN FROM REPORT OF THE 

SUPERINTENDENT ol PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 



434 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



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446 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

PRIVATE SCHOOLS, COLLEGES, ETC. 

NO. PUPILS TAUGHT IN THK COUNTY, OUTSIDE OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 



1899-1900 



White. 



Adair 

Allen 

Anderson . . 

Ballard 

Barren .... 

Bath 

Bell 

Bc«ne 

Bourbon ... 

Boyd 

Boyle 

Brackei 

Breathitt ... 
Breckinridge 

Bullitt 

Butler , 

Caldwell ... 
Calloway .. 
Campbell .. 

Carlisle 

Carroll 

Carter 

Casey 

Christian .. 

Clark 

Clay 

Clinton 

Crittenden 
Cumberland 
Dariess .... 
Edmonson . , 

Elliott 

Estill 

Fayette . . . 
Fleming .... 

Floyd 

Franklin .. 

Fulton 

Gallatin ..., 
Garrard ... 

Grant 

Graves 

Grayson . . . 

Green 

Greenup ... 
Hancock .. 

Hardin 

Harlan 

Harrison .. 

Hart 

Henderson 

Henry 

Hickman .. 
Hopkins ... 
Jackson ... 
Jefferson . . 
Jessamine . 
Johnson .... 

Kenton 

Knott 



50 

375 



125 
310 



110 
200 
200 

800 



200 



150 
150 



150 
120 



290 
350 



40 

20 

140 

710 



56 



30 



10 



600 
300 
140 
160 
250 
450 
350 
440 
100 
400 
40 
4 



Col'd. Total. 



25 



300 



250 



2 
100 



150 



6S 



50 
375 



125 
335 



110 

200 

200 

1,100 

200 



150 
150 



150 
120 



540 
350 

40 

22 

140 

810 



56 



30 



10 

600 
300 
140 
160 
400 
450 
350 
508 
100 
400 
48 
4 



1900-1901 



White. Col'd. Total. 



50 



375 

200 
165 
200 
300 
300 
350 

100 
500 
460 



150 



75 



130 
300 



30 
175 
120 

425 

263 r 



100 



120 



365 
15 

400 
35 
75 

180 

840 



35 



20 



50 



200 



91 



50 



25 



75 



130 
320 



30 
175 
120 

475 

265' 



100- 



120' 



565 
15 

400 
35 
75 

180 

931 



4i 



50 



375 
200 
165 
200 
350 
300 
350 

100 
50O 
485 



150 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 
PRIVATE SCHOOLS, COLLEGES, ETC. 

NO. PUPILS TAUGHT IN THE COUNTY, OUTSIDE OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 



447 



1899-1900 



White. 



Col'd. Total. 



1900-1901 



White. Col'd. Total 



ICnox 75 

Larue 400 

Ijaurel 350 

Lawrence 

Lee 

Leslie 

Letcher 

Lewis 

Lincoln 180 

Livingston 

I.ogan 600 

I.yon 

Madison 850 

MagoflBn 

Marlon 150 

Marshall 175 

Martin 

Mason 100 

McOracken 13 

McLean 6 

Meade 100 

Menefee 

Mercer 100 

Metcalfe 

Monroe 

Montgomery 300 

Morgan 

Muhlenberg 60 

Nelson 550 

ISlcholas 

Ohio 225 

Oldham 210 

Owen 500 

Owsley 75 

Pendleton 

Perry 200 

Pike 30 

Powell 

Pulaski 100 

Robertson 

Uockcastie 245 

Rowan 

Russell 

Scott 200 

Shelby 355 

Simpson 150 

Spencer 50 

Taylor 300 

Todd 210 

Trigg 100 

Trimble 

Union 200 

Warren 1,200 

Washington , 200 

Wayne 150 

Webster 

Whitley 900 

Wolfe 

Woodford 150 

Total for 119 Counties 17,617 



150 



30 



20 



1,326 



75 
400 
350 



180 

600 

1,000 

200 
177 

100 

13 

6 

100 

130 

320 

60 
625 

225 

210 

500 

75 

200 
30 

100 

245 



200 
355 
150 
50 
375 
210 
120 

200 

1,200 

200 

150 

900 

150 



18,943 



75 
400 
450 
150 

150 

150 

175 

10 

420 

850 

150 
100 

100 
25 
6 
25 

225 



350 



150 
625 



300 



200 

250 
150 

50 

225 
250 

200 
335 
150 
62 
300 
410 
250 

480 
1,000 
200 
175 
250 
1,000 
200 
150 



18,008 



10 



150 



40 



50 



10 



75 



50 



S5 

400 
450 
150 

150 

150 

175 

10 

420 

1,000 

200 
103 

100 

33 

6 



265 



400 



150 
700 



300 



200 

250 
150 

50 

223 
250 

210 
335 
150 
62 
375 
410 
300 

480 
1,000 
200 
175 
250 
1,000 
200 
150 



966 



18,974 



448 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



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Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



453 



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Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



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Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



455 



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456 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 
AVERAGE ATTENDANCE AT SCHOOL. 



Adair 

Allen 

Anderson . . . 

Ballard 

Barren 

Bath 

Bell 

Boone 

Bourbon 

Boyd 

Boyle 

Bracken 

Breathitt ... 
Breckinridge 

Bullitt 

Butler 

Caldwell .... 
Calloway ... 
Campbell ... 

Carlisle 

Carroll 

Carter 

Casey 

Christian .. 

Clark 

Clay 

Clinton 

Crittenden 

Cumberland 

Cumberland 

Daviess 

Edmonson .. 

Elliott 

Estill 

Payette . . . 

Fleming 

Floyd 

Franklin .. 

Fulton 

Gallatin ... 

Garrard ... 

Grant 

Graves 

Grayson . . . 

Green 

Greenup .., 

Hancock . . 

Hardin 

Harlan 

ICarrison . 

Hart 

Ilenderson 

Henry 

Hickman . 

Hopkins . . 

Jackson .. 

Jefferson . . 

Jessamine 

Johnson ... 

Kenton 

Knott 



1899-1900. 



1900-ieOl. 



White. 



Colored. 



White. 



Colored. 



1,596 


308 


2,745 


384 


1,984 


108 


2,021 


203 


1,446 


160 


1,333 


135 


1,911 


313 


2,031 


267 


3,088 


617 


2,940 


65T 


1,965 


269 


1,973 


283 


1,789 


210 


2,200 


300 


1,370 


129 


1,251 


114 


832 


567 


826 


647 


1,744 


27 


1,380 


16 


1,294 


1,067 


1,009 


700 


2,304 


80 


1,872 


60 


1,786 


33 


1,784 


21 


2,557 


282 


2,567 


290 


1,232 


178 


1,292 


198 


1,948 


112 


1,970 


102 


1,723 


410 


1,859 


634 


3,064 


245 


3,067 


149 


2,376 




2,386 




1,176 


41 


1,358 


66 


1,542 


85 


1,239 


lOT 


3,225 


13 


3,450 


16 


1,913 


29 


2,093 


51 


1.909 


1,820 


2.018 


1,832 


1,234 


310 


1,201 


3or 


3,304 


98 


3,452 


158 


1,167 


34 


1,160 


32 


2,563 


199 


2,648 


178 


1,221 


175 


1,394 


207 


3,446 


336 


3,576 


441 


1,326 


79 


1,477 


82 


1,974 




1,815 




1,884 


47 


1,603 


41 


1,556 


902 


1,580 


915 


2,186 


222 


3,000 


256 


3,030 
1,690 


18 


2,720 




274 


1,520 


283 


1,141 


261 


1,280 


271 


641 


68 


562 


80 


1,359 


458 


1,365 


456 


1,937 


63 


1,898 


BO 


4,145 


530 


4,195 


1 495 


3,180 


85 


2,754 


1 89- 


1,537 


384 


1,603 


1 376 


2,004 


37 


1,825 


1 33 


1,408 


106 


1,139 


1 107 


4,114 


402 


4,644 


413 


1,286 


33 


1,285 


49 


1.942 


1 156 


1.757 


153 


2,100 


1 375 


2,820 


1 26S 


2,470 


1 948 


3,032 


1 793 


2.514 


1 400 


2,730 


418 


1,415 


1 256 


1,480 


237 


2.956 


1 529 


3,221 


1 534 


1 990 




2,127 
2,500 




2,060 


1 481 


935 


991 


1 375 


992 


1 406 


2.200 
1,841 




2,330 




1 54 


1.625 


75 


1.302 


1 25 


1,303 


1 la 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 
AVERAGE ATTENDANCE AT SCHOOL. 



457 



1899-1900. 



White. 



Knox 

Larue 

Laurel 

Lawrence 

Lee 

Leslie 

Letcher 

Lewis 

Lincoln 

Livingston , 

Logan 

Lyon 

Madison 

Magoffin 

Marion 

Marshall 

Martin 

Mason 

McCracken 

McLean 

Meade 

Alenefee 

Mercer 

Metcalf 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

Morgan 

Muhlenberg 

Nelson 

Nicholas 

Ohio 

Oldham 

Owen 

Owsley 

Pendleton 

Perry 

Pike 

Powell , 

Pulaski 

Robertson 

Rockcastle 

Rowan 

Russell 

Scott 

Shelby 

Simpson 

Spencer 

Taylor 

Todd 

Trigg 

Trimble 

Union 

"Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Webster 

Whitley 

Wolfe 

Woodford 

Average for State 



231,826 



Colored. 



3,168 


208 


1,664 


94 


2,939 


110 


3,600 


26 


1,350 


39 


979 


9 


1,479 




2,829 


23 


1,425 


425 


1,378 


132 


2,276 


810 


1,161 


311 


2.424 


762 


2,097 


13 


2,638 


699 


1,825 


33 


1,075 




2.550 


885 


1,505 


289 


1.818 


162 


1.516 


174 


1.090 




1,872 


271 


1.389 


142 


3.284 


159 


1.873 


774 


2,418 




3,000 


500 


2,000 


500 


1,560 


194 


1,423 


234 


522 


186 


1,350 


146 


1,135 


14 


3,638 


97 


1,195 


17 


3,245 


24 


1,110 


112 


5.373 


215 


972 


23 


1,867 


19 


1,332 


8 


1,455 


46 


1,141 


496 


1,591 


592 


990 


357 


879 


192 


1,348 


233 


1.665 


1,150 


1.864 


809 


1.008 


50 


2.810 


465 


2,219 


668 


1.470 


266 


2,430 


138 


2.671 


370 


3.563 


165 


1.490 


23 


1,000 


461 



31,146 



1900-1901. 



White. 



Colored. 



3,125 
1,670 
2,918 
3,655 
1,409 

987 
1,385 
2,150 
1,774 
1,467 
1,904 
1,129 
2,475 
2,260 
2,750 
1,930 
1,094 
2,550 
1,521 
1,834 
1,314 
1,141 
1,630 
1,280 
3.235 
1,836 
2.430 
2.810 
1.483 
1,505 
1,462 

640 
2,081 
1,109 
3,410 
1,266 
3,717 
1,423 
4,923 

650 
1,770 
1,129 
1.393 
1,160 
1,565 

882 

796 
1.237 
1.809 
1,890 
1,148 
3,010 
2,047 
1,475 
1,911 
2,955 
3,770 
1,845 

850 



234,256 



31,178 



458 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

Total Cost of Teaching Each. Child, Based on Average Attendance. 



Adair 

Allen 

Anderson . . , 

Ballard 

Barren 

Bath 

Bell 

Boone 

Bourbon . . . 

Boyd 

Boyle 

Bracken . . . . 
Breathitt ... 
Breckinridge 

Bullitt 

Butler 

Caldwell ... 
Calloway .. 
Campbell .. 

Cnrllsle 

Carroll 

Carter 

Casey 

Christian .. 

Clark 

Clay 

Clinton 

Crittenden 
Cumberland 

Daviess 

Edmonson .. 
Elliott 

Estill 

Fayette . . . 
Fleming .... 
Floyd 

Franklin .. 

Fulton 

Gallatin ... 

Garrard ... 

Grant 

Graves 

Grayson ... 

Green 

Greenup ... 
•Hancock .. 

Hardin . . . . 

Harlan 

Harrison ., 

Hart 

Henderson 

Henry 

Hickman .. 

Hopkins . . , 

Jackson ... 

Jefferson . . 

Jessamine . 

Johnson ... 

Kenton . . . . 

Knott 



1899-1900. 1 


1900-1901. 


White. 


Colored. 


White. 


Colored. 


17 00 


$8 60 


$6 67 


58 45 


4 75 


6 90 


6 40 


7 1» 


6 07 


7 36 


8 05 


797 


4 46 


5 20 


3 85 


3 64 


5 65 


7 17 






5 98 


6 66 


6 50 


5 93 


7 42 


12 10 


4 22 


10 32 


7 14 


8 71 


7 43 


8 22 


6 18 
5 70 




6 69 

5 28 


10 30 


5 02 


5 50 






7 17 
9 90 


7 57 


8 02 


8 40 


14 63 


6 80 


9 24 


6 01 


7 32 


7 48 
5 28 




7 36 
6 79 




4 63 


7 79 


6 23 


7 63 


6 38 


5 30 


5 44 
7 09 
7 92 


6 06 




6 25 






11 00 


5 50 


7 15 


4 80 


9 93 


9 04 


6 84 


6 40 


10 25 


5 26 


4 00 




10 05 


6 05 
16 59 


13 21 


11 05 


8 87 


7 93 


9 38 


6 78 


7 96 


5 00 

6 09 

7 00 






4 79 




5 89 

5 87 




7 00 


12 30 






5 75 
5 12 


6 33 


6 45 


6 29 


5 06 


6 97 


7 75 


5 93 


6 61 


5 82 




5 62 

6 62 
5 50 




5 27 
7 58 


5 70 


5 48 


7 60 


6 49 


8 01 


4 29 


5 99 


9 54 


13 50 
6 09 

12 40 


10 58 

6 10 

12 07 




4 44 


14 28 


9 54 


6 21 


7 74 


6 18 


5 51 


6 03 


7 43 


5 40 


6 55 


5 90 


8 94 


5 66 


8 78 






5 99 

6 15 


6 65 




6 04 


6 15 




I 


9 77 


11 50 


10 17 


9 20 


5 25 


6 75 


6 52 


6 46 


4 50 


5 32 


4 11 


4 28 


7 19 


7 65 


6 69 


4 37 


6 08 


10 63 


5 89 

1 5 98 

5 60 


9 47 


7 40 


5 24 


5 80 


4 41 


6 60 






6 90 


8 86 


6 00 


9 25 


8 76 


9 99 


6 79 


8 86 


5 35 


8 21 


4 69 




821 


8 34 


6 21 


4 19 




6 80 




8 17 


6 10 


6 76 

U94 

6 25 






9 34 


6 38 


528 


904 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 459 

Total Cost of Teaching Each Child, Based on Average Attendance. 



Knox 

Larue 

Laurel 

Lawrence 

Lee 

Leslie 

Letcher 

Lewis 

Lincoln 

Livingston 

Logan 

Lyon 

Madison 

MagoflBn 

Marion 

Marshall 

Martin 

Mason 

McCraclsen 

McLean 

Meade 

Menef ee 

Mercer 

Metcalfe 

Monroe 

Montgomery • 

Morgan 

Muhlenberg 

Nelson 

Nicholas 

Ohio 

Oldham 

Owen 

Owsley 

Pendleton 

Perry 

Pilje 

Powell 

Pulaski 

Robertson 

Rockcastle 

Rowan 

Russell 

Scott 

Shelby ■ 

Simpson 

Spencer 

Taylor 

Todd 

Trigg 

Trimlble 

Union 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Webster 

Whitley 

Wolfe 

Woodford 

Average for State 





1899-1900. 


1900-1901. 




White. 1 Colored. 


White. 1 


Colored. 






8 72 
5 16 


495 


41S 


1 


6 16 

5 58 







5 37 


6 22 








4 00 
7 35 
6 64 

6 94 

7 00 
9 10 
7 26 

5 81 
~ 6 28 

5 81 

4 52 

6 00 

5 32 


4 25 
4 97 






1 








7 85 
6 58 
12 80 

6 09 

7 76 
508 

5 47 
4 50 
4 25 

6 15 
4 90 






15 31 
6 00 

10 13 
8 95 

8 66 
6 83 

9 06 
4 73 

10 77 


14 46 




10 40 
4 80 




8 20 




5 30 


I 


5 84 





7 30 




4 35 




1100 


I 




.... I 








7 23 
6 12 
6 15 
3 24 


7 29 
5 68 
7 03 


5 13 
5 10 
644 
5 82 
5 77 
5 91 
3 25 
629 

5 06 

6 86 
8 98 

6 42 
469 

7 43 
5 96 

5 53 

3 52 

6 13 
6 07 

4 31 

5 20 
9 00 
5 93 
671 

5 80 

6 75 

8 73 

7 25 


5 48 




5 60 





690 






I 




4 56 


' 


6 13 
3 90 
6 37 

5 57 

6 62 

5 00 

6 OO 
5 07 


9 02 

7 36 
4 69 


876 




777 




4 70 









5 42 

10 00 

7 50 

7 03 


93» 




10 01 




6 52 




4 69 




10 56 




9 10 
6 21 


9 10 
4 51 


6 10 




6 75 




3 52 




7 08 
7 38 


9 58 
10 16 


10 29 




9 17 








5 10 
I 3 50 
I 6 29 
j 6 05 
1 6 16 

8 05 
! 8 93 

7 33 


7 60 
6 50 
6 30 


817 








7T7 




800 




7 71 
7 68 
9 20 
7 60 

6 48 

7 54 

6 88 
5 19 
4 98 

12 00 

7 50 
1 6 20 


13 15 




7 16 




8 32 




700 








1 6 52 

6 28 
5 28 
5 27 
9 10 

7 07 
■ 5 50 


6 55 
9 12 

4 98 

7 14 
9 50 

1 708 
1 6 30 
1 6 86 

5 07 
5 34 

1 


742 




866 




672 




986 




10 20 




712 




6 40 




5 67 1 5 13 

6 15 1 6 57 
6 21 1 5 21 


8 70 




5 24 




606 









6 40 1 9 09 


I 6 47 


8 07 




S6 41 


1 $7 69 


1 $649 


1744 



460 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

AVERAGE MONTHLY WAGES OF TEACHERS. 



Adair 

Allea 

Anderson — 

Ballard 

Barren 

Bath 

Bell 

Boone 

Bourbon 

Boyd 

Boyle 

Bracken 

Breathitt .... 
Breckenridge 

Bullitt 

Butler 

Caldwell .... 
Calloway ... 
Campbell ... 

Carlisle 

Carroll 

Carter 

Casey 

Christian ... 

Ciark 

Clay 

Clinton 

Crittenden . 
Cumberland 

Daviess 

Edmonson . . , 

Elliott 

Estill 

Fayette — 

Fleming 

Floyd 

Franklin . . . 

Fulton 

Gallatin .... 
Garrard .... 

Grant 

Graves 

Grayson — 

Green ....... 

Greenup .... 

Hancock ... 

Hardin 

Harlan 

Harrison .. 

Hart 

Henderson . 

Henry 

Hickman .. 

Hopkins ... 

Jackson ... 

Jefferson .. 

Jessamine . 

Johnson .... 

Kenton 

Knott 



1899-1900. 



White. 



$31 83 

34 59 
36 83 

40 59 

35 64 

41 92 



29 80 

45 90 
32 32 

46 00 
32 00 
35 36 
31 59 
31 00 
34 60 
34 08 



34 50 
36 60 
34 00 
41 00 
38 42 
32 74 
38 40 
30 50 



36 00 

34 88 
38 93 
32 35 

42 35 
40 25 

35 67 
40 50 

43 73 
28 80 
40 00 
34 66 



38 61 
32 29 



34 57 


31 50 


35 60 


35 11 


34 01 


36 00 


40 00 


40 25 


32 23 


36 60 


44 69 


38 00 


37 00 


30 79 



Colored. 



1900-1901. 



White. 



$27 72 
26 70 
46 61 
36 19 

31 39 

32 57 



24 40 
39 79 
32 GO 
47 10 
30 00 
27 82 
34 80 



25 18 
38 18 




33 00 
23 00 
27 64 


37 31 

38 55 

27 50 






31 00 
24 49 


19 21 
53 22 
35 50 



41 50 
36 12 
35 08 
40 17 
26 68 



29 60 
32 12 



32 06 
28 50 
25 40 
27 80 
35 45 



34 00 

35 90 
31 30 


35 50 
46 80 



30 40 
26 42 



$29 17 
29 40 
33 05 
37 43 
31 98 
40 00 



28 00 

29 96 
35 40 



32 80 
32 37 

29 50 
32 00 

30 45 

32 24 
35 50 

33 00 



33 00 
36 50 
33 35 
36 07 
35 00 
31 12 



33 16 

39 00 

37 00 

33 04 

34 62 

33 79 
42 75 
29 32 
32 50 

39 00 
44 03 
27 15 

40 71 

34 90 

38 34 
32 00 



28 97 

33 50 
32 32 

34 41 
30 86 



35 00 

36 23 

36 14 
30 23 

37 50 
39 80 
33 55 
36 94 
29 57 



Colored. 



$25 15 
24 88 
41 55 
31 18 
29 62 
29 25 



21 62 
41 14 
30 00 


30 3a 

30 73 
3110 


26 4S 
35 5& 

26 00 





30 00 

22 05 

23 66 
36 52 
36 30 
26 33 



30 25 
43 50 
29 00 
21 69 



23 37 
53 50 
30 67 



38 00 
33 81 
27 25 
37 37 

25 60 
27 35 

26 84 



26 37 

23 50 
21 42 

24 97 
3165 



24 00 
35 35 
29 08 


32 50 
44 80 



25 93 
23 50 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bw'eau of Agriculture. 
AVERAGE MONTHLY WAGES OF TEACHERS. 



4«1 



Knox 

Larue 

Laurel 

liEwrence 

Lee 

Leslie 

Letcher 

Lewis 

Lincoln 

Livingston 

Logan 

Lyon 

Madison 

Magoffin 

Marlon 

Marshall 

Martin 

Mason 

McCracken 

McLean 

Meade 

Menef ee 

Mercer 

Metcalfe 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

Morgan 

Muhlenberg 

Nelson 

Nicholas 

Ohio 

Oldham 

Owen 

Owsley 

Pendleton 

Perry 

Pike 

Powell 

Pulaski , 

Robertson 

Rockcastle 

Rowan 

Russell 

Scott 

Shelby 

Simpson 

Spencer 

Taylor 

Todd 

Trigg 

Trimble 

Union 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Webster 

Whitley 

Wolfe 

Woodford 

Average for State 



1899-1900. 



White. 



41 00 
32 50 
34 17 
40 35 
27 50 



31 21 
34 96 
40 10 



34 00 
41 25 

35 00 
32 11 



39 50 
33 65 
27 50 
41 48 



31 66 

35 00 

37 50 

32 15 

36 44 
47 66 
36 38 

35 16 

38 09 

36 00 
35 00 



29 94 
34 67 
37 00 

30 40 
33 02 
40 95 



34 52 

33 55 

34 18 



37 64 

30 77 
27 00 

31 30 

33 84 

42 68 
31 58 
27 83 

43 82 
36 36 

34 10 
31 69 
39 58 
36 78 
34 24 
47 11 



Colored. 



31 10 
42 50 
37 85 
23 94 
25 GO 



23 49 
43 00 



38 50 
30 86 
32 00 
23 58 



38 00 



37 00 
35 80 



27 20 



35 00 
28 06 
23 12 
38 00 



28 68 
48 37 
33 00 
22 00 



29 94 

23 67 
28 00 
32 57 

24 39 
44 14 



23 31 
23 94 
23 31 



40 90 

30 41 

23 00 
29 35 
35 14 
49 47 

41 10 

24 91 
45 11 
33 92 

31 40 
23 31 
37 45 
33 95 



38 10 



1900-1901. 



White. 



37 00 
35 00 
31 65 
35 89 
30 00 
30 00 
27 90 
33 92 



34 80 

32 92 
37 50 
40 88 
29 38 

33 26 

35 50 

31 57 
37 50 
37 15 

34 00 
28 14 

33 64 

36 00 
28 62 

34 40 
47 50 
39 18 

32 29 
31 63 
36 00 
34 50 



30 72 

31 95 
31 00 
28 47 
31 69 
35 39 



31 50 

29 99 
31 00 

30 72 

35 97 

33 61 

30 00 
29 11 

31 76 

36 75 

32 00 
29 22 

34 00 
34 13 

33 60 
28 85 
36 10 
33 50 
40 00 
40 61 



Colored. 



26 00 
30 00 
26 88 
28 79 
26 00 
21 OO 



20 24i 



27 50- 
37 50 
23 50' 
35 24 



35 00 



45 00 
35 15 
28 50 
23 11 



35 00 
23 79 
20 80 
38 00 



26 55 
39 55 
33 00 
23 00 



29 54 
2160 


2160 
25 79 
43 73 



21 15 
21 78 
21 57 

23 74 
35 87 

24 72 
31 63 
24 8S 
31 94 
58 45- 
44 OO' 

24 lO' 
35 50 

30 77 

25 37 
21 24 

31 40 

28 30 

29 00 
38 01 



$35 84 



$31 90 



$34 10 



$29 95 



462 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bv/reau of Agriculture. 
FINANCIAL STATEMENT. 



Adair 

Allen 

Anderson . . , 

Ballard 

Barren .... 

Bath 

Bell 

Boone 

Bourbon . . . 

Boyd 

Boyle 

Bracken .... 
Breathitt ... 
Breckinridge 

Bullitt 

Butler 

Caldwell .... 
Calloway ... 
Campbell ... 

Carlisle 

Carroll 

Carter 

Casey 

Christian . . . 

Clark 

Clay 

Clinton 

Crittenden . 
Cumberland 

Daviess 

Edmonson . . 

Elliott 

Estill 

Fayette 

Fleming 

B'loyd 

Franklin . . . 

Fulton 

Gallatin .... 
Garrard . . . . 

Grant 

Graves 

Grayson . . . . 

Green 

Greenup 

Hancock . . . 

Hardin 

Harlan . . 

Harrison . . 

Hart 

Henderson . 

Henry 

Hickman . . . 
Hopkins .... 
Jackson . . . . 
Jefferson . . . 
Jessamine .. 
Johnson .... 

Kenton 

Knott 



Money Received from State Treasury. 



1899-1900. 



1900-1901. 



{14,093 88 


$12,526 08 


13,228 38 


12,159 42 


9,967 02 


8,938 69 


10,154 37 


9,175 25 


21,891 65 


19,820 27 


13,530 70 


12,273 20 


8,556 60 


8,403 20 


9,243 71 


8,198 32 


11,548 70 


11,505 60 


9,181 4S 


9,237 30 


11,740 32 


10,599 21 


10,324 40 


9,351 02 


14,601 50 


14,391 74 


19,154 08 


17,573 61 


8,303 20 


7,510 53 


15,510 46 


14,186 34 


13,881 33 


12,730 77 


17,497 72 


15,668 84 


12,036 60 


10,939 62 


9,004 00 


8,253 30 


8,214 08 


7,289 04 


20,785 70 


18,382 35 


13,722 94 


12,681 34 


32,882 17 


29,915 47 


10,671 52 


9,408 28 


16,770 27 


15,429 92 


7,441 29 


6,838 92 


14,493 44 


13,555 68 


9,519 36 


8,704 92 


25,038 12 


23,480 11 


9,855 35 


9,297 78 


11,485 11 


10,215 12 


10,899 88 


10,201 62 


15,368 42 


13,766 16 


15,983 94 


14,404 80 


15,460 20 


14,304 64 


11,965 58 


10,562 32 


10,348 58 


9,246 27 


4,512 42 


3,913 84 


11,612 35 


10,370 00 


12,099 16 


11,024 16 


30,866 10 


28,542 32 


19,690 80 


17,506 24 


11,654 95 


10,491 99 


14,909 40 


13,800 69 


8,718 29 


7,742 00 


20,674 42 


18,471 00 


9,510 08 


8,779 82 


13,215 28 


11,740 54 


17,702 30 


15,929 34 


21,010 60 


19,212 76 


13,732 32 


12,346 84 


12.100 93 


11,151 18 


27,196 73 


25,099 20 


10,659 72 


9,978 25 


20,930 22 


19,442 40 
• 10,334 46 


9,315 47 


14,887 92 


13,424 8S 


14,259 22 


12,922 24 


8,800 82 


8,264 95 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture, 
FINANCIAL STATEMENT. 



463' 



Knox 

Larue 

Laurel 

Lawrence 

Lee 

Leslie 

Letcher 

Lewis 

Lincoln 

Livingston 

Logan 

Lyon 

Madison 

MagoflSn 

Marion 

Marshall 

Martin 

Mason 

McCracken 

McLean 

Meade 

Menefee 

Mercer 

Metcalfe 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

Morgan 

Muhlenberg 

Nelson 

Nicholas 

Ohio 

Oldham 

Owen 

Owsley 

Pendleton 

Perry 

Pike 

Powell 

Pulaski 

Robertson 

Rockcastle 

Rowan , 

Russell 

Scott , 

Shelby 

Simpson , 

Spencer 

Taylor 

Todd 

Trigg 

Trimble 

Union 

TV arren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Webster 

Whitley 

Wolfe 

Woodford 

Average for State 



Money Received from State Treasury. 



1899-1900. 



17,517 87 

9,780 78 
16,971 66 
20,215 35 

7,272 20 

7,246 62 

9,830 94 
15,852 40 
15,958 59 
10,820 26 
23,789 04 

8,426 88 
20,457 54 
12,321 86 
15,142 24 
12,778 95 

5,720 25 
13,299 27 
10,583 10 
11,141 00 
10,883 36 

6,622 78 
13,347 78 

9,820 80 
12,750 36 
12,040 44 
13,463 28 
18,521 85 
16,449 44 
10,824 45 
24,104 92 

5,308 12 
16,114 01 

6,880 08 
14,164 35 

8,626 77 
23.969 95 

6,598 80 
29,498 46 

4,084 43 
11,863 60 

7,979 79 

8,999 59 
12,995 04 
15,323 13 

9,861 68 

6,305 04 
10,556 32 
18,387 12 
15,083 70 

6,450 76 
19,564 30 
20,933 28 
13,012 56 
15,073 80 
18,859 59 
23,020 55 

8,719 48 
■ 10,553 60 



1900-1901. 



$1,625,159 91 



16,320 48 

8,686 24 

16,204 80 

17,736 36 

7,154 40' 

6,701 76 

8,788 03 

14,469 64 

14,594 58 

9,797 50 

21,589 95 

7,712 00 

18,202 73 

11,381 18 

14.081 47 
11,641 11 

5,367 94 
11,918 50 

9,560 59 
10,480 86 

9,525 60 

6,225 03 
11,613 58 

8,721 60 
11,629 80 
10,512 18 
12,312 81 
17,169 11 
14,628 90 

9,554 13 

22.082 40 
4,665 96 

14,462 40 

6,249 60 

12,482 36 

8,028 06 

22,453 92 

6,141 60 

26,966 16 

3,616 65 

10,606 86 

7,332 52 

8,448 00 

11,566 45 

13,729 50 

8,906 50 

5,761 64 

9,697 10 

16,707 60 

13,745 00 

5,938 44 

17,423 70 

19,125 74 

11,831 38 

13,867 36 

17,182 53 

20,976 00 

8,241 80 

9,304 49 



n,483,240 70 



iM 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 
FINANCIAL STATEMENT— Continued. 

Salary of County Supt. 



1899-1900. 



Adair 

Alien 

Andersou . . 
Ballard . . . . 

Barren 

Bath 

Bell 

Boone 

Bourbon . . . 

Boyd 

Boyle 

Bracken ... 
Breathitt .. 
Breckinridge 
Bullitt .... 

Butler 

Caldwell .. 
Calloway .. 
Campbell .. 

Carlisle 

Carroll 

Carter 

Casey 

Christian .. 

Clark 

Clay 

Clinton 

Crittenden 
Cumberland 
Daviess .... 
£!dmonson . 

•Elliott 

Estill 

.Fayette 

Fleming 

Floyd 

Franklin .. 

Fulton 

Gallatin ... 

Garrard 

Grant 

Graves 

Grayson . . . 

Green 

•Greenup 
Hancock ... 

Hardin 

'Harlan 

Harrison .. 

Hart 

•Henderson 
■H«nry .. . . . 
Hickman .. 
"Hopkins ... 
Jackson — 
Jefferson .. 
Jessamine . 
Johnson ... 
Kenton — 
,Knott 



$700 00 
500 00 
400 00 
600 00 

1,008 62 
700 00 
600 00 
500 00 
800 00 
700 00 
700 00 
700 00 
613 75 
854 00 
400 00 
650 00 
645 45 
522 00 
882 00 
490 00 
400 00 
800 00 
833 91 

1,500 00 
630 00 
600 00 
250 00 
527 00 
500 00 

1,200 00 
447 50 
500 00 
400 00 

1,100 00 
600 00 
741 00 
600 00 
531 30 
330 60 
550 00 
895 00 

1,000 00 
720 00 
600 00 
650 00 
350 00 
800 00 
500 00 
720 00 
700 00 

1,040 00 
600 00 
575 00 
985 90 
500 00 

1,500 GO 
500 00 
600 00 
750 00 
400 00 



1900-1901. 



Salary of County Supt. , 



1899 1900. 



$700 00 
500 00 
400 00 
600 00 

1,009 00 
750 00 
600 00 
500 00 
885 00 
740 00 
700 00 
750 00 
663 00 

899 00 
400 00 
650 00 
645 00 
525 00 
882 00 
490 00 
440 00 
800 00 
852 00 

1,500 00 
630 00 
627 00 
255 00 
547 00 
500 00 

1,200 00 

467 00 

. 500 00 

400 00 

1,350 00 
625 00.. 
700 00 
600 00 
533 00 
316 00 
550 00 

900 00 
1,000 00 

715 00 
600 00 
650 00 
385 00 
875 00 
500 00 
750 00 
770 00 

1,047 00 
600 00 
568 00 
986 00 
500 00 

1,500 00 

500 00 

. . 600 00 

750 00 

400 00 



Knox 

Larue 

Laurel 

Lawreuce .. 

Lee 

Leslie 

Letcher 

Lewis 

Lincoln 

Livingston 

Logan 

Lyon 

Madison ... 
Magoffin ... 

Marion 

Marshall 

Martin 

Mason 

McCracken 

McLean 

Meade 

Menefee . . . 

Mercer 

Metcalfe ... 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

Morgan 

Muhlenberg 

Nelson 

Nicholas 

Ohio 

Oldham ... 

Owen 

Owsley 

Pendleton . 

Perry 

Pike 

Powell 

Pulaski 

Robertson , 
Rockcastle 

.Rowan 

Russell 

Scott 

Shelby 

Simpson ... 

Spencer 

Taylor 

Todd 

Triigg 

Trimble .., 

Union 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Webster . . 
Whitley .. 

Wolfe 

Woodford 
Total 



$77, 



700 00 
455 00 
500 52 
8O0 00 
400 00 
375 00 
475 00 
750 00 
800 00 
550 00 
900 00 
300 00 
975 00 
500 00 
710 00 
4S0 00 
300 00 
,000 00 
800 00 
550 00 
530 00 
300 00 
735 00 
400 00 
600 00 
700 00 
5S5 00 
850 00 
800 00 
600 00 
800 00 
350 00 
,032 00 
250 00 
700 00 
400 00 
,200 00 
455 00 
,052 00 
340 00 
600 00 
500 00 
450 00 
748 00 
625 00 
500 00 
300 00 
500 00 
825 00 
675 00 
387 50 
947 50 
,150 00 
719 85 
579 18 
750 00 
,000 00 
300 00 
500 00 
,449 58 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



465 



COAL MINING IN KENTUCKY. 

The following- extracts are taken from the report of the Inspec- 
tor of Mines for the 3 ear 1900: 

COMMERCIAL MINES. 

On the first of Janiiarj^, 1901, there were in active operation in 
the State of Kentucky a total of 123 commercial coal mines, under 
the management of 91 companies, man}- of which are incorporated, 
being the same number of mines but a decrease of two companies, 
as compared to the previous year. 

The following list contains the names of several operators and 
of the counties where the said mines are located; also the char- 
acter of opening, and the post office of each mine: 



Name of Operator 



Postoffice and County 



^^ 



Pineviile Coal Co Plneville, BcH coimly 

National Coal & Iron Co Strait Creels, Bell county 

Bennett's Forlc Coal Co Middlesboro, Bell county 

Excelsior Coal Mining Co Excelsior, J'.ol! <;cunty 

The Tucliehoe Coal Co Four Mile, Bell county 

Ashland Coal & Iron Co Rush, Boyd county 

John Wurts, Lessee, &c Ashland, Boyd County 

E. W. Straclj Ashland, Boyd County 

R T. Davis Jackson, Breathitt county ... 

Aberdeen Coal & Mining Co Morgantown, Butler county... 

W"est Aberdeen Coal Co Morgantown, Butler county... 

Eastern Kentucky Railway Co Willard, Carter county 

Ashland Coal & Iron Co Rush, Carter county 

Strait Creek Coal Co Denton, Carter county 

Kentucky Cannel Co Grayson, Carter county 

Adliins Coal Co Rush, Carter county 

Empire Coal & Mining Co Empire, Christian county 

New Holland Coal Co Owensboro, Daviess county 

M. H. Enright Adair, Hancock county 

Pittsburg Coal Co Basket, Henderson county ... 

Green River Coal & Mining Co iSpottsville, Henderson county. 

Corydon Coal Co Corydon, Henderson county .. 

Henderson Mining & Manufacturing Co. ..Henderson, Henderson county. 

Peoples Mining Co Henderson, Henderson county. 

Bootb & Glover Hamby Sta., Hopkins county.. 

Crabtree Coal Mining Co Ilsley, Hopkins county 

Oak Hill Co Nortonville, Hopkins county.. 

Si. Bernard Coal Co Earlington, Hopkins county.. 

St. Bernard Coal Co |Earlington, Hopkins county.. 



Character 



Drifts. 



Shaft. 
Slope. 
Drift. 
Shaft. 



Drift. 



Slope. 



466 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture, 
COMMEBCIAIj MINES-Continued. 



Name of Operator 



St Bernard Coal Co 

St. Bernard Coal Co 

St Bernard Coal Co 

Reinecke Coal Co 

Monarch Mining Co 

White House Cannel Coal 
Greasy Creek Cannel Coal 

North Jellico Coal Co 

North Point Jellico Coal Co Gray, Knox county 

Ross Jellico Coal Co Gray, Knox county 

Artemus Coal Co Artemus, Knox county 

East Jellico Coal Co Coalport, Knox county 

Knox Gem Coal Co Barboursville, Knox county 



Co. 
Co. 



Postoffice and County 



Mortons' Gap, Hopkins county 

Barnsley, Hopkins county 

St. Charles, Hopkins county.. 
Madisonville, Hopkins county. 
Madisonville, Hopkins county. 

Myrtle, Johnson county 

Eliza, Johnson county 

Bertha, Knox county 



^^ 



Character 



Pittsburg Coal Co 

Laurel Coal Co 

Pitman Coal Co 

Victoria Coal Co 

Almy, Wilkes & Thompson 

Standard Coal Co 

Bastin & Pritchard 

Manchester Coal Co 

New Diamond Coal Co 

Karl F. Bierach & Bro. Co 

Peach Orchard Coal Co 

J. H. Northup 

McGuire Coal Co 

L. C. Norman & Sons 

Field Coal Co 

Island Coal Co 

Central Coal & Iron Co 

Central Coal & Iron Co 

Hillside Coal Co 

Oakland Coal Co 

Crescent Coal Co 

Bevier Coal Co 

The Black Diamond Coal & Mining Co. 

Mud River Coal, Coke & Iron Co 

W. G. Duncan Coal Co 

Taylor Coal Co 

Williams Coal Co 

McHenry Coal Co 

McHenry Coal Co 

Central Coal & Iron Co 

Fordsville Block Coal Co 

Jamestown Coal Co 

Deanfield Coal Co 

Deanfleld Coal Co 

J. C. Parker 

Paris Coal Co 

Eagle Coal Co 

Alpine Coal Co 

Cogar Creek Coal Co 



Pittsburgh, Laurel county ... 
Pittsburgh, Laurel county ... 
Pittsburgh, Laurel county ... 
Pittsburgh, Laurel county ... 
Pittsburgh, Laurel county ... 

Viva, Laurel county 

East Bei-nstadt, Laurel Co 

East Bernstadt, Laurel Co 

Altamont, Laurel county 

Lily, Laurel county 

Peach Orchard, Lawrence Co. 
Walbridge, Lawrence county. 

Beattyville, Lee county 

Beattyville, Lee county 

Island, McLean county 

Island, McLean county 

Central City, Muhlenberg Co. 
Powderly, Muhlenberg county. 
Mercer Sta., Muhlenberg Co.. 
Mercer Sta., Muhlenberg Co.. 
Bevier, Muhlenberg county .. 
Bevier, Muhlenberg county .. 
Drakesboro, Muhlenberg Co.. 
Mud River, Muhlenberg Co. .. 
Luzerne, Muhlenberg county. 
Taylor Mines, Ohio county .. 

McHenry, Ohio county 

McHenry, Ohio county 

Echols, Ohio county 

Render, Ohio county 

Fordsville, Ohio county 

Pt. Pleasant, Ohio county .. 

Aetnaville, Ohio county 

Aetnaville, Ohio county 

Parker's Lake, Pulaski Co 

Parker's Lake, Pulaski Co 

Barren Fork, Pulaski county. 

Alpine, Pulaski county 

Flat Rock, Pulaski county 



Drift. 



Shaft. 



Drifts. 



Slope- 
Shaft. 



Shaft. 
Slope. 
Drift. 
Slope. 



1 I Shaft. 
1 I Drift. 
1| " 
1| " 
1 I Shaft. 

1 I Slope. 

2 I Drifts. 
1 

1 j " 
1| '• 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 
COMMERCIAL MINES-Continued. 



467 



Name of Operator 



Po9tofla.ce and County 



!§S 



Character 



Cumberland Coal Co 

P. S. Crawford & Co 

Ohio Valley Coal & Mining Co. 
Paducah Coal & Mining Co. ... 

Tradewater Coal Co 

Ben C. Davidson 

American Coal & Iron Co 

Providence Coal Co 

Providence Coal Co 

Sebree Coal Co 

Wheatcroft Coal & Mining Co. 

Whitley Coal Co 

East Tennessee Coal Co 

Pine Knot Coal Co 

Mt. Morgan Coal Co 

Main Jellico Mountain Coal Co. 

Jellico Mining Co 

Procter Coal Co 

Bryant Bros 



Flat Rock, Pulaski county . 
Greenwood Pulaski county 
DeKoven, Union county . 
Sturgis, Union county ... 
Sturgis, Union county ... 
Uniontown, Union county 
Uniontown, Union county 
Providence, Webster county 
Providence, Webster county 
Sebree, Webster county ... 
Wheatcroft, Webster county. 
Halsey, Whitley county ... 
Jellico, Tenn., Webster Co. 
S'trunk, Whitley county .. 
Williamsburg, Whitley Co. 
Kensee, Whitley county ... 
Mt. Ash, Whitley county . 
Red Ash, Whitley county . 
Pine Knot, Whitley county 



Drift. 



Slope. 



Shaft. 



Slope. 
Shaft. 
Drift. 



Several companies have made new openings in connection with 
their mines, and in some cases have provided separate ventilation, 
as in case of extending an entry through one hill to daylight, and 
on into a second or third hill, as has been done at St. Charles, but 
all such are not designated as new mines, but are rightfully re- 
garded as mere extensions of the old mine. 



468 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



SHA.FT MINES. 



The following list contains the names, location and depth of the 
several shaft mines of the State: 



Name 

Empire 

Kaukin 

Henderson 

Tcoples ...: 

Corydon 

Basket 

Monarch 

Reinecke 

Island 

Central 

Memphis 

Pierce 

Hillside 

Ofskland ' 

Towderly 

Bevier \ 

Echols 

Dean 

Tradewater 

Davidson 

American 

Sebree 

Providence 



County 



Depth 



Christian 
Henderson 



Hopkins . 

McLean . 
Muhlenben 



Ohio 



Union 



Webster 



54 feet. 

50 
ISO 
185 
185 
135 
265 
300 

75 
200 

40 
132 

60 

70 

60 

68 

65 

75 
185 
200 
185 
175 

SO 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 469 



NEW MINES. 



A number of new coal mines, of the commercial class, were 
opened during the year. They are located in different sections of 
the State, and vary in capacity and extent of development, as well 
as in the character and value of their equipments and probable 
duration. A list and brief description of each are now given, tak- 
ing the counties in alphabetical order. 

BELL COUNTY. 

The Tuckehoe Coal Co. opened a new mine, on the line of the L. 
& N. railroad, at Four Mile. The mine is entered by a slope, with a 
23 degree pitch and 170 feet long, and it is located in a seam that 
lies 120 feet below the one previously worked. The seam, as de- 
veloped, is from 24 to 27 inches thick, but different test holes give 
from 34 to 38 inches. The product will be marketed as ''Tuckehoe 
Coal." 

The coal contains neither sulphur, slate nor bone, and is, in fact, 
quite free from all impurities, as is shown by the following analy- 
sis: 

Volatile combustible matters? 41.0 per cent. 

Fixed carbon 54.3 " 

Ash 4.7 

Moisture, trace 

Sulphur, trace 



Total 100. percent. 

The mine is to be equipped with an electric mining and haulage 
plant, of the Link Belt type, and which is to be installed by the Good- 
man Manufacturing Co., of Chicago, 111. A 200 H.-P. engine will 
be used to run a 100 K. W. Link Belt generator, which is to oper- 
ate two mining machines, and have enough reserve power for mine 
haulage, and to run additional machines as they may be needed. 

The coal will be hoisted by a 40 H. P. steam engine. The mine 
will be worked on the "Long Wall" system. Two machines, one a 
Breast Chain and the other a "Long Wall," have already been in- 



470 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

stalled, and others are to be added when made necessary by the pro- 
gress of the work. 

BREATHITT COUNTY. 

During the summer months, Dudley, Shelby & Co. opened a new 
drift, at Jackson, which lies just across the hollow west of the old 
mine. About October 1st, they sold their interest in the mine to 
the "Kentucky Union Co.," that leased it to R. T. Davis, who has 
been operating it until the present time. The mine has been 
equipped with revolving screens, and a new furnace has been built. 
It is estimated to run fifteen years. During December, fifty men 
were employed and 1,750 tons of coal were produced. 

DAVIESS COUNTY. 

The New Holland Coal Co. abandoned its old mine, but opened 
a new one, which is located but a short distance from the old one. 
The vein worked is No. 9, and is 4% feet thick. The mine has been 
equipped with a new pumping plant, and a new hoisting engine 
and boiler, at a cost of |2,000. The company estimates a run of 
25 years. 

JOHNSON COUNTY. 

Conspicuous among the new mines of the year is the one recently 
opened by the White House Cannel Coal Co., in a 11-foot bitumi- 
nous coal vein on White House creek. This vein is by far the 
thickest of any that has ever been developed in this State, and the 
progress of the work will be watched with unusual interest. 

The vein is 14 feet thick, but it contains several partings of clay 
and slate. The position, character and thickness of the several 
partings are as follows: The bottom coal seam is 8 inches thick. 
This is overlaid with 18 inches of clay. Then comes in regular 
order, coal, 12 inches; clay, 2 inches; coal, 22 inches; slate, 6 inches; 
coal, 44 inches; slate, 6 inches; coal, 6 inches; slate, 6 inches, and 
top coal 38 inches. The roof is first a shaly sandstone, over which 
lies a massive sandstone. 

This vein is described as "12-foot coal," by Prof. C. Newton 
Brown, an eminent geologist and engineer, of the Ohio State Uni- 
versity, in a report made by him in January, 1900, to the Chief En- 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 47 L 

gineer of the War Department at Washington, D. C, of the work 
done by him towards ascertaining the mineral wealtli of the Big 
Sand3' valley. 

The survey was made carrying out a recent act of Congress ap- 
propriating money for the improvement of the Big Sandy river. 

The report, on account of the high standing of its author, and 
the character of the work on which it is based, is highly authentic, 
and is quite a valuable contribution to the geological literature of 
the State. It was issued by the House of Representatives, of the 
Fifty-sixth Congress, 1st session, in the form of "Document No.^ 
326,"' a portion of which will be found in another part of this re- 
port under the head of ''The Big Sandy Valley." 

In a communication to this office from Col. Jay H. Northup, gen- 
eral superintendent of the mine, of date, December 6, 1900, I wa& 
informed that the mine was opened sufficiently to produce 250 ton& 
of coal per day, and that it would be in full operation by January 
of the present year. In order to get shipment for the coal, a 
branch railroad nearly two miles long has been built connecting 
the tipple with the White House branch of the Chesapeake & 
Ohio railroad. The mine, as at present developed, rests on the IS 
inches of clay named above, and everything is taken out until the 
38 inch coal at the top is reached. This makes a solid excavation 
of 8 2-3 feet, of which 7 feet are coal and 1 2-3 feet are clay and 
elate. After completing the mine on this plan, it is the intention 
of the managers to let down the top vein, commencing at the ex- 
treme head workings, and drawing back towards the mouth of the 
mine. This plan is deemed to be the most practical, and is, in fact, 
much the safest, and the most economical one that can be adopted, 
because of the great difficulty and cost, and the dangers attending 
an attempt to hold the roof, if all the excavations should be made 
at one time. 

The mine will have furnace ventilation. Up to January Ist^ 
about 4,000 tons of coal had been mined and stocked along the line 
of the tramway waiting the completion of the same. The coal is 
said to be of superior quality. It is hard and firm and burns inta 
a very clean, white ash, and it leaves but little, if any, clinker, 
which indicates the entire absence of sulphur. 



472 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

KNOX COUNTY. 

One of the most prominent new mines of the year is the "Knox 
Gem," at Barboursville, owned and operated b^- the Knox Gem 
Coal Co., W. G. Freeman, president ; B. Moore, secretary and treas- 
urer, and B. R. Hutchcraft, general manager. The company was 
incorporated April 23, 1900, and active work towards tlie develop- 
ment of the mine was commenced about April 2Gth. Sufficient entry 
work had been driven by the middle of December to employ 70 
miners. 

The mine is a drift, and is located in what is known as the 
"Knox Gem" vein, which is from 26 to 30 inches thick. It has fur- 
nace ventilation. 

No analysis of the coal has been made, but it is represented to 
be much like the Birdeye cannel at the Halsey mine. It is said to 
be much harder than the Jellico and Laurel county coals, and it 
mines easily in large blocks. In burning it makes a bright, long 
flame and leaves no clinker and as little ashes as wood. The coal 
contains no sulphur or other impurity and has no partings nor 
sandbands. 

The entire plant, in construction and equipments, up to Decem- 
ber 10, 1900, though still unfinished, had cost the sum of |20,000. 
A further mention of the enterprise will be found under the head 
of "Mine Improvements." 

GRAY'S MINE. 

During the fall months another mine was opened on the line of 
the L. & N. railroad, about one and one-half miles east of the town 
of Gray, by Mrs. Sarah M. Gray, who is operating under the name 
of "The North Point Jellico Coal Co." About thirty miners are em- 
ployed, and 1,948 tons of coal were produced by the end of the 
year. The vein worked is about i feet thick, and contains, in the 
middle, a layer of cannel coal 8 or 9 inches thick. It is expected 
during the present year to reach a daily output of 200 tons. 

The mine is connected with the railroad by a tramroad nbout 
one mile long, and an incline 525 feet long. At the close of the 
year the mine entry had been driven about 150 feet, and the cross 
entries about 300 feet. The old mine, heretofore worked by this 
company and known as the West Jellico or North Point, has been 
abandoned. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture, 473 

LAUREL COUNTY. 

The Manchester Coal Co. opened a new drift on the right of the 
railroad, near the former workings, which are now abandoned. 

LAWRENCE COUNTY. 

The Peach Orchard Coal Co. opened a new mine in the same hill 
as the Annie mine and some distance south of it, and at the close 
of the year were employing about 25 men in its operation. About 800 
feet of the main entry had been driven and some cross entries had 
been turned. The tipple is at the foot of an incline, in a hollow 
about one hundred feet below the mouth of the mine. The opening 
of the mine and its equipment with tipple, switches and incline, 
cost about 15,000. 

MORGAN COUNTY. 

The present year will add Morgan to the list of coal producing 
counties and enlarge the work of this ofiQce so as to embrace that 
territory. 

Though known to be specially rich in cannel coal and timber, no 
effort has heretofore been made to utilize them, because, having 
no transportation, that section has been shut out from the mar- 
kets of the countr}', and its vast mineral wealth has remained 
almost entirely undeveloped. But this difficulty will shortly be 
overcome by the building of that section of the Ohio and Ken- 
tucky railroad that lies between Jackson in Breathitt county and 
Caney in Morgan county, a distance of about 27 miles. The road 
connects with the Lexington & Eastern, at a point about one mile 
below Jackson, and will be operated in connection with the latter 
road. The road would have been completed and fully equipped 
for operation by the early spring of the present ^'ear, but for the 
washing away of the river span of the railroad bridge that crosses 
the north fork of the Kentucky river by the high waters of Decem- 
ber last year. This accident caused heavy loss and a great delay 
in the completion of the enterprise. A contract for the building 
of a new bridge has been awarded, but it will probably be Sep- 
tember 1st before it will be finished. 



474 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

MUHLENBERG COUNTY. 

The W. G. Duncan Coal Co., of which W. G. Duncan is president, 
has opened a new mine on the Illinois Central railroad, at Luzerne, 
in No. 9 coal vein. None of the particulars have been received, 
•except that the mine will be very extensive and well equipped and 
that the first shipment of coal was expected to be made about 
March 1st of the present year. An extended report of this mine 
will be given in the next annual report of this office. 

PULASKI COUNTY. 

A new mine was opened near Parker's Lake by the Paris Coal 
Co., a co-operative company composed of nine persons. H. P. 
Souleyret is general manager and superintendent and M. E. Que- 
non, secretary and treasurer. The vein worked is 25 inches thick, 
and there is a mining area of 40 acres in connection with the mine. 
The first shipment of coal was made in August. 

FLAT ROCK. 

A new mine was also opened at Flat Rock by the Cumberland 
Coal Co.; R. A. Williams, general manager. The vein worked is 
34 inches thick, and the company estimates a five years' run before 
exhausting the mine. The first output was made in November, 
when an average of 40 men were employed and 653 tons were pro- 
duced. 

UNION COUNTY. 

Early in the year a new mine was opened by the Illinois Power 
Co., in No. 11 coal vein, near Uniontown. On June 1, 1900, the 
property passed into the hands of the American Coal & Iron Co.; 
A. W. Voegtly, president and R. A. Brashear, secretary and treas- 
urer. 

The mine is a shaft 185 feet deep, and is ventilated by a fan 
which is run as a down-cast. The company reports no production 
of coal; however, it did supply a small wagon trade. The vein is 
five feet thick, and the company has an area of 1,500 acres. An 
average force of 12 men in June, which increased to 40 men in 
December, were employed, principally in opening up the mine pre- 
paratory to a general run of coal, which is expected to be made 
-during 1901. The top is solid limestone which dispenses entirely 
with need" of props. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 47,& 

WEBSTER COUNTY. 

A new mine was opened at Wheatcroft, a new town on the Ken- 
tucky Western railway, by the W^heatcroft Coal & Mining Co. The 
mine is a drift and has been run for a number of years as a small 
country bank, and the coal has been hauled in all directions for a 
radius of many miles, on account of its superior quality for black- 
smithing and domestic purposes. The vein worked is No. 11, and 
is about 6 feet thick, and is shown throughout the section as the 
"Rock Spring" or '^Cullen" coal. The company reports that it has 
had a sample car of the coal coked in Chicago with excellent re- 
sults, and it anticipates the establishment of an extensive coking 
plant at an early date. 

The Kentucky Western railway extends from Dixon, the county 
seat of Webster county, to Blackford where connection is made 
with the Ohio Valley division of the Illinois Central railroad. The 
intermediate stations are Wheatcroft, Clay, Lisman and West 
Vandersburg. The building of this road will most likely cause the 
development of a number of new mines, as it passes through a rich 
coal territory. 

The first mining at Wheatcroft by the new company was done in 
September, when an average of 12 men were employed for 18 days, 
and 901 tons of coal were produced. The entire production of the 
year was 3,772 tons. 



REOPENED MINES. 



BEAVER MINES. 

R. S. Crawford & Co., postoflflce. Greenwood, during the year did 
a great amount of work towards repairing and reopening the 
above-named mine that has been idle and unproductive for several 
years past, but up to the close of the year no coal had been pro- 
duced, nor does it appear when active operations will begin. 

DEAN MINE. 

The above named mine, located at Halsey, and which has been 
idle for some years, was reopened during the year by the Whitley 
Coal Co., and is being operated in connection with the other mine» 
of the company at that place. 



47f5 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



GENERAL STATISTICS. 



OUTPUT. 

(In tons of 2,000 pounds.) 

The coal production of all the commercial mines of the State for 
the year 1900, is much the largest in its history, reaching 5,020,675 
tons as compared to 4,505,439 tons produced during 1899. A few 
of the counties, because of strikes or other local hindrances, sus- 
tained small losses, or show but slight gains, but as a whole every 
section of the State contributed to the material increase of the 
year, and advance reports from various counties indicate still 
greater prosperity in the future. 

The significance of this gain of 515,236 tons is made more promi- 
nent when in connection with it we consider the further facts that 
the production of 1897 was 120,574 tons greater than that of 1896, 
and that the production of 1898 was 238,078 tons greater than that 
of 1897, and that the production of 1899 was 963,306 tons greater 
than that of 1898. The tonnage of 1896 was only 3,183,497 tons. 
This is 1,837,196 tons less than that of 1900, and represents a gain 
of 57.7 per cent in the four years of department work under the 
supervision of the present officials of this office. These constant 
and rapid gains must be gratifying to an interested public as well 
as TO all branches of the mining industry, and are especially so to 
the incumbents of this office, who feel themselves entitled to some 
share of the praise for the wonderful advancements made, but 
they are content to submit the records of the department while 
under their jurisdiction to the impartial judgment of an honest 
constituency, and abide their verdict, and they accord to both 
operators and miners the full honors due them for their part in 
bringing about the general success of the period mentioned. 

The production of the year would have been perceptibly larger 
but for strikes and consequent suspensions in several counties of 
the Western and Southeastern districts, as is detailed in another 
chapter of this report. 

It is well to note that the increase of the year did not come from 
an Increased number of producing mines, nor from any material 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



477 



increase in the number of employes engaged, but mainly from bet- 
ter and enlarged mining facilities, and more constant work than 
in former years. All in all, it is good to know that this, the great- 
est industry of the State, is permanently established, and is yearly 
increasing in value, and more and more stimulating every trade in- 
terest of the State, and adding its thousands of blessings to the 
home life of its people. 

Then the capacity of these mines should not be m«;asured from 
the present output, as they are capable of still greater develop- 
ment and output, as such would be the natural result of working 
fuller time and larger force, and of the extension to other mines 
of improved methods for mining, and of their increase in mines 
where now established. Then as we consider the extent and pos- 
sibilities of the great coal fields lying in our Western district, and 
along our eastern and southeastern borders, yet untouched and 
shut off from the markets of the country, mainly from lack of 
transportation facilities, we become amazed and lost in immensity 
of thought as we try to compass their magnitude, and we wonder 
what the results shall be when all these vast treasures are un- 
covered and emptied into the many avenues of commerce. And 
here I pause to say that it may be well after all that so many of 
these mountains and valleys have not been robbed of their rich de- 
posits, but are left to give employment and subsistence to the gen- 
erations that are to come after us, as the greed of the present gen- 
eratiop would absorb the whole earth if obtainable and possible. 

We now give the per cent, of increase in production over 1899, 
in all counties producing over 100,000 tons: 



County 


Per Cent. Gain 


County 


Per Cent. Gain 


Bell .. . 


54.4 
3.9 

30.0 
2.6 


Ki ox 


27.7 


Beyd . . ...... 


rjfiurel 


14.8 




Ohio 


3.8 






42.5 




6.9 


\Vhitlev 


11.0 









478 



Fowteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 
PRODUCTIONS BY DISTRICTS. 



In the following tables of output, comparisoniB are made with 
that of 1899: 



District 


Tons, 899 


Tons, 1900 


Tons, Gain 


Per Ct. Gain 




2,740,564.72 

1,355,878.24 

408,995.98 


2,933,398.14 

1,604,531.97 

482,745.00 


192,833.42 

248,653.73 

73,749.02 


7.04 


Southeastern 


18.30 


Northeastern 


18.10 






Totals 


4,505,438.94 


5,020,675.11 


515,236.17 









The per cent, of gain in 1899 over 1898, was : 



Western District 32.2 per cent. 

Southeastern District 20.6 per cent. 

Northeastern District 16.6 per cent. 



PRODUCTION BY COUNTIES. 



County 



Tons, 1899 



Tons, 1900 



Gain 



Loss 



Bell 

Boyd 

Breathitt . 

Butler 

Carter . . . 
Cliristian 
Daviess .. 
Hancock . 
Henderson 
Hopkins . . 
Johnson . . 

Knox 

Laurel 
Lawrence 

Lee 

McLean . . , 
Muhlenberg 

Ohio 

I'ulaski 
Union . . . . 
Webster . , 
Whitley . . 

Totals 



132, 

159, 

15, 

33, 

166, 

65, 



124, 
1,265, 

11, 
244, 
314, 

49, 
6, 

28, 
414, 
515, 
102, 
167, 
107, 
561, 



673.94 
421.40 
699.64 
435.12 
129.14 
699.10 
617.00 
158.96 
404.80 
706.66 
380.59 
090.56 
994.13 
418.20 
947.01 
795.88 
846.34 
867.00 
288.53 
789.13 
244.73 
.831.08 



204,954 

165,703 

16,416 

30,788 

215,826 

82,663 

10,872 

5,869 

127,705 

1,353,740 

15,635 

311,698 

361,639 

55,566 

13,604 

31,316 

409,581 

535,700 

102,414 

239,091 

106,177 

623,729 



72,280 

6,282 

716 



49,697 
16,964 
2,255 



3,330 

88,033 

5,^4 

67,607 

46,635 

6,148 

6,657 

3,520 



19,833 

125 

71,302 



61,898 



2,647 



2,290 



5,265 



1,068 



4,505,438.94 



5,020,675 



526,506 



11,270 



Net gain 1900, 515,236 tons. 

In the above, as in the following tables, fractions of tons are 
discarded. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



479 



PRODUCTION BY YEARS. 



The following table shows the tonnage of bituminous and cannel 
coal, and the total production each year since January 1, 1888: 



Year 


Bituminous 


Cannel 


Total 


1888 


2,342,058 
2,205,434 
2,483,144 
2,907,096 
2,973,455 
3,258,712 
2,899,692 
3,138,023 
3,128,818 
3,247,542 
3,492,243 
4,469,100 
4,991,205* 


42,835 
40,285 
49,382 
43,040 
53,842 
43,538 
57,503 
69,747 
54,660 
56,511 
49,889 
36,339 
29,470 


2,384,893 


1889 


2,246,259 


1890 


2,532,526 


1S91 


2,950,136 


1892 


3,027,297 


1S93 


3,302,250 


1S94 


2,957,195 


1S95 


3,207,770 


1896 


3,182,478 


1897 


3,304,058 


1898 


3,542,132 


1899 


4,505,439 


1900 


5,020,675 







PRODUCTION OF LEADING MINES. 

The following table contains the name, location and output of 
all mines producing more than 50,000 tons, in the order of their 
production in 1900, counting all contiguous mines operated by the 
same company and using the same tipple, like the St. Charles, 
North Jellico and Procter mines, as only one mine. The list has 
grown from 35 in 1899 to 43 in 1900: 



Mine 



County 



1899 



1900 



Eelnecke 

North Jellico 

Earlington, No. 9 

St. Charles 

Earlington No. 11 

Tsylor 

Diamond 

Arnold 

Render 

Proctor 

Rush No. 10 

MoHenry 

Grinstead 

National 

Kensee 

■Crabtree 



Ohio county 

Hopkins county 



Hopkins county ) 107,905 

Knox county | 202,340 

Hopkins county 222,410 

I 141,276 

140,176 

124,704 

169,355 

55,557 

102,737 

106,079 

18,147 

101,813 

92,855 

40,764 

86,792 

76,794 



Ohio county . . . 
Whitley county 
Carter county . 
Ohio county ... 
Whitley county 

Bell county 

Whitley county 
Hopkins county 



235,105 

217,987 

182,469 

148,323 

142,990 

130,273 

129,465 

125,867 

111,231 

110,299 

105,733 

101,321 

96,699 

95,606 

94,787 

91,020 



480 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture, 
PRODUCTION OF LEADING MINES-Continued, 



Mine 



Mt. Morgan ... 
Tradewater ... 

Central 

Empire 

Monarch 

Hecla 

Rush No. 6 

Mt. Ash 

Echols 

Providence 

Cumberland 

DeKoven 

Pineville 

Barren Pork . . 

Biirnsley 

East Tenn 

John "Wurts ... 

Laurel 

Crescent 

Williams 

Pitman , 

Basket 

New Diamond 
Peach Orchard 
Black Diamond 

Pcwderly 

Bevier 



County 



Whitley county .., 

Union county 

Muhlenberg county 
Christian county .. 
Hopkins county .. 

Boyd county 

Wliitley 

Ohio 

Webster 

Union 

Bell 

I'ulaski 

Hopkins 

Whitley 

Boyd 

Laurel 

Muhlenberg 

Ohio 

Ijaurel 

Henderson 

r^aured 

lyawrence 

jNTuhlenberg 



1899 



50,582 
79,180 

130,805 
&5,699 
64,269 
62,088 

107,861 
71,822 
76,549 
67,030 
70,247 
11,716 
47,546 
67,606 
51,662 
61,188 
50,050 
46,166 
66,427 
55,476 
62,627 
64,290 
20,877 
46,846 
53,072 
40,368 
37,431 



1900 



89,964 
99,398. 
86,261 
82,663 
79,309 
79,101 
78,961 
77,509 
76,789 
76,416 
72,392. 
71,368 
70,915 
64,802 
63,927. 
63,154 
62,349 
61,362 
61,228 
60,086 
59,353 
56,574 
55,517 
54,539 
54,224 
52,863 
52,030 



The noted changes in the order of the list are in the first and 
the third named in the list. Reinecke mine, the third in the 1899 
list, has forced itself to the first place in 1900, and Earlington No. 
9, the first in the list of 1899, has dropped back to third place in 
1900. North Jellico mine maintains second place, the same as in 
1899. There were material changes also in the output and order 
of other mines named on the list, as can be easily seen from an ex- 
amination of the output of each year. 



PRODUCTION OF CANNEL. 

The entire production of cannel coal for 1900 was 29,471 tons, a 
decrease as compared to 1899, of 7,168 tons. This is the least pro- 
duction of any one year of which this ofnce has a record, and it ia 
attributed to a less number of active mines. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



481 



The Mary Hull mine, Bell county, has been idle all the year 
though it added 11,049 tons to the output of 1899. The mine at 
White House is also practically exhausted. 

I think it probable that 1901 will show a material increase in 
this product from the fact that districts in Morgan county will be 
entered by September, and another new mine be opened in Bell 
county. 

The following table shows the tonnage of each county: 



County 

Bell 

Carter 

Johnson 

Whitley 

Totals 



1899 



16, OSS 
3,881 

11,266 
5,454 



36,639 



1900 



5,666 
6,334 
14,538 
2,933 



29,471 



Gain 



2,453 
3,272 



5,725 



Loss 



10,372 
2,521 



12,893 



Net loss, 7,168 tons. 



The following table shows the output of each mine that con- 
tributed to the year's output, together with the name of the 
county where located, also the postofiSce of each of the mines: 



Mine 



Postoffice and County 



Pineville Plneville, Bell county .. 

Boghead I Grayson, Carter county 

Whitehouse ; Louisa, Johnson county 

Gieasy Creek |Eliza, Johnson county .. 

Birdeye ...jHalsey, Whitley county 



Tons 



5,666 
6,334 
3,872 
10,666 
2,933 



Total 



29,471 



The name of the several companies operating the above mines 
can be found in the chapter on "Notes on the Mines" in connection 
with the comments on the said mines. 



16 



482 



Fowteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



PRODUCTION OF COKE. 

The coke production of the year is a marked increase over that 
of 1809, but the increase comes mainly from one plant in Bell 
county. Better prices have been realized than last year. The St. 
Bernard Coal Co. reports the price at |1.926 per ton, whereas the 
1899 product was sold for |.1425. 

The following table shows the tonnage for the several plants. 
and the names of the counties where located, and the names of 
the companies operating them. 



Company 


PostofRce 


County 


Tons, 1899 


Tons, 1900 


Sr. Bernard Coal Co 

Ol'io Valley C. & M. ^Co. 
Pineville Coal Co 


Earlington 

DeKoven 

Pineville 

Straiglit Creek.. 




35,437 

364 

5,400 

14,379 


34,571 


Union 


2,293 


Bell 


3,984 




Bell 


32,127 








Totals 


55,580 


72,975 







Gain over 1899, 17,395 tons. 



LEGAL WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 



Sec. 4821 Kentucky Statutes. Bushel— Weights of different ar- 
ticles. The following weights shall constitute a bushel of each 
article names respectively: 



Wheat 60 lbs. 

Shelled corn 56 " 

-Corn In the ear, 70 lbs. from the first 
^of November to the first of May fol- 
llowing. and from first of May to 

•the first of November following — 68 " 

Rye 56 " 

Oats, shelled 32 " 

Barley 47 " 

Irish potatoes 60 " 

Sweet potatoes 55 " 

White beans 60 " 

Castor beans 45 " 

Clover seed 60 " 

Timothy seed 45 " 

Flax seed 56 " 

MUlet seed 50 " 

Peas 60 " 



Buckwheat 56 lbs. 

Dried apples 24 " 

Dried peaches 39 " 

Onions 57 " 

Bottom on'on sets 36 " 

Salt 50 " 

•Stone coal 76 " 

Bran 20 " 

Plastering hair 8 " 

Turnips 60 " 

Unslaked lime 35 " 

Corn meal 50 " 

Fine salt 55 " 

Hungarian grass seed 50 " 

Ground peas 24 " 

Orchard grass seed 14 " 

English bluegrass seed 14 " 

flemp seed 44 " 



Blue grass seed 14 " | 

Sec. 4S-2. Irish Potatoes— Pounds to barrel. One hundred and sixty pounds, net, •f 
• Irish potatoes shall constitute a merchantable barrel. 
■♦The term "coal" includes anthracite, bituminous and other mineral coal. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



48r 



THE STATE'S POPULATION. 

The population of Kentucky, by counties, has been announced 
by the Census Bureau. The popuhition for the entire State is 
2,147,174, an increase of 15.5 per cent, since 1890. The increase 
froui 1880 to I.SOO was 12.7 per cent. 



POPULATION BY COUNTIES. 



1900 

Adair 14,888 

Allen 14,657 

Auderson 10,051 

Ballard 10,761 

Barren 23,197 

Bath 14,734 

Bell 15,701 

Boone 11,170 

Bourbon 18,069 

Boyd 18,834 

Boyle 13,817 

Bracken 12,137 

Breathitt 14,322 

Breckinridge 20,534 

Bullitt 9,602 

Butler 15,896 

Caldwell 14,510 

C'Ello-svay 17,633 

Ccmpbell 54,223 

Carlisle 10,195 

Carroll 9.825 

Carter 20,228 

Casey 15,144 

Christian 37,962 

Clark 16,694 

Clay 15,364 

Clinton 7,871 

Crittenden 15,191 

Cumberland 8.962 

Daviess 37,667 

Edmonson 10,080 

Elliott 10,387 

Estill 11,669 

Fayette 42,071 

Fleming 17,074 

Floyd 15,552 

Franklin 20,852 

Fulton 11,546 

Gallatin 5.163 

Garrard 12,142 

Grant 13,239 

Grayson 19,878 

Green 12,255 

Greenup 15,432 



1890 : 1900 1890 

13,72liGrayes 33,204 28,534 

13,691 1 fclardin 22,837 21,304 

10,010 [larlan 9,378 6,197 

8,399! Harrison 19,838 16,914 

21,49o| Hancock 8,914 9,214 

12,813|n:art 18,390 16,439 

10,312 Henderson 32,907 29,538 

12,246 Henry 14,620 14,164 

16,976 Hickman ' 11,745 11,637 

14,038 Hopkins 30,995 23,505 

12,948 lackson 10,561 8,261 

12,369 ! icff erson 232,549 188,598 

8,705 ifessamine 11,925 11,248 

18,916; fohnson 13,730 11,027 

8,291{!:<:enton 63,591 54,161 

13,956iKnott 8,704 5,438 

13,186 Knox 17,372 13,762 

14,675 C.arue 10,764 9,433 

44,208 Laurel ' 17,592 13,747 

7,612 Lawrence 19,612 17.702 

9,266 Lee 7,988 6,295 

17,208 Leslie 6,753 3,964 

11,814 r^etcher 9,172 6,920 

34,148 Lewis 17,868 14.808 

15,434 1 Lincoln 17,059 15,962 

12,447, Livingston 11,354 9,474 

7,047!Logan 25,904 23,812 

13,119 Lyon 9,319 7,628 

8,452|McCracken 28,733 21,051 

33,120; VIcLean 12,448 9,887 

8,005: Madison 25,607 24,348 

9,214|Magoffln 12,006 9,198 

10,806' Marion 16,296 15,648 

35,698: Marshall 13,692 11,287 

16,078; Martin 7,580 4,209 

ll,256!Muson 20,446 20,775 

21,267 Meade 10,533 9,484 

10,005 Menifee 6,818 4,668 

4,611 Mercer 14,426 15,034 

11,138 Metcalfe 9.988 9,871 

42,671 ' Monroe 13,053 10,989 

18,688 Montgomery 12,834 12,367 

11,463 Morgan 12,792 11,279 

ll,91ll Muhlenberg 20,741 17,955 



484 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



POPULATION BY COUNTIES— Continued. 



1900 

Nelson 16,587 

Nicholas 11.952 

Ohio 27,287 

Oldham 7,078 

Owen 17,553 

Owsley 6,874 

Pendleton 14,947 

Perry 8,276 

Pike 22,686 

Powell 6,443 

Pulaski 31,293 

Robertson 4,900 

Rockcastle 12.416 

■Rowan 8,277 

Russell 9,695 

ficott 18,076 



1890 1900 1890 

16,417 Shelby 18,340 16,521 

10,764 Simpson 11,624 10,878 

22,916 Spencer 7,406 6,760 

6,754;Taylor 11,075 9,353 

17,676JTodd 17,371 16,814 

5,975!Trigg 14,073 13,902 

16,340 Trimble 7,272 7,140 

6,331 Union 21,326 18,229 

17,378 Warren 29,970 30,158 

4,698 Washington 14,182 13,622 

25,738 VV^ayne 14,892 12,852 

4,618 Webster 20,097 17,198 

9,841 Whitley 25,015 17,590 

6,129 Wolfe 8,764 7,180 

8,136 Woodford 13,134 12,380 

16,546 



POPULATION OF 

1900 

Louisville 204,731 

CoTlngton 42,938 

Newport 28,301 

LeSington 26,369 

Paducah 19,446 



SOME OF THE LARGEST CITIES, 

1890 1900 1890] 

161,129. Owensboro 13,139 9,837 

37,371 Henderson 10,272 8,835 

24,918 Frankfort 9,487 7,892 

21,567 j Bowling Green 8,226 7,803 

12,797,FopkinsvHle 7,280 5,833 



THE FOLLOWING PLACES ARE INCORPORATED 
THAN 2,000 POPULATION. 



AND HAVE MORE 



1900 1S90 

Ashland 6,800 4,195 

Eellevue 6,332 3,163 

Carrollton 2,205 1,720 

Catlettsburg 3,081 1,374 

Central Covington .... 2,155 981 

Cynthiana 3,257 3,016 

Danville 4,285 3,766 

Dayton 6,104 4,264 

Earllngton 3,012 1,748 

Franklin 2,146 2,324 

Pulton 2,860 1,818 

Georgetown 3,823 • .... 

Glasgow 2,019 2,051 

Harrodshurg 2,876 3,230 

Lebanon 3,043 2,816 

Ludlow 3,334 2,469 



1900 1890 

Madisonville 3,628 2,212 

Mayfield 4,081 2,909 

Maysville 6,423 5,358 

Middlesboro 4,162 3,271 

Morganfield 2,046 1,094 

Mt. Sterling 3,561 3,629 

Nicholasville 2,393 2,157 

Paris 4,603 4,21>J 

Pineville 2,072 *.... 

Princeton 2,556 1,857 

Richmond 4,653 4,753 

Russellville 2,591 2.253 

Shelbyville 3,016 2,679 

Somerset 3,384 2,625 

Versailles 2,337 *.... 

Winchester 5,964 4,579 



►Not reported separately In 1890. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



485 



KENTUCKY TOBACCO CROPS. 

•Classification of 1900, 1899 and 1898 Crops by Types and Growing 

Districts. 



By Courtesy of Western Tobacco Journal, Cincinnati, Ohio. 



PADUCAH DISTRICT— (Dark Type.) 

1900 Crop 1899 Crop 1898 Crop 

•Counties Pounds Pounds Pourids 

McCracken 11,444,877 11,386,733 1,715,598 

Marshall 2,826,020 2,122,300 3,457,750 

Ballard 1,476,280 3,570,378 5,025,691 

Carlisle 977,700 999,900 1,000 

Graves t6,000,000 15,565,150 6,164,000 

Cf.lloway tl,517,000 tl.702,000 1,855,130 

Hickman 970,200 978,182 1,376,000 

Pulton 510,350 369,700 434,500 

I-iTingston 692,000 422,600 965,455 

Totals 16,414,427 17,116,943 20,995,144 

tEstimated. 

CLARKSVILLE DISTRICT— (Dark Type.) 

Christian tH.OOO.OOO 7,402,120 12,152,603 

Trigg 4,068,800 4,193,639 5,100,706 

Todd 2,766,500 2,242,500 3,664,&0O 

Logan 7,128,900 5,819,500 7,010,050 

Simpson 1,062,400 750,150 1,202,500 

Allen 709,383 418,296 641,863 

Totals 26,735,983 20,826,205 29,772,322 

tEstimated. 

UPPER GREEN RIVER DISTRICTS'— 
(Dark Type.) 

r,yon 2,972,900 11,940,631 2,816,300 

Caldwell 4.340,545 3,320,610 15,090,855 

Warren 1,873,141 1,606,245 1,920,234 

Barren 825,949 1,164,601 2,449,370 

Hart .tl,550,000 1,342.183 2,444,795 

Mead© 60,400 33,925 183,212 

Grayson 1.057,839 165,300 196,744 

Eutler 229,001 149,015 328,456 

Adair 487,153 299,202 539,369 

Hardin ' 4,484 89,100 176,495 

Edmonson 142,650 62,678 241,491 

Lerue 134,300 91,700 225,300 

Green 236,000 704,729 966,293 

Metcalfe 1,119,670 585,475 999,447 

Marlon 260,450 134,300 214,850 

Ts<yIor 512,480 378,030 657,870 

CiiUltt 111,300 13,500 22,100 

Jefferson 125,000 20,450 18,000 

Totals 15,943,262 12,101,674 29,471,613 

tEstimated. 



STEMMING DISTRICTS AND GREEN 
RIVER— (Dark Type.) 

1900 Crop lb99Crop 1898 Crop 

Counties Pounds Pounds Pounds 

Henderson 7,486,270 8,978,600 9,317,120 

Union 3,202,5001 3,088,370 3,469,050 

Daviess 7,760,700 9,672,490 10,618,525 

Crittenden .... 2,140,600 1,745,800 2,296,980 

Breckinridge .. 4,121,065 2,857,575 3,685,730 

Ohio 3,828,988 4,700,638 4,826,928 

Hancock t2,187,080 2,617,850 2,645,630 

McLean 3,001,650 4,282,700 4,649,300 

^V•ebster 3,634,800 3,675,850 6,988,550 

Muhlenberg ... 1,701,700 1,740,742 1,997,850 

Hopkins 5,182,016 6,853,000 8,496,400 

Totals 44,247,369 50,213,615 58,992,063 

tEstimated. 

MOUNTAIN DISTRICT— (Unclassified.) 

Clinton t2,500 ,1,250 4,866 

Wayne 8,136 2,027 6,537 

Laiirel 23,172 9,661 9,736 

Vv^hitley . 6,021 6,581 5,187 

Knox t4,000 t4,961 1,250 

Clay 27,706 11,592 10,481 

P(rry 8,682 7,864 3,258 

Harlan t2,000 2,978 2,864 

Letcher 6,843 8,723 3,447 

Owsley 19,040 31,960 50,893 

Pieathitt 5,112 1,263 4,045 

Floyd t4,000 824 5,069 

Lell 10 17 15 

Bfyd , 851 3,178 1,605 

Estill 14,09i 2,978 1,990 

Knott 10,814 8,355 3,024 

Lee 10,030 6,788 25,014 

Leslie 3,232 6,112 4,815 

Magoffin 5,933 6,600 2,379 

JNfjirtin 8,925 10,893 6,310 

Mcnefee 10,050 23,850 17,295 

Pike 18.179 32,254 12,037 

Powell flO.OOO 11.270 9,400 

Rockcastle .... 6,705 1,140 4,644 

P.owan 600 2,255 12,467 

Wolfe 5,917 5,915 11,211 

Johnson 20,291 16,385 13,293 

Totals 243,760 227,964 233,134 

tEstimated. 



486 



Fourteenth Bieimial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



KENTUCKY TOBACCO CROPS— Continued. 



UPPER CUMBERLAND DISTR 


,ICTS- 




(Dark Type.) 






1900 Crop 


1899 Crop 


1898 Crop 


Counties 


Pounds 


Pounds 


Pounds 


Cnmberland , 


154,927 


88,167 


573,200 


Monroe 


69,000 


19,950 


162,500 


Russell 


61,471 


S7,8S6 


44,200 


Pulaski 


18,692 


13,129 


27,889 


Cssey 


. . . 210,850 


179,855 


228,380 


Lincoln , 


. . . 115,858 


115,100 


84,055 



Totals 620,798 454,087 1,120,224 

EASTERN KENTUCKY DISTRICT— 
(Burley Type.) 

Carter 

Greenup . . 
Jackson . . . 
Elliott .... 
Lawrence 
Morgan . . . 



BLUE GRASS 

Bourbon 

Fayette 

Woodford 

Clark 

Montgomery . . 

Bath 

JpBsamine 

Anderson 

Boyle 

Garrard 

Madison 

Mercer , 

Nelson 

Spencer 

Washington . . 



124,650 


497,060 


473,100 


2,558,725 


245,150 


339,212 


5,846 


15,414 


7,669 


12,226 


15,895 


63,381 


33,841 


22,525 


86,425 


9,445 


9,462 


37,075 


2,744,693 


800,556 


1,006,962 


DISTRICT-(Burley Type.) 


t3,250,000 


t2,048,005 


3,525,000 


2,767,700 


1,997,100 


2,792,300 


3,526,600 


2,571,135 


3,341,900 


3,381,400 


2,531,610 


2,996,812 


1,212,000 


165,600 


1,679,600 


670,200 


1,205,900 


892,400 


879,300 


786,650 


842,700 


1,533,300 


924,500 


1,268,300 


384,100 


192,400 


246,400 


169,900 


406,700 


834,071 


1,047,400 


1,822,010 


943,700 


838,500 


594,600 


613,500 


. 837,700 


555,500 


557,200 


35,000 


207,200 


809,800 


, 1,949,300 


1,021,735 


1,587,600 



PENDLETON COUNTY DISTRICT- 
(Burley Type.) 



1900 Crop 

Counties Pounds 

Oampbell ; tl50,000 

Kenton 942,600 

P.oone 2,680,400 

Grant 4,077,110 

Pendleton 4,674,100 

Harrison 4,369,595 



1899 Crop" 1898 Crop^ 
Pounds Pounds 



25,835 
414,500 
2,098,324 
3,094,400 
2,827,000 
1,716,805 



133,60(5 
621,500 
1,637,820 
3,522,050 
3,419,100 
3,936,320 



Totals 16,893,805 10,176,864 13,270,390 

^Estimated. 



OWEN COUNTY DISTRICT 
Type.) 

Gidlatin 926,330 

t:arrolI 2,739,550 

Owen 4,328,255 

Scott 5,309,925 

Franklin 1,528,100 

Henry 3,753,000 

Trimble 2,732,150 

Oldham 215,200 

Shelby 4,741,600 



-(Burley 



719,200 


747,400 


1,975,950 


2,236,000 


1,798,429 


3,738,675 


2,788,500 


4,386,225 


672,496 


1,951,650 


2,591,000 


2,659,000 


999,900 


534,000 


155,400 


139,800 


3,176,100 


3,764,000 



Totals 26,274,110 14,786,975 20,157,650 



MASON COUNTY DISTRICT— (Burley 
Type.) 

Mason 4,972,300 3,783,800 3,845,700 

Bracken 3,196,005 2,584,600 2,843,000 

r,owis 1,260,800 620,900 1,114,800 

Fleming tl,875,000 1,820,618 2,377,711 

Nicholas 3,407,700 1,792,700 2,429,400 

Robertson 1,993,000 1,227,100 1,820,900 



Totals 22,482,400 16,980,645 22,931,283 

tEstimated. 



Totals 16,704,803 

tEstimated. 



11,829,717 14,431,511 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



487 



RECAPITULATION. 



DARK DISTRICTS. 

1900 Crop 

Paducah 16,414,427 

Clarksville 26,735,983 

Stemming & Green Riv. 44,247,360 

Upper Green River 15,94^,262 

Upper Cumberland 620,798 



1899 Crop 
17,116,943 
20,826,203 
50,213,615 
12,101.671 
454,087 



1898 Crop 
20,995,144 
29,772,322 
58,992,066 
29,471,613 
1,120,224 



1897 Crop 
14,756,044 
14,564,141 
28,592,642 
8,000,087 
283,334 



1896 Crop 
12,429,280 
22,080,798 
36,788,898 
11,718,911 
763.538 



1895 Crop 
32,520,471 
35,618,718 
67,254,776 
22.685,926 
1.714,019 



Total Dark Crop ....103,961,839 100,711,524 140,351,366 66,196,248 83,781,425 159,793.921 



BURLEY DISTRICTS. 

1900 Crop 

Mason County 16,704,805 

Pendleton County 26,274,110 

Owen County 22,482,400 

Blue Grass 16,893,8(«, 

Eastern Kentucky 2,744,693 



1899 Crop 
11,829,715 
10,176,864 
14,786,975 
16,980,645 
800,506 



1898 Crop 
14,431,511 
13,270,390 
20,157,650 
22,931,283 
1,006,962 



1897 Crop 

9,063,565 

6,770,328 

13,175,088 

11,469,115 

485,663 



1896 Crop 
13,431,908 
11,474,717 
21,844,107 
20,098,104 
1,328,629 



1895 Crop 
13,919,363 

9,285,980 
22,936,779 
21.584.380 

2,228,873 



Total Burley Crop ..85,099,813 54,574,708 71,797,796 40,963,759 68,177,465 69,955,380 



Mountain (Unclassified). 243,760 



227,961 



233,134 



143,638 188,221 



269,081 



Total Crop of S'tate. 189,305,412 155,515,196 212,382.296 107,303,645 152,147,111 230,018,382 



KENTUCKY TOBACCO CROPS FOR THE PAST EIGHTEEN 

YEARS. 



1883 153,847,964 

1884 236,147,027 

1885 254,173,962 

1886 214,487,266 

1887 117,282,876 

1888 283,200,591 

18S9 164,811,966 

1890 166,811,966 

1891 183,038,432 



1892 172,061,273 

1893 ......,,..,,,,,,,,,.= ,,...203,301,034 

1894 198,795,996 

1895 230,018,382 

189« 152,147,111 

1897 107,303,645 

1898 212,382,296 

1899 155,515,136 

1900 180,345,327 



488 Fouiieetith Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



PURE FOOD LAW 

(Read at CarroUton, Ky. Farmers' Institute by Prof. R. M. Allen, of Experiment Stationj. 
A. and M. College, Lexington, Ky. 

The question of pure foods has become of national importance, 
President Roosevelt has written the Secretary of Agriculture to 
furnish him with all the* facts his department has on the subject 
in order to incorporate in his message to the coming Congress the 
necessity for immediate national legislation regarding the manu- 
facture and sale of foods. Most of the States have enacted some 
laws on this subject; all cities of importance have ordinances, en- 
forced by boards of health, regulating their markets, sales of 
meat and vegetables; the greater portion of the people are remov- 
ed from the immediate supplies of foods from the gardens and 
farms, and must depend upon the care and honesty of that portion 
of society whose time is given up to the production, preservation 
and sale of human foods and drinks; this business like all others- 
has been invaded by the counterfeiter, the cheapener and those, 
who without means or knowledge of methods, are greedy for the 
money profits made in the honest food industries. On the other 
hand, the producers of foods have extended and organized their 
industries to such a growth that they have become national in^ 
their work, and consequently a national law is needed to do away 
with local prejudices and to cause the manufactures to put in 
every market over the country as purely manufactured foods and' 
as honestly represented goods as the communities which have 
studied the subject more demand, and a national law patterned 
after the best present legislation is needed to and will unify the 
efforts of the different States for better foods. 

At the National Association of State Food and Dairy Depart- 
ments, the commissioners agreed that Kentucky had enacted the 
best food statute, and that some of its provisions and the rulings 
it authorizes will be incorporated in the national law. From this 
standpoint the Kentucky law should be interesting; but the adult- 
eration of foods seriously affects the agricultural interests of the 
country whose time and attention are engaged producing the 
various food products, and it is just that they should have the 
full profits of their labors by having the trade reputation of the 
honest products their toil has produced, recognized and protected 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 489 

(in the markets. The adulteration and cheapening of food hurts, 
more than any other industry, honest agriculture. 

During the last session of the State Legislature the pure food 
law was passed. Under this law it is unlawful to make for sale, 
have in possession for sale, expose for sale or to sell anything 
intended for food, either for man or beasts, which is adulterated 
or misbranded within the meaning of the law. Under the law an 
article of food is adulterated, if it be cheapened, artificially pre- 
served, if it contains any added poisonous or deleterious sub- 
stance, or if it be sold in imitation of a better article, or if it 
be sold as some standard article whose purity, quality and 
strength it does not contain. The law provides that any articles 
of food which are adulterated within its meaning, but which do 
not contain an}' added poisonous and deleterious substances or 
other ingredients harmful to health may be sold if the character 
of the adulterant is made a part of the label on the original 
package. It further provides, that no dealer can be convicted 
under the act if he can show by a satisfactory written guaranty 
that he bought the goods believing them to be pure or properly 
labeled. 

The execution of the law is made one of the duties of the director 
of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. The work 
consists in finding the adulterated foods in the market; in ex- 
aminations and analyses to determine the character and quantity 
of adulteration, made b}^ scientists in the laboratory of the station; 
in reporting violations to the courts, dealers and to the public, 
and in giving the dealers, manufactures, and consumers the bene- 
fit of the results of the analyses of food products published in 
bulletin form. 

Over a thousand samples of canned goods, soda water, syrups, 
bottled goods, milks, meats, butters, jellies, jams, vinegars, pep- 
pers, baking powders, brans, salt, feed, etc., have been analyzed 
since the last report to the General Assembly, and the results will 
be published about December 1st. The work of detection has 
progressed without meeting many disadvantages, and almost every 
style of food sold in the State has been analyzed and passed upon. 

To enforce the law presents a hard task, for there are so many 
interests and prejudices to be considered and overcome; there are 
hundreds of stores stocked with adulterated stuff; there are so 
many families making their living out of stores in which can be 
found scarcely a pure article of food for sale; there are so many 
schemes and so much trickery on the part of those who counter- 



490 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

feit and cheapen and adulterate. Kentucky has been a dump- 
ing ground for the impure foods so long and its foods are so far 
below the standards of quality and purity that the task of gat- 
ing purer goods into our markets and more wholesome foods on 
the public's table will be a long, hard one. 

The temptation to get something for nothing is presented to 
every business and the public's purse is defrauded in many ways. 
When a firm puts an article of food upon the market cheapened 
or preserved with some poisonous antiseptic, not only the public's 
purse is defrauded, but its health injured. 

There are numberless ways in which foods are adulterated. The 
most tempting plan, perhaps, is the use of antiseptics to artifi- 
cially preserve them. As soon as milk is exposed to an impure 
air bacteria begins to disorganize it; as soon as the spark of life 
leaves the animal, putrefaction sets up; as soon as the ripened 
fruits are bruised they begin to decay. The problem presented 
the manufacturer is the question of preserving the numberless 
food products until they reach the consumer. Various methods, 
familiar to most every one, are used. For examples: Beef is dried 
by cutting into strips and hanging in the sunshine; the sunlight 
kills the bacteria and the meat is protected until the moisture 
evaporates; hams and bacon are cured and dried with salt and 
smoke; slaughtered meats are kept fresh with ice in the refriger- 
ator and cold storage systems; fruits are preserved in syrups, or 
they are sterilized by boiling and sealed in air tight jars and cans ; 
milk is kept sweet for a time by keeping it in a clean, cool atmos- 
phere or it is heated to a temperature hot enough to kill the 
bacteria and cooled quickly; and so on foods are preserved by 
the many methods of cold storage and sterilization, ripening, and 
preserving with sugar, salt, vinegar and smoke. These methods 
are expensive and they require skill and care; besides the manu- 
facturer sometimes has quantities of goods for which he can not 
find a ready sale; canned goods, preserves and catsups generally 
stay on some of the grocers' shelves for several years before they 
are sold, and so the various artificial methods for food preser- 
vation are a temptation to which a large number of the food pro- 
ducers and manufacturers yield. 

.The artificial method is brought about by the use of antiseptics. 
Many experiments have been made with this bacteria which 
causes the decay of annimals and vegetable matter. Especially in 
the various diseases, the germ life has been studied. The medical 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of AgrictUture. 491 

profession first began the uses of certain antiseptics, as benzoic 
acid, salicylic acid, carbolic acid, and formaldehyde, to destroy the 
germ life in diseases. Since this discovery, the manufacturers of 
food have found that the same antiseptics will stop fermentation, 
arrest decay and delay putrefaction, and, regardless of their poi- 
sonous effects upon the system, these antiseptics are being used 
to preserve almost every article of manufactured food. 

These antiseptics, varying in effect and strength, have some 
poisonous influence in the system. They affect the nerves and 
action of the heart, are secreted from the system by the kidneys, 
and some extensive experiments, and especially the work of a 
German scientist gave conclusive evidence that the constant elim- 
ination of these antiseptic acids by this organ encourages Bright'a 
disease and other forms of kidney trouble. The manufacturers 
claim that antiseptics are used in such small quantities that they 
can be of no harm to the system. The claim that they are used in 
small quantities is not substantiated by the analyses of the foods. 
The careful work of food experts shows numerous instances .where 
the food so preserved contain very large quantities of the preser- 
vative used, very frequently a dangerous quantity. Antiseptics 
are used in sufficient quantities to stop fermentation and decay, 
however small the quantity is, and fermentation stopped by artifi- 
cial means out of the stomach will, as it still contains the anti- 
septic, be delayed when the food is eaten; making more work for 
the juices of the stomach and retarding digestion. The quantity is 
sometimes too small to have a direct poisonous effect in the sys- 
tem after the antiseptic is absorbed; but put a little formaldehyde 
in the milk each day; add to this a little benzoic acid in the tomato 
catsup, a little salicylic acid in the canned vegetables or fruit 
and a little of the antiseptic used in preserving sausage meats; 
to this add a little copper from the beautful green of the peas or 
pickles and the meal has deposited some poisonous material, which, 
with the repeated deposits from other meals, must and does have a 
harmful, unhealthy effect upon the public's stomach and nerves 
and health. 

But if the antiseptics were not poisonous, their use must be pro- 
hibited, for they surplant the care and skill and cleanliness which 
adds to and keeps the wholesomeness and the appetizing flavors 
which make the food nutritious, palatable and pleasant to eat. Milk 
can be exposed to warm, impure air and it will keep sweet for a 
longer period if formaldehyde is added to it, than it would in a 



492 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

clean, cool atmosphere; meat can be slaughtered and kept in condi- 
tion which would otherwise speedily putrefy it, if a little of the 
same antiseptic is sprinkled over it; canned goods can be kept 
on grocery shelves, in warm climates for several years if salicylic 
or benzoic acids are used; the catsups are made with benzoic and 
salicylic acids because these acids, in the quantities used, are 
cheaper than vinegar and careful sterilization and sealing. 

The antiseptics commonly used for the preservation of foods 
are boracic acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid and formaldehyde. 
Boracic acid is used to preserve oleomargarine, inilks and canned 
goods. Dr. Keister of Berlin, has recently carried out some exper- 
iments on the physiological effects of this acid. He finds that 
the digestion of from 40 to 50 grains of this acid daily by strong 
and healthy subjects gave rise in from four to ten days to albumin- 
uria, a condition which attends Bright's disease. His experiments 
also show that this acid is cumulative in the system, and that 
small quantities are productive of unfavorable symptoms. 

Benzoic ueld is the mildest antiseptic. It is as strong as car- 
bolic acid. It acts as an irritant to the alimentary mucous mem- 
brane. Salicylic acid is more poisonous. It has a strong inhib- 
itory influence on putrefaction. It is ten times as strong as car- 
bolic acid. A very small amount of it counteracts ferments and 
affects the digestive power of pepsin. . In the system it acts as a 
paralyzant to the higher nerve tissue. It is not even in the small- 
est quantities a safe ingredient in the system and it is elimina- 
ted by the kidneys, having a similar but stronger effect than either 
of the other antiseptics. Formaldehyde is very powerful and dan- 
gerous. It is generally used to preserve milk and meats. 

Foods are adulterated by artificial coloring matters, and the 
aniline colors, made from the coal tar dyes are used much more 
than annatto or cochineal. With the aid of varying shades of 
the aniline dyes, oleomargarine is made to represent butter, sau- 
sage assumes a fresher color, inferior fruit preserves and jellies 
are brightened to the original color of their respective fruits, cat- 
sups are made to have the red of the ripe tomato and soda water 
syrup are made to impart the pleasing colors to tne fountain drink. 
With the aniline dyes the imitation is made to look like the real 
article, and the color defects in inferior articles of food are dyed 
away. 

Foods are adulterated by adding a cheaper material to increase 
their weight or bulk. Water is put in milk and other liquid 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 493 

foods, glucose mixed with cane syrup and honey, or it is substituted 
for cane sugar in jellies and jams and other fruit products. Such 
adulterations are not always harmful, and affect only the quality 
or standard strength of the food; but sometimes the filler used has 
not only no nutritive value, but is a harmful drag of trash through 
the digestive organs. Talc and tremolite rock and soapstone are 
extensively employed as a filler for cheap baking powder. Tremo- 
lite largely used thus as a substitute for starch, appears under the 
miscroscope in sharp, needle like splinters which make it a danger- 
ous admixture in food. In the spice department of a wholesale- 
firm in Louisville, there were barrels of ground spices and peppers- 
on one side of the room, and on the other a row of barrels filled 
with ground material without taste or odor, but the color and fine- 
ness of the respective spice or pepper opposite, and the agent of the 
firm told me that these adulterants were used to meet the cheap 
demands from the dealers for peppers and spices which could 
be sold at cut rate ptices. Some of the contents of these barrels 
have been examined and are found to be made of various unnutri- 
tive materials, from ground cocoanut hulls to pulverized earth. 
There are factories which spend their time and labor grinding, 
coloring and making these and similar fillers used to adulterate 
and cheapen foods. 

In a vinegar factory in the State, there was a large tank, a hose 
attached to the tank and around it were grouped barrels with 
various labels and brands stenciled on the ends, such as "old 
homestead apple vinegar," "pure cider vinegar," "family vinegar," 
with pictures of cider mills and apple trees around which these 
labels were artistically stenciled. All barrels were to be filled 
from the same tank, and an analysis of the contents of this tank 
shows that it was filled with spirit vinegar. This is made at a 
cost of from three to six cents per gallon, while it cost the pro- 
ducers of pure apple vinegar from fifteen to twenty cents to grow 
the tree, ripen and gather the fruit and make a gallon of apple 
cider. 

We find the grocer dealer advertising on their signs "best dairj 
butter twenty cents per pound," and an investigation reveals- 
that their stock consists only of oleomargarine. It costs the man- 
ufacturer of oleomargarine an average of six cents per pound to 
make the product, and the largest creameries twelve cents, and the 
smaller ones and farmers from fifteen to eighteen cents, to pro- 
duce a pound of butter. Such imitations as the spirit vinegar 



4£4 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

and oleomargarine have food value, but it is not as wholesome 
and appetizing as the articles they imitate, else they would be sold 
on their own reputation and not under the name of and on the 
reputation of genuine butter and apple vinegar. The producers of 
honest foods must build up industries with experience and skill, 
and it is an unjust competition to their honest toil to sell colored 
counterfeits under the name and guise of the genuine articles. 
But there are numberless food products on the market, and means 
and methods of adulteration are innumerable; at best I can only 
interest you in the subject of pure foods. 

There are some easy methods for selecting the foods of purer 
quality in the market. The price means something. An article 
of food advertised at a third or half less price than it is being 
sold for in the food market, is to be treated with suspicion as to 
its purity and quality. Often when a dealer puts two or three 
-articles below the market price he is honestly competing for your 
trade', or has bought the goods in a market where the conditions 
forced the owner to sell at a sacrifice; but when you see a whole 
stock of strange brands and misleading labels advertised for sale 
below the cost of honest production, it either means that the 
dealer is a philanthropist with manna and unlimited means, or 
that he is making more profit out of adulterated goods at half the 
price than he would by selling pure foods. 

The farmer is the original producer. His foods are genuine, 
and it is not only just, but necessary that the merits and century 
established brands of his food products be recognized and pro- 
tected by causing every article to be sold on its own food value in 
the food market. The more this is done the more will he be en- 
couraged to improve the facilities for production and raise the 
standards and quality of the many foods his farm supplies. I con- 
gratulate the farmer on this and all other meetings where ques- 
tions affecting their interests and happiness are discussed. If 
farmers will cultivate well and without waste; if they will feed 
their soils and foster their natural resources; if they will build 
their houses to combine beauty and comfort and convenience, 
surround them with shade and shrubs and ice houses to keep 
^.meats fresh and cellars where fruits can be stored for winter use; 
it they will put pictures on the walls, and book by book fill a 
library with philosophy and fiction and poetry which teach the 
cherished sentiments of our civilization, and the history which tells 
of our State and Nation's noble deeds; if they will discard many 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 495 

of their unnecessary hardships and fill their lungs with more of 
the pure air, their blood with more of the pure foods and their 
spirits with more of the conditions for happiness, lavished around 
them, then the boys will return from college to the farm, and our 
farms will become the richest heritages, and farming, the world's 
coveted vocation. 



TOBACCO SOILS. 

' WHITE BURLEY LANDS OF KENTUCKY AND OHIO. 

(Extract from Farmers' Bulletin, No. S3.) 

\ The White Burley tobacco is confined to the well marked type of 
soil of the lower silurian limestone in central and north central; 
Kentucky and the adjacent counties of Ohio. This embraces the 
bluegrass region of Kentucky, and it is upon these fine, fertile;^ 
bluegrass soils that the White Burley is grown. 

The country has the general appearance of an old limestone 
region, generally rolling and with frequent depressions, sinks, 
and caves. The hills, 400 to 500 feet high, bordering the Ohio 
river, and extending from six to ten miles back, are generally 
steep, and fields are often cultivated in tobacco with slopes as 
great as 45 degrees. The valleys are narrow, winding, and V- 
shaped, and no bottom lands are found excepting along the larger 
rivers and streams. The country back from the hills on the Ohia 
side is generally rolling. The drainage is excellent. 

The tobacco lands on the Ohio side are all within the hills on 
the Ohio river, and confined to two kinds of soil, popularly known 
as the "sugar-tree land" and "beech land." The beech lands lie 
low in the valley and are inclined to be wet,, and do produce the 
finest quality of leaf. The sugar-tree lands lie well up in the val- 
leys, and are considered the typical White Burley soil. Back 
from the hills in Ohio the soil becomes white, wet and "crawfishy," 
and does not produce a fine quality of Burley. These flat lands 
are of drift origin, timbered with white oak, and usually need to 
be underdrained in order to produce well. ' 

In Kentucky the tobacco area is confined to the Trenton and 
Hudson river limestones. Phosphatic limestone is frequently met 
with, while chert occurs only sparingly through the area. 



496 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

The soils are all heavy clay of a uniform deep red color. The 
depth of the soil varies considerably, the rocks outcropping in 
many places, especially on the hillsides. Around Lexington the 
rock is on an average about six feet below the surface, while in 
the northern counties it is at a greater depth than this. The top 
soil is of light, loamy character, not inclined to form into clods 
when properly cultivated. The soil is adapted to grass, wheat 
and corn, and has made famous, the world over, the bluegrass re- 
gion of Kentucky. The subsoil contains on an average about 
thirty per cent, of clay, and maintains about twenty to twenty -two 
per cent, of water. 



EXPORT TOBACCO LANDS OF KENTUCKY AND TENNESSEE. 

The dark, heavy varieties of tobacco adapted to the export trade 
are extensively grown in western Kentucky and Tennessee on 
fiilty soils which are quite fertile in character. The whole area is 
divided into a number of districts, such as Clarksville, Hopkins- 
ville, Jackson's Purchase, and the Green Eiver district, but the 
character of the soil is quite uniform in all of these; the class of 
tobacco grown is generally the same. In each district the types of 
tobacco adapted to the foreign markets are grown, the types ap- 
.pearing to depend less upon the character of the soil than upon 
the character of the season, the cultivation and curing of the crop. 

The general character of the country is level or gently rolling, 
with broken or hilly country along the large water courses. Much 
-of this land was formerl}^ devoid of forest growth and called bar- 
rens. It was a prairie region, with trees only along the water 
courses, and prairie fires are supposed to have annually swept 
over the country. Since the country has become settled and the 
large fires prevented, a luxuriant forest growth of hickory and oak 
has covered the land. 

The counties of Kentucky bordering the Tennessee line are gen- 
erally level, with occasional stretches of rugged country along the 
water courses, but with a soil of quite uniform texture. The 
southern boundary of the tobacco area is the Cumberland river, 
while the northern boundary is the carboniferous hills of Ken- 
tucky. The tobacco district stretches around these hills, follow- 
ing the subcarboniferous strata as far as the Ohio river on either 
-.side. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agrieulture. 497 

The soils are mainly derived from the St. Louis group of the 
«ubcarboniferous, which are mainly limestone. The disintegrated 
material is so thick, that the rock is seldom exposed except where 
the material has been recently eroded. The drainage is excellent, 
and numerous sinks and caves are found through the country. 
The soil, whether upland or bottom, level or hilly, is usually of a 
decided silty character, closely approaching loess in texture. The 
subsoil has a typical bright red color, which extends to a consid- 
erable depth, ^yhere this red color changes to a pale yellow or 
white the land becomes "craw^fishy," and can be profitably culti- 
vated only after under-drainage. The lack of color indicates a de- 
ficient drainage within recent times: and is due to the deoxida- 
tion of the iron compound in the decay of organic matters and the 
absence of sufQcient oxygen from other sources to provide for the 
proper oxidation of the organic matter. 

These soils contain on an average about fifty per cent, of silt; 
the range is from about forty to sixty per cent., some samples ex- 
ceeding even this latter figure. With all such silty soils, great 
care has to be taken in their cultivation. They are naturally quite 
fertile, but deteriorate very rapidly and excessively unless the fer- 
tility is maintained by judicious methods of cultivation and of 
cropping. Many of these tobacco soils have been run down with 
constant cropping in tobacco; but some of the worst cases have re- 
cently been brought up by rotation with wheat, corn, and clover, 
together with a judicious application of fertilizers, especially phos-' 
phatic manures. The value of careful tillage is becoming more 
apparent in the whole area, and it is generally recognized now 
that the quality of the tobacco, and the price it brings on the mar- 
ket can be very materially influenced by the kind and condition of 
cultivation. 

The soils of the lower Green River district lie within the car- 
boniferous strata along the Green River, and, although these are 
underlaid with sandstone, the soil proper presents the uniform 
silty character of the other export tobacco districts. The Jack- 
son's Purchase region, lying between the Tennessee and Missis- 
sippi rivers, is made up mainly of loess and loam, and has the 
same silty character as the other districts and produces essen- 
tially the same type of tobacco. 



498 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



GINSENG CULTUBE. 

By J. W. Sears, Somerset, Ky. 

GENERAL INSTRUCTION. 

Its Natural Requirements. — What it wants most is soil 
rich in vegetable matter, moisture and shade. These are prin- 
cipal conditions for the successful growth of the plant. Avoid 
wet or swampy land if possible, yet if used at all it must be well 
drained. 

GARDEN CULTURE. 

Preparation of the Soil. — To prepare the 
ground, work deep, making it loose and po- 
rous, remove all loose rocks and roots, if 
any in the soil. Enrich by working-in un- 
leached wood ashes, humus, (decayed vege- 
table matter,) leaf loam, manure, bone 
meal, or some good commercial fertilizer. 
If fresh manure is to be used, apply it in 
time to be well rotted before planting. Make 
compost heaps of dead leaves, crumbled re- 
mains of logs and stumps, raked up and 
mixed with soil, where they will decay and be 
ready for use, add all weeds, decaying vegetable matter, brush, 
etc., to the heaps; leaves should be used freely; these heaps can be 
prepared or secured in the forest. 

Preparation of the Beds. — Make beds four feet wide, 
any length convenient. Leave an alley between the beds eighteen 
inches or two feet wide. Remove the loose soil from the alleys, 
placing it on the beds by using a spade or hoe. Make a frame-work 
around each bed by using a six-inch board; (a pole, flat-rail, or 
rocks, will do); then make the top of the beds level by using a 
rake. The frame-work around the beds is best, but may be left 
qff if desired. 

Planting the Seeds. — I prefer when convenient and pos- 
sible, to plant the berries just as they are picked off the plant, 
as it saves time, for the seeds must be kept fresh. Where there 




Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



499 



lire more than one seed in a berry, they may be separated and plant 
one seed in a place if preferred. Mice do not destroy the seeds 
when planted. The surface of the beds must be of loose, rich soil. 
Make a small trench or furrow across the bed, plant the berries 
six inches apart in the row, seeds four inches, cover one-half to 
one inch deep. In covering you make another furrow eight inches 
from the one just planted. Continue in this way until the bed is 
finished. But if the surface of the bed is not the kind of soil de- 
sired, cover with rich soil from your compost heap. After plant- 
ing, the beds are covered with dead leaves, same as in the forest. 
Lay on brush, to hold the leaves in place, where there is danger of 







wind blowing them away. When the young plants are up all 
weeds must be pulled to give them as much room as possible. 
Later on they cover the ground so completely that but little atten- 
tion is required. 

In my nursery beds, many of the berries which ripen early in the 
season, and some of them are ripe as early as July, if planted 
the succeeding fall, the seeds will germinate the next spring, but 
berries from plants ripening late in the season, if planted, the 
seeds will germinate at the end of about eighteen months, a year 
from the following spring. 

Four to six years from the time the seeds are planted, the roots 
have reached a good size and weight; they should be dug in Sep- 
tember or October when they have ceased growing for the season 



600 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 



and have their greatest weight. Never transplant the roots froiQ 
one bed to another unless it is very necessary. Give proper ais- 
tance when seeds are planted and let grow until marketable size. 
Saves much labor, besides it injures the growth to some extent 
the first year after transplanting, also by transplanting young 
seedling roots, many of them grow crooked and branched; while 
whole, solid roots are best for market. 

Planting the Roots. — The roots are planted in rows like 
the seeds, giving more space for the larger ones. Care must De 
taken to have the bud at the top of the root, covered about two 
inches deep with loose, rich soil. The roots should not be set in 



'°^ 




F- '^ 


fJ^M^tl 




L M-'-I^I 





a crooked position, as they will grow that way. Nice, straight 
roots, all solid, is more desirable. Finish up the beds by apply- 
ing leaves; lay on brush to hold leaves in place like the seed beds, 
if needed. Use a board to stand on while planting, as the buds 
or roots might get injured by stepping on the beds. The bud 
makes the next year's plant, and seed crop. 

Managing The Crop. — The plants must be kept free of weeds 
and grass. In the fall, after the plants have died down, give the 
beds a good dressing of ashes, humus, manure, or leaf loam; you 
will now find your compost heap to be of great help. Give the 
beds a mulching of leaves for protection during the winter and to 
retain moisture in summer. This should be done each year until 
ready for market. If straw, etc., is used for mulching, great care 
must be exercised in keeping away all mice. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 501 

Fertilizers. — Commercial fertilizer, if used on the beds while 
the plants are growing, will give good results, also unleached 
wood ashes. They can be put on the beds without removing the 
leaves. 

Irrigation. — Where one is prepared to irrigate the beds or 
water the plants, will find it to be of great advantage. I think 
ginseng can endure a drouth as well, if not better, than any other 
crop. When we have rain regular during the season, my seed 
crops are much better than when we have less rain. This is 
a very important point to look after. 

Artificial or Lattice Shading.— To make a lattice shade, set 
posts upright in the ground eight feet apart each way; on their 
top or side near the top, nail a frame-work of scantling or flat-rails; 
have these pieces four feet apart one way, on this nail four-foot 
laths, slats or strips, three-fourths of an inch apart. Sections may 
be made four feet wide and eight feet long and fastened on the 
frame-work; in winter they can be stored away in the dry; 
where the snow-fall is heavy it is necessary to remove them dur- 
ing the winter season, or have them strong enough to withstand 
the weight. Here in this State they may be made fast to the frame- 
work, as there is no danger of being broken by the snow. For con- 
venience, make the frame-work high enough to walk erect under 
it. This protects the plants from the direct rays of the sun, and 
at the same time allows a free circulation of air. On the sides of 
the beds exposed to the sun it will be necessary to erect a vertical 
shade. For a cheap shade throw a lot of green brush on the frame- 
work in place of the laths or slats. On sloping ground I let 
the slats run across the slope, if they were ranging up hill the 
water when it rains would follow the slats and not be evenly 
distributed on beds. 

FOREST CULTURE. 

Preparation of Soil.— Grub the undergrowth, leave saplings 
and large timber to make sufficient shade. Care must b? exercised 
in this case not to remove so many trees as to expose them too 
much to the sun. I made this mistake on a portion of my ground 
in my old nursery, yet I supplied it by using lattice or brush shad- 
ing. Dig the ground loosely, removing all loose rocks. Tree roots 
should be cut away where they lie near the surface. Be sure not 
to cut any roots near the trees that will cause them to die. See 



602 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

1 ■ 

that the beds have plenty of leaves to protect them during winter 
and summer. Lay on brush to hold the leaves in place if needed. 
All brush from all beds must be removed in the spring. 

Roots for Market. — Dig the roots in the fall of the year, wash 
clean, lay in wooden trays, let dry in sun, or in a room where there 
is a fire. The roots must not get too hot, but let dry slowly in 
warm air. Pack roots when dry in boxes or barrels for shipment. 
Cincinnati, New York, Boston, Philadelphia and San Francisco, 
are good markets for the dry root. Sam'l Wells & Co., of Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio, are buyers of the root; J. L. Prouty's Sons, New 
York, handle the root on commission. I have shipped considerable 
root to both firms. 

How to Stratify the Seeds. — Gather the berries and place in 
a thin cloth or sack (a flour sack is good) ; by pressing, thus the pulp 
is removed from the seeds. Although it is not necessary to remove 
the pulp, pack the berries if desired. Take a box the size desired, 
not quite tight in the bottom, put in a layer of sifted soil one inch 
deep, then put in a layer of seeds or berries, and another layer of 
soil, continue this way until the box is full or all the seeds are 
packed; let the last layer of soil be three inches deep with a layer 
of moss on top, then place a net of fine wire or a piece of perfor- 
ated tin over the box to keep out mice. I let the boxes remain 
outdoors in my nursery by letting them in the ground level with 
the top, but if they begin to get too dry they should be sprinkled 
with water; if too much rain, cover with boards or remove under 
shed. The boxes when packed may be put in a cellar if preferred. 
Freezing does the seed no harm, but if they get too wet they may 
rot, and they must not be allowed to dry out, but keep damp and 
moist. Roots may be kept for a while like the seeds, by being 
careful not to let the roots touch each other in packing, then plant 
in the spring. In the spring I unpack my seeds, assort out all that 
are in the act of sprouting or have a seed-bud ready to germinate, 
and plant them. Those that are not in the act of germination, I 
water, test, and repack again in boxes, until fall or spring, then 
plant or dispose of. To water test the seeds put them in water, 
take off all that will float, they are no good. 

The Enemies of Ginseng. — Moles must be kept out. The best 
way to get rid of them is to watch for them and when one is ob- 
served moving the soil, quickly step in behind it, dig it out and des- 
troy it. We have a ground mouse with a short tail like that of 
the mole; they eat the roots. The only remedy I know for them 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 503 

is poisoned bait. I soak a few grains of corn in water with strych- 
nine, drop in their burrows; they follow in the burrows made by 
the mole, or work along just beneath the leaves on the beds in the 
loose soil, and begin to eat on the top of the roots. We have but 
few of them, two or three is all that have ever given me any trouble. 
Then we have what is called field or woods mice; they eat the seeds 
from the seed-head while the berries are ripening; they do not eat 
the seeds after they are planted. Before the berries begin to 
ripen, I set a few dead-falls, and in a few nights I clear away the 
mice. I take two pieces of boards, two feet in length, one inch 
thick, and one-and-a-half feet wide, make fast together at one end 
with strips of leather or hinges, let top board extend over two 
inches, and set on a figure 4 support, bait with corn, the bait 
stick must be small in order to let the two boards come together 
to catch the mouse; place a small stone on top for weight. I 
have noticed a little white fly, that sometimes gets on the stem of 
some of the plants, near the seed-head, they can be removed quickly 
with the thumb and finger. If allowed to remain on the stem they 
will cause it to perish. I sometimes sprinkle ashes lightly on the 
growing plants; this I think is a good preventive. Chickens, 
pigs, etc., must be strictly kept out; it will not do let them in at all. 
The ginseng beds should be enclosed with a strong slat fence. 

Improvement of the Plant. — In my nursery I have plants 
that produce larger seeds than other plants of like size; in plant- 
ing the large seeds I find that they make larger roots than small 
seeds do in the same length of time. I also have a great many 
plants that produce ripe berries much earlier than others, and their 
seeds come up. the first season, one year earlier than those ripen- 
ing late in the season. If we plant the large early ripened seeds 
in separate beds, and continue this from season to season, we will 
soon have a quality of seeds and roots that will surpass the present 
quality. If by doing this we get a quality of plants that produce 
seeds that will germinate the following spring, after being planted 
in the fall, and make larger roots in less time, we certainly will 
be amply paid for our trouble. 

Carefully follow the instructions given liere, and you can't help 
but succeed. It will all become natural to you as you advance in 
the business. Plant every root and seed that you can get; there is 
money in it. If in these instructions you find any points not plain 
to you, I will pleased to help you. If at any time you discover 
other enemies not mentioned in this, you will please inform me at 



504 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

once; also any new point of interest that you will find, please ad- 
vice me, and I assure you that I will gladly return the favor, for 
I yet think there is much to be learned about ginseng. 

IMPORTANT EXPERIMENTS. 

I have planted seeds 'that germinated in the spring, that were 
gathered the preceding fall. I have also succeeded in getting 
plants from dry seeds. It is claimed that dry seeds will not 
germinate. I want you to experiment on these points and let 
me hear from you if successful. I have great confidence in my 
experiments and believe that they will prove successful. This 
will greatly help our business; and when I have fully tested the 
experiments, if they prove to be a success, I will give my customers 
and correspondents the benefit of them. 



KENTUCKY FORAGE PLANTS. 

Among the valuable bulletins issued by the Kentucky Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, at Lexington, is No. 87, on "Ken- 
tucky Forage Plants," by Prof. H. Garman, entomologist and bot- 
anist of the Station. The following extracts are made from it: 

The State produces her fair proportion of the forage product of 
the United States. She is just within the wheat belt, and while this 
is not her characteristic crop, some regions of the State are largly 
occupied with wheat growing and produce a winter wheat of very 
good quality. Oats do not thrive as generally here as in some 
other States, yet the crop is not a small one(l,725,506 bushels 
in 1898), and at times the quality is first-class. Barley and rye 
do well in the State. Most of our soils produce excellenet corn, 
which is the leading forage crop. It is grown in every one of the 
119 counties, the lowest yield for any county, in 1898, according 
to our State Commissioner of Agriculture, being 32,380 bushels, 
while five counties produced more than 1,000,000 bushels each. 
Sorghum grows well everywhere, and is employed both for green 
forage and for making syrup. Timothy, clover and orchard grass 
are extensively grown for meadow, 361,696 tons of hay, mostly 
of these grasses, being produced by Kentucky in 1898, and in 
addition 142,875 bushels of grass and clover seeds were harvested. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 505 

The fame of Kentucky does not rest on any of these products 
especially. It is her bluegrass pastures that give her standing in 
the world, and their charm that gives the State its peculiar hold 
on the affections of those born and reared upon her soil. The 
phrase, "Down in Old Kentucky," conveys to the wandering Ken- 
tuckian a picture in which are sunny slopes of soft green grass; 
grazing horses and cattle, sleek and beautiful beyond the belief 
of those who have not seen them; together with memories of hum- 
ming bee and piping lark, and smell of clover and locust blossoms. 
Bluegrass Kentucky is a delightful bit of the world in May and 
June; and all that her children say and believe of her, and more, 
is then true. And it is largely the result of the profusion with 
which the little plant, bluegrass, grows in her limestone soil. If it 
grew everywhere in the State as it grows here about Lexington 
we should have little occasion to discuss forage plants in these 
bulletins. But bluegrass Kentucky includes only about one-fifth 
of the area of the State, and outside this section we have yet much 
to hope and labor for in the matter of forage for stock. 

Years ago, when the old Transylvania University was at the 
zenith of its fame and influence, a man, dark of feature and with 
something in expression and carriage that marked him a foreigner, 
might often have been encountered trudging along county roads 
about Lexington or threading his way through forests and along 
streams searching for plants and shells and fossils. Breaking 
off a fragment from a rocky ledge here, turning over a stone yon- 
der, to expose the lurking salamander or lizard, he went his way 
absorbed in study of the nature about him, unmindful of self, un- 
mindful of scoffing neighbor and wondering country folk, bent 
solely on learning the truth and proclaiming it. This was the 
naturalist Kafinesque, at one time Professor of Botany and Na- 
tural History at the University, a man whose great misfortune it 
was to have been half a century ahead of his associates, and who 
suffered for it later by dying unattended and in poverty in a gar- 
ret in Philadelphia. But Rafinesque is still an influence in the 
world, and the scoffer who gorged himself while the naturalist 
toiled, and lolled in his chair and smiled at the thought of his 
importance, has disappeared and left no trace— the natural end 
of self-sufficiency in all times. 

These and similar reflections have been suggested to me from 
time to time as I have encountered traces of this man while study- 
ing the zoology and botany of Kentucky. For he is remembered 



606 Fourteenth Biennial Repot't Bureau of Agriculture. 

very well by people yet living in this vicinity. There is probably 
not a nook or corner of interest within ten miles of Lexington 
which he did not visit, always, I am told, traveling afoot and car- 
rying a pack of rocks and plants at his back. His acquaintance 
with Kentucky plants seems to have been particularly good, and 
the natural botanical regions into which he divided the State 
are based upon real knowledge, which could only have been ac- 
quired by arduous out-of-door work such as he is known to have 
done. The regions he proposed are the following, and are pre- 
sented in this connection because of their bearing on the distribu- 
\ion of forage in Kentucky: 

1. The Fluviatile or River Region, characterized by such spe 
cies as the sycamore, catalpa and Cottonwood. 

2. The Central or Limestone Region, characterized by the 
buckeye, pennyroyal, boneset,etc. Of this region, Raflnesque says 
it is poor in species. Until reading his statement I had been ac- 
customed to regard this relative scarcity of species as the result 
of close cultivation and grazing; but in his time doubtless there 
was much virgin land that showed what the flora had been be- 
fore the advent of the white man. 

3. The Hilly Region — a series of knobs that starts at the Ohio 
River in Lewis and Mason counties, encircles the Central Region, 
reaching the river again in Jefferson County near Louisville. This 
is still one of the best collecting grounds in the State, and is char- 
acterized by the small hill iris, by the red cedar, and by the 
pines. 

4. The Barren Region — the open section of the western and 
southern parts of Kentucky, with a flora like that of the northern 
prairie, including such genera as Rudheckia, Silphium and 
Buellia. 

A consideration of the whole flora of Kentucky would perhaps 
require some modification of the boundaries of Rafinesque's re- 
gions, but as laid down by him they serve, in a general way, to 
indicate characteristic forage regions of the State. 

The Hill Region I would extend to include the mountains of 
Eastern Kentucky. Some trace of it may be detected to the west- 
ward of the Central Region even in Edmonson, Grayson and Har- 
din counties, indicated by the presence there of the great-Ieavecl 
magnolia, the umbrella tree, holly and mountain laurel. At pres- 
ent it is characterized by its deficiency in cultivated forage, and 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 507 

marked by the abundance of forest trees and native leguminous 
plants. 

While the Central Region produces most of the commonly cul- 
tivated forage crops, its bluegrass is what gives it distinction at 
the present time. 

The Fluviatile Region, of course, follows the rivers. It is 
marked by extensive bottom-land cornfields. The establishra^at 
of permanent n^^adow and pasture is made difficult over much of 
it by spring oveflows. 

The name Barren Region does not imply sterile soil, but was ap- 
plied in early days to a portion of the State that was largely free 
from forest growth. As here used, it includes our best wheat 
and corn counties, Christian county producing more of both of 
these crops than any other county in Kentucky. It is character- 
ized, besides, by orchard grass and redtop meadows. Some por- 
tions of it are adapted to southern forage crops, such as Bermuda 
grass, which seems to be worthy of more extended trial than it 
has yet been given. I have extended this region to include all the 
State lying west of the Tennessee River, which seems not to have 
been visited by Rafinesque, though the bottom-lands, especially, 
show so many species characteristic to the far South, that it might 
well form a separate botanical division. I need only refer to the 
presence of Mississippi hackberry, the pecan, the red buckeye^ 
the bald cypress, the red iris, and the locust, in illustration. 



LIVE STOCK SANITARY CONDITIONS IN KENTUCKY 

Paper read by Dr. F. T. Eisenman before the Interstate Association of Live Stock 

Sanitary Boards. 

I must offer an apology to the Association for not being able to 
report on the question brought up by Mr. Embry at the Chicago 
meeting: "Does feeding cattle on liquid distillery waste or slop 
render them immune to Texas fever?" The distilleries in and 
around this city are operated only a short time during the winter 
months and there were no cattle being fed this season at a time 
when other conditions would have been favorable and ticks were 
obtainable. From a theoretical standpoint I am inclined to be- 
lieve that such cattle would readily become infected. Aside from 
a small amount of glycerine, lactic and succinic acids and a less- 



•508 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

ened proportion of starch, distillery slop does not differ in com- 
position from the whole grain of corn or rye. Besides we have 
the fact that close confinement would tend more or less to lower 
vital resistance. Also, many of the cattle fed here are Southern- 
ers and therefore immune. For an accurate experiment the 
history of each animal should be definitely known. However, I 
should be glad to attempt the experiment this season if the As- 
sociation and Mr. Embry so desire. 

The question of Texas fever and how to keep it out is not at 
an acute stage in Kentucky. So far as we have been informed, 
there has not been an outbreak in this State during the past three 
years. Fever ticks have been discovered in two instances on 
native cattle in one of the southern counties of our State — Allen 
county — and the matter has been investigated by the Bureau of 
Animal Industry. There have been no cases of Texas fever re- 
ported from that county. The source of infection seems to have 
been cattle brought in from Tennessee. Although these are true 
fever ticks, that no Texas fever has developed would indicate 
either that the cattle are immune or infective power has been 
lost. Inspectors of the Bureau of Animal Industry are stationed 
at Louisville, Covington and Lexington, during the closed season, 
and it is largely to this fact that the State is free from the disease. 

An outbreak of Texas fever occurred last year in cattle shipped 
from Norfolk to Liverpool, and we are advised that some of the 
cattle in which the disease appeared originated in Kentucky. So 
far as we could learn, infection did not occur upon the pastures 
of this State. In order to prevent as far as possible another such 
occurrence, the Bureau of Animal Industry this season stationed 
an inspector at Lexington, Ky., to look out for infected cattle 
brought into the State over the Queen «& Crescent railroad. 

The extensive spread of tuberculosis among dairy and beef cat- 
tle, and the best means of eradicating it, is a question of more im- 
portance with us at the present time than Texas fever, involv- 
ing, as tuberculosis does, not only greater financial loss but 
human life as well. All the States comprising this Association 
have already said that no tuberculous cattle shall be brought into 
those States, and it should be and is the purpose of these boards 
to go a step further, as quickly as possible, and say that every 
tuberculous animal within the States shall be slaughtered. What 
we desire is a state of public opinion in regard to this disease 
which will in time put it on the same plane as pleuro-pneumonia. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 609 

The annual discussions of Texas fever by this Association has 
been productive of much good, and the disease is practically under 
control. But in tuberculosis and other infectious diseases of ani- 
mals we have presented and awaiting solution much graver and 
more difficult problems. 

Live stock sanitary matters are on a different footing in Ken- 
tucky than that prevailing in many States, and a word in relation 
thereto may not be amiss. The control of infectious diseases both 
in man and the lower animals comes under the care of the State 
Board of Health, which is composed of six members and a secre- 
tary, all practising physicians. Except in the case of pleuro-pneu- 
monia there is no State appropriation for the control of animal 
diseases, all expense incident to outbreaks being borne by the 
county in which they occur. The State Board of Health appoints 
a veterinary surgeon, who is known as the State Veterinarian, 
and he is subject to the orders of the board; but his services ars 
paid for, not by the board, but by the county in which the service 
is rendered. We labor under many difficulties on this account. 

Through the efforts of Dr. M. K. Allen, Health Officer of Louis- 
ville, we have in this city an ordinance making it compulsory that 
al'l dairy cattle shall be tested with tuberculin, but at present it 
is inoperative on account of lack of funds for its enforcement. 
There is no State law on the subject. 

It is fortunate that a State having such vast horse interests as 
Kentucky should tie practically free from glanders. In 1897 our 
State Legislature was moved to action by the presence of glanders 
in Bourbon and Harrison counties, in the heart of the great thor- 
oughbred and trotting horse district, and passed an act granting 
a maximum indemnity of |50.00 for glandered animals. This in- 
demnity is not paid by the State but by the county in which the 
owner of the animal lives. And I think that in the case of tuber- 
culosis it would be less difficult to have enacted a law requiring 
the counties to indemnify owners than to get a large annual ap- 
propriation from the State for that purposes. That the State 
should pay for the veterinary service and tuberculin and the county 
for the diseased animals, while not the best arrangement, could be 
most easily effected. 

We have no State law for the suppression of scab in sheep, and 
very little attention has been paid to it in our State. 

Black-leg, according to my observance, is steadily increasing 
in this State. I have been advised of outbreaks in fourteen 



610 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau, of Agriculture. 

counties during the past two years, and it is safe to say that not 
one-tenth the actual number has come to the linowledge of the 
State Board of Health or myself. I should like to have an ex- 
pression from the members of the Association in regard to free 
distribution of black-leg vaccine by the United States Department 
of Agriculture, The limiting of free vaccine to applications en- 
dorsed by congressmen is a step in the right direction, but I be- 
lieve it should be even more restricted, and limited to veterinary 
surgeons and other qualified persons whose applications should 
be endorsed by the live stock sanitary authorities. This would 
enable them to obtain a better knowledge of the extent of the 
disease, to enforce sanitary precautions, and if the disease has 
been imported from another State, to trace it to its source. The 
Bureau of Animal Industry has done a great service in estab- 
lishing the value of prophylactic injections in blackleg and in 
calling attention to the widespread nature of the disease. 

Anthrax does not occur in Kentucky except in isolated instances, 
and we have always been able to trace the infection to other 
States. Our last outbreak, which was in 1897, occurred among 
dairy cattle in Jefferson county near this city. What might have 
been a serious outbreak was controlled by quarantine in some 
cases and vaccination in others, of the two hundred dairy cows 
exposed. 

While the control of tuberculosis is largely a question for each 
State to work out, much can be done by united action and discus- 
sion at these annual nieetings. The beef cattle upon farms in 
Kentucky enjoy comparative freedom from the disease, but it is 
as common among dairy cattle here as elsewhere. I had occasion 
to observe this in post mortem examinations several years ago in 
dairy cows dead of anthrax and Texas fever. The matter of test- 
ing dairy cattle which come into Kentucky from other States is 
a subject of much importance to us, and one upon which our board 
will no doubt soon take action. 

There is little or no public sentiment in this city or in the State 
with regard to tuberculosis, but the observation of dairy methods 
as carried out in places near some of the much frequented streets 
has led many of my friends to quit the use of milk. Other dairies 
near this city are modern in every appointment, and aside from 
the fact that no effort has been made to weed out tuberculous 
animals modern sanitary knowledge is applied to the fullest extent. 



Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 511 



FEEDING AND CARE OF MULES. * 

To make a lot of mules for market early in life and worth from 
$140 to $160 each as two-year-olds, they should be foaled from 
large mares early in spring, about April or May. They should 
run with the dam until October 1, when they should be weaned 
and put in a shed with plenty of light and air and fed with a few 
shelled oats, and plenty of sappy substance, such as sorghum, run 
through a cutting box, with clover or timothy hay. Do not feed 
too much corn, as it fevers the legs and produces scratches. 

The next summer they should have access to the grazing pas- 
ture, with a little corn each day until cold weather, when they 
should be brought back to the farm and fed anything they will eat 
until September 1. They should then be sixteen hands high, fat 
and ready for market. When feeding, care should at all times 
be exercised to keep the system cool with green stuff and to keep 
out scratches, which is the greatest enemy of the mule. I find a 
good cure is as follows: Take equal parts Wue stone, white vitriol 
and verdigris, grind together with an equal part of soft soap, mix 
With warm water until about as thin as paste, apply with a swab 
on the end of a stick about three times a week.— James Guthrie, 
Shelby county, Ky. 



PROVISIONS IN KENTUCKY'S GAME LAW. 

The game law of Kentucky gives protection as follows: 

Black, gray and fox squirrels from February 1 to June 15. 
Oray squirrels may be killed for protection of crops. 

Wild goose, wood-duck, teal and other wild from April 1 to 
August 15. 

Wild turkey from February 1 to September 1. 

Woodcock from February 1 to June 20. 

Quail, partridge and pheasant from January 1 to November 15. 

Dove from February 1 to August 1. 

For thrush, meadow-lark, finch, martin, swallow, woodpecker, 
flicker, oriole, red-bird, tanager, cat-bird or other song or insectiv- 
orous bird, the season is always closed, except that birds that are 
destructive to fruit or grain crops may be killed. 



512 Fourteenth Biennial Report Bureau of Agriculture. 

No person shall at any time catch, kill or take by means of net^ 
trap, box or snare, or have in possession after havic!^ so caught, 
killed or taken, any quail, partridge or pheasant. 

No person shall rob or destroy the nests or eggs of any wild 
bird whatever, save only those of a predatory nature, and destruc- 
tive of other birds or fowls. 

Penalties for violations are fines of from |5 to |25 for each- 
offense, and it is also made an offense of equal gravity to pursue 
protected birds with intent to kill, or to have them in possession 
dead or alive. 

The possession of any of the animals or birds intended to be 
protected by law within the periods for which their killing or 
pursuit is prohibited shall be prima facie evidence that the said 
animal or bird was unlawfully caught or killed, and the possession 
thereof unlawful. 

Any person exposing for sale any of the animals or birds in- 
tended to be protected by law within the periods for which the 
taking or killing thereof is hereby prohibited shall, for each ani- 
mal or bird so exposed for sale, be subject to the same penalty as 
provided for the unlawful killing or taking of such animal or bird. 

FOR PROTECTION OP FISH. 

It shall be unlawful for any person or persons to catch or 
destroy fish in any of the running waters, lakes or ponds, other 
than private'ponds, of this State, by means of a seine, net (other 
than a dip net), drag or trap, except streams forming the boundary 
line between this and other States. The penalty is a fine of not 
less than twenty-five dollars nor more than fifty dollars for each 
offense, and cost of prosecution. Pole and line fishing are per- 
missible. 

Any person or persons who shall place, or cause to be placed^ 
in any of the running waters designated in section one, any drug, 
injurious substance, medicated bait, or any dynamite or other ex- 
plosive agent, with intent to injure, poison or catch fish, shall be 
fined not less than fifty dollars nor more than one hundred dollars 
for each offense, and cost of prosecution. 

Forty per centum of fines collected shall be paid to the civil 
oflScer securing the apprehension and conviction. 

Minnow seines less than ten feet in length and four feet in 
depth may be used to catch minnows for bait. 



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